2022年完整word版,2021-2021年高二上学期英语语法总结 .pdf
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1、2019-2020 年高二上学期英语语法总结Grammar focus 语法重点1The simple passive form of the infinitives不定式被动态的一般形式的内涵及用法。2Four functions of the infinitives used as subject ,attribute,object and adverbial用作主语、定语、宾语和状语的不定式的四种功能的用法。本单元的语法项目是不定式的被动式,具体讲解如下:当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示动作的承受者时,不定式一般用被动形式。不定式被动形式在句中可作主语、表语、状语、补语等。如:To be
2、 obeyed was natural to her她生性让别人听命于她。(作主语 ) The problem remained to be solved这个问题还有待解决。(作表语 ) It needs not to be said that they are very happy together不必说他们在一起非常幸福。(作宾语 ) There were plans to be made at once要立即制定计划。 ( 作定语 ) He has returned only to be sent away again他回来以后又被打发走了。( 作状语 ) The captain ord
3、ered the flag to be hoisted船长命令升旗。 (作宾语补足语 ) The book is intended to be read and not to be torn这书是供人阅读的而不是供人撕毁的。(作主语补足语 ) 在某些句子中,不定式虽表被动,但仍用主动形式。如:What is to pay?要付多少钱?The reason is not far to seek道理很浅显。He gave me some books to read他给了我一些书读。We found the report easy to understand我们发现这些报告很容易懂。不定式作主语、定
4、语、宾语和状语的功能和用法讲解如下:由于不定式有名词、形容词和副词的特点,所以它在句中可做主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语、状语、补语等。但由于时间关系,今天我只把不定式作主语、定语、宾语和状语的用法讲解一下。1)作主语。如:To see is to believe眼见为实。To serve the people is our duty为人民服务是我们的职责。在日常英语中, 常用 it作为语法上的主语, 即形式主语, 而将真正的主语放在后面。It is our duty to serve the people为人民服务是我们的职责。2)作宾语。如:I couldnt afford to buy
5、a new car我买不起汽车。Have you decided to marry him?你决定嫁给他吗?精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 17 页有些动词常常跟不定式作宾语,它们是:want,wish,hate ,prefer ,hope,continue , manage , try , ask, offer , start , forget , remember , begin , decide ,agree,choose,learn ,pretend ,promise,mean ,expect ,desire 等
6、。另外,在一些复合宾语中, 常用 it 代表不定式作为形式宾语, 而将真正的宾语不定式放在后面。如:I thought it right to do this test我认为做这项实验是对的。3)作定语。通常都置于被修饰名词或代词之后。如:This is the best way to solve this problem这是解决这个问题的最好办法。I have a lot of work to do我有许多工作要做。如果不定式和它所修饰的词有逻辑上的动宾关系,且这个不定式是不及物动词,则它后面需有必要的介词。如:He is a good rade to work with他是一个很好共事的同
7、志。There is nothing to think about没什么值得考虑的。4)作状语,表示目的、结果、原因等。如:He went home to see his parents他回家看望父母。 (表目的 ) I turned the radio down so as not to disturb you我把收音机音量调小,以免打扰你。(表目的 ) The problem is too hard to understand这问题太难了,理解不了。( 表结果 ) What have I done to make you unhappy?我做了什么事使你不高兴?( 表结果 ) Im gla
8、d to hear the news听了这消息,我很高兴。(表原因 ) I was surprised to see him there我真想不到会在那里见到他。(表原因 ) Grammar focus 语法重点The past participle used as attribute and predicative 用作定语和表语的过去分词本单元的语法项目是过去分词作定语、表语。它们的用法讲解如下:1)过去分词作定语。如果是及物动词的过去分词作定语,过去分词与被修饰词有逻辑上的被动关系, 且表完成的状态; 如果是不及物动词的过去分词作定语,过去分词与被修饰词在逻辑上没有主被动关系之说,所以不
9、及物动词的过去分词只表完成的状态。但有些表示思想感情的过去分词如astonished ,disappointed , excited , frightened, interested, pleased , surprised , tired ,worried 等既不表主动,又不表完成。此外,作定语的过去分词如果是单词,一般放在被修饰词的前面;作定语的过去分词如果是动词短语,一般放在被修饰词的后面。如:We need more qualified teachers我们需要更多的合格老师。He stepped carelessly on some broken glass他不小心踩到了碎玻璃上了。
10、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 17 页The letter written by my brother is on the desk我兄弟写的信在桌子上。The TV set made in China are good quality中国制造的电视机质量很好。You can drink boiled water,not boiling water你可以喝白开水,但不可以喝沸腾的水。From his disappointed look,I knew he didnt pass the examination从他的失望表
11、情看,我知道他没通过考试。2)作表语,过去分词作表语,多表示主语的状态。如:This machine part is broken这个机器零件坏了。He looked very excited他看起来很激动。有些过去分词实际上已被看成形容词了,常见的有:delighted , disappointed ,discouraged , drunk, amused , astonished , hurt , interested, crowded, tired ,satisfied, pleased , surprised , worried ,excited , married , puzzled
12、 , upset等。Grammar focus 语法重点The Past Participle used as Object plement 用作宾补的过去分词本单元的语法项目是过去分词作宾补,你能把它的用法讲解一下吗?师:过去分词作宾补,与前面的宾语有逻辑上的被动关系且表动作的完成。1)作表感觉或心理状态的动词的宾补,它们是:see,hear, watch,feel ,find ,think 等We hear the music played by the band我们听了乐队演奏这首乐曲。I found her greatly changed我发现她变化很大。Everybody thoug
13、ht the battle lost人人都认为这场战役输掉了。2)作使役动词的宾补,它们是:make ,keep,leave ,have,get ,help 等When you speak,you have to make yourself understood说话时要让人听懂。Please keep us informed of the latest development请随时向我们通报事态的最新发展。I must get my bike repaired我必须请人修自行车。3)作表希望或要求的动词的宾补,它们是:want,like ,wish,prefer ,need,declare ,
14、report ,order ,acknowledge 等。这种用法与不定式的被动形式作宾补基本相同。I dont want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal我不要你们任何人牵涉到丑闻中去。The viewers wish the serial film(to be)continued观众们希望这部系列片继续下去。She needs the work(to be)done before tomorrow他要此项工程明天以前完成。Grammar focus 语法重点The Past Participle used as Adverbial 精选学习资
15、料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 17 页用作状语的过去分词本单元课文中出现了许多过去分词作状语的句子,您能把这一语法现象讲解一下吗?师:无论过去分词作状语还是现在分词作状语,分词的逻辑主语都要和主句的主语一致。 过去分词与主句的主语应是被动关系。过去分词作状语, 表示时间、原因、让步或伴随等, 这种过去分词通常相当于状语从句。下面我将举例说明。1)表时间(When the metal is)Heated,the metal expands 加热后,这种金属会膨胀。(The couple took good care of the
16、baby while(the couple was)occupied by their work这对夫妇一边工作,一边很好地照顾这个婴儿。像第二句那样当强调实践概念时,过去分词之前可用连词when ,while 。2)表原因(As he was)Greatly surprised,he couldnt say a word他大吃一惊,一时说不出话来。(Because she was)Scolded by the teacher,the girl felt unfair那姑娘因受老师责备,而愤愤不平。3)表让步Even if(I were)invited,I wouldnt go即使受邀请,我也
17、不愿去。Though(they were)defeated again and again,they went on fighting尽管一再遭受挫败,他们仍然继续战斗。4)表伴随He stared at me(he was)astonished他两眼瞪着我,惊恐万状。Einstein walked along the street,(he was)lost in thought爱因斯坦漫步街头,沉浸在思索中。Grammar focus 语法重点由关系代词“ that ”引导的名词性从句本单元的语法项目是关联词“that ”引导的名词性从句,你能把它的内涵及用法讲解一下吗?that 引导名词性
18、从句时,本身没有什么意思,它只起一个连接作用。that引导主语从句时, 一般不可省略, 且可把 that 所引导的主语从句放在后面,前面用 it代替 that 从句;当然,当主句用了被动语态或是一般疑问句时多用it作形式主语;如主句是感叹句时,必须用it作形式主语,把that 从句放在后面。引导及物动词的宾语从句时,在不引起歧义的情况下,that 可以省略;that 很少引导介词的宾语从句( 中学阶段常见的能引导that 从句的介词有:except 、but 、in 等) ,如介词引导 that 从句作宾语,常常在其后加it ,在加that 从句作宾语。 that 从句作表语从句,一般不可省略
19、。that 从句作同位语从句,一般不可省略。请看下列例句:That we shall be late is certain=It is certain that we shall be late我们要晚了,这是确定无疑的。It is said that hes got married听说他结婚了。How strange it is that the children are so quiet!精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 17 页真奇怪孩子们如此安静。He told me(that)he would e to Guan
20、 the next day他告诉我第二天他来固安。He did e here in that he had another thing to do他没来是因为他有其他事要做。You can depend on it that he is a millionaire你就放心吧,他是百万富翁。The fact is that he doesnt understand English at all事实上他根本不懂英语。I know the fact that the doesnt understand English at all我知道他根本不懂英语 (那个事实 )。如何区别 where 引导的定语
21、从句与状语从句 1 where 引导定语从句时, where 是关系副词,在从句中作地点状语,其前面有表示地点的先行词, where 引导的从句修饰先行词。例如: The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here我买这本书的那个书店离这里不远。 This is the house where I lived two years ago这就是我两年前住的那所房子。 We will start at the point where we left off我们将从上次停下来的地方开始。 2 where 引导状语从句时, where
22、是从属连词, where 引导的从句修饰主句的谓语动词, where 前面没有表示地点的先行词。例如: Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the Han Jiang River meet武汉位于长江和汉江的汇合处。 Mark a mark where you have any doubts or questions在有疑问的地方做一个记号。 I found my books where I had left them我在我原来放书的地方找到了我的书。有时, where 引导的地点状语从句兼有抽象条件含义,可放在主句的前面,而 where 引导的
23、定语从句则不能。例如: Where there is a will,there is a way( 谚语)有志者事竟成。 Where there is water,there is life有水的地方就有生命。 3 在有些情况下, where 引导的定语从句可转换为 where 引导的地点状语从句。例如: A tall building was put up at the place where there used to be a desert ( = A tall building was put up where there used to be a desert )在以前曾是沙漠的地方
24、盖起了一幢高楼。 Bamboo grows best in places where it is warm and where it rains often ( = Bamboo grows best where it is warm and where it rains often温暖而多雨的地方最适合于竹子生长。Grammar focus 语法重点Noun Clauses Introduced by Question Words 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 17 页由疑问词引导的名词性从句 讲解 由疑问词引导的名
25、词性从句多作主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句,偶尔也作同位语从句。在作上述从句时,其句型结构应该采用以下两种:1疑问词 + 主语 + 谓语动词 + 其他2本身是主语的疑问词 + 谓语动词 + 其他不管采用哪种句型,其词序总是正装的,即主语必须置于谓语动词前面。 例句 1)What you need is more practice(主语从句 ) 2)What is hard is to do good all ones life and never do anything bad( 主语从句) 3)I cant imagine when we will be able to travel in s
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