高考人教版英语语法2020高考英语考点一遍过介词和介词短语超全考点梳理+易错点拨！_20200411_173245.doc

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1、考点05 介词和介词短语高考频度： 【命题解读】介词在英语中比较活跃，然而在高考中直接考查介词的题不是很多，但是介词却是考生最容易犯错误的语法项目之一。【命题预测】预计2020年高考对介词的考查将不再局限于单个介词，将会更加注重对介词固定搭配中的介词的考查，精细化考查介词短语的辨析。在学习介词时，应重点掌握介词的基本用法，同时注意总结其与名词、形容词、副词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意思和用法。【复习建议】 1. 掌握介词的常见用法及易混介词的辨析； 2. 掌握介词与其他词所构成的一些固定短语； 3. 掌握在定语从句中介词的使用情况。介词的分类分类特点例词简单介词即一个介词about, acros

2、s, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on等等。合成介词由两个介词构成合成词into, onto, throughout, upon, within短语介词由短语构成according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to等等。双重介词由两个介词搭配而成from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between等等。分词介词由现在分词转化而来consider

3、ing(就而论), including，regarding，concerning等。兼类介词由形容词直接转化而来like, unlike, near, next, opposite等等。考向 介词短语的功能介词不能独立在句中做成份，介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分，表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。介词短语的功能例 句作定语They didnt find the solution to the problem.作状语We have breakfast at seven.（表时间）They were late for the meeting beca

4、use of the heavy rain.（表原因）What do you mean by doing such a thing?（表方法）Nothing in the world could live without air or water.（表条件）作表语When I paid a visit to you yesterday, you were not at home.作宾语补足语I found the old building in a bad condition.考向 常考介词的辨析介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一，使用频率相当高，其用法跟冠词一样复杂。但根据近年来高考命题的情况来看

5、，考生需要掌握以下内容。1.表示相同或相似概念的介词（短语）的区别表示的概念介词（短语）区 别例 时间inonatat在一个时间点上；in在一段的时间之内；on在具体日子。at 8 oclock, at noonin the 1990s, in Januaryon Monday, on a warm morningsincefromsince 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用；from指从时间的某一点开始。We have not seen each other since 1995.I hope to do morning exercises from today.in,afterin指

6、在一段时间之后，也可以指一段时间之内=within；after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中。Well be back in three days.After seven the rain began to fall.What shall we do after graduation?in the endat the end ofby the end ofin the end作最后、终于解，单独作句子成分，后不接介词of；at the end of 表示在末梢，到尽头，既可指时间，也可以指地上或物体，不可单独使用；by the end of 作在结束时，到末为止解，只能指时间。

7、不可单独使用。In the end they reached a place of safety.At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden.They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week.By the end of last month he had finished the novel.位置betweenamong一般说来，between表示两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间。You are to sit between your father a

8、nd me.He is always happy among his classmates.注意：但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西，强调的是两两相互间接关系时、在谈到一些事物或一组事物，而把它们视为分居两边时以及在谈事物间的差别时，就用between。Agreements were made between the different countries.The little valley lies between high mountains.They dont know the difference between wheat, rice and coin.inontoin表示在某范围内

9、；on指与什么毗邻；to指在某环境范围之外。Changchun is in the northeast of China.Mongolia is on the north of China.Japan is to the east of China.oninon只表示在某物的表面上，而用in表示占去某物一部分。There is a book on the piece of paper. There is an interesting article in thenewspaper. He dug a hole in the wall.inintoin通常表示位置（静态）；into表示动向，不表

10、示目的地或位置。We walked in the park.We walked into the park.throughacrossthrough表示从内部通过，与in 有关；across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过，与on有关。Water flows through the pipe.The old man walked across the street.in the corneron the cornerat the cornerin the corner 表示在角落里，in指角的内面；on the corner表示在角上，on指的不是内面，也不是外面，而含内外兼有之意；at t

11、he corner指在拐角处，at指的是拐角外附近的外面。The lamp stands in the corner of the room.I met with him at the street corner.He sat on the corner of the table.除了besidesexceptbutexcept forbesides指除了还有，再加上；except指除了，减去什么，不能放在句首。but 与except意思近似，表示除了外经常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑问词后面。except for表示如无就，只是表明

12、理由细节。All went out besides me. All went out except me.I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.表示的概念构成例 动作（表进行概念、表被动的关系）at+名词at dinner/table在吃饭 at work在工作 at war交战 at cards 在玩牌 at work 在办公 at play 在玩耍 at rest在休息 school在上学 at press正在排印at c

13、hurch在做礼拜beyond+名词beyondbelief难以置信 beyondcontrol不听管教。 beyondcompare无可比拟 beyonddescription难以形容beyondexpression无法表达 beyondsuspicion无可怀疑in+名词或in+名词+of+名词in the army在当兵 in need of需要 in action在运转in progress在进行 in operation在运行中 inuse开始使用 insight看得见 instore贮藏着incourseofconstruction正在兴建当中。 in(good)repair维修良

14、好的incourseofshipment.定的货正在运输途中。 inchargeof负责inthechargeof由负责 inpossessionof拥有inthepossessionof被拥有on+名词on business办事/出差 on holiday/vacation/leave在休假on watch值班 on duty值勤/日on guard在值勤 on strike在罢工on sale出售 on loan借贷on the march在行军 ontrial在试用 on the air在广播 onfire在燃烧on the move 在移动，搬迁，离开 onshow/display/

15、exhibition在展出under+名词under control在控制之中 under discussion在讨论underdevelopment在发展中 under observation在观察中under test在被测试 under construction在建设中under fire在炮火中 under examination在检查/调查中under consideration在考虑中 under repair在修理中underarrest被逮捕 underattack受到袭击undermedicaltreatment在治疗中 understudy在研究中其他against one

16、s opinion反对某人的见解for ones opinion同意某人的见解abovereproach无可指责，无可非议 abovesuspicion不受怀疑abovecriticism无可指责at the mercy of在支配下；任由摆布forsale供出售 forrent供出租 withinsight看得见1.（2019江苏卷单项填空）Favorable policies are _ to encourage employees professional development.A. in effectB. in commandC. in turnD. in shape【答案】A【解析

17、】考查介词短语。句意：好的制度政策实际上都会激发员工的专业水平的提升。A. in effect实际上；B. in command指挥；C. in turn轮流，依次；D. in shape在外形上，处于良好的状态。故选A。2.（2019新课标I卷语法填空）Modem methods _63_ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to perform (perform) consistently over a large area.【答案】of

18、/for【解析】考查介词用法。此处tracking polar bear populations作Modern methods的定语，用of 连接，“methods of doing sth.”,意为“的方法”，构成固定结构。或者意为“对于跟踪北极熊的方法”用for。故填of/for。3.（2019新课标I卷语法填空）Scientists have responded by noting (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion(错觉) t

19、hat populations are _68_ (high) than they actually are.【答案】of/for4.【2019新课标III卷语法填空】We were first greeted with the barking by a pack _63_ dogs，seven to be exact.【答案】of【解析】考查介词。“a pack of”意为“一群”。故填of。5.（2017新课标卷I短文改错）At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two year

20、s, he agreed.【答案】删除for【解析】时间名词有every，each，last等词修饰时，其前不用介词。故删除for。2.常见同一形容词与不同介词搭配时意义上的差别常见形容词搭配意义absent(be) absent from缺席(be) absent in不在这里而在afraid(be) afraid of担心(be) afraid for为而担心angry(be) angry with sb.对某人生气(be) angry at/about sth.因某事而生气anxious(be)anxious for sth急于想得到(be)anxious about sth./sb.对

21、某事/某人担心different(be) different from与不同(be) different to不关心familiar(be) familiar with精通，熟悉(be) familiar to为熟知（悉）good(be) good at擅长于(be) good for对有益(be) good to对友好/态度好popular(be) popular with sb.受欢迎(be) popular for因而流行strict(be) strict with sb.对某人要求严格(be) strict in sth.对某事要求严格3容易混淆的含有介词固定搭配的词组类 型举 例差一

22、冠词，大相径庭in front of（在前面)in the front of（在前部） in charge of（负责）in the charge of（由负责）out of question（毫无疑问）out of the question（不可能） at table（在吃饭；在吃饭时）at the table（在桌子旁边）有无介词，意义不同know sb.认识某人 know about sb.了解某人 shoot sb.击中某人 shoot at sb.向某人射击search sb.搜身 search for sb.搜寻某人 believe sb.相信某人的话 believe in sb.

23、信任某人的人格benefit sb.使某人受益 benefit from sb.从某人那里得到益处画蛇添足，误加介词serve the people为人民服务（容易在serve后加for） enter the room进入房间（容易在enter后加into）follow me跟在我后面（容易在follow后加behind） marry sb.与某人结婚（容易在marry后加with）go abroad出国（容易在go后面加to） live upstairs住在楼上（容易在live后面加 in）母语思维，误用介词be caught in the rain被雨淋着（不用by） leave for

24、some place动身去某地（不用to）set an example to sb.为某人树立榜样（不用for） in the direction朝着方向（不用to）do a favor for sb.帮某人一个忙（不用to） different from和不同（不用with）with the help of在的帮助下（不用under） steal sth. from sb.偷某人的东西（不用of）read sth. to sb.给（为）读（念）（不用for）【难点释疑】一、常用介词辨异1. about，on，of 关于on多用于慎重的、正式的语言交际场合。常见于学术上的论文或演说等题目，可供

25、专门研究这一问题的人阅读，有论及之意。 about表示的内容多为普遍、不那么正式，有述及之意。of作关于讲，表示提及、涉及某人（事）时，只表示事情存在或发生，并不涉及详情；有时与about意义相近，但有时意义很不同，常与动词know、hear、learn（听说）、speak、talk、think、tell等连用。 2. except，except for，except that，but，besides，beside except除之外，指不包括，后面常接名词、代词（人称代词常用宾格），还可接介词短语、副词和动词不定式，此时相当于but，但不定式常不带to。 except for除了，只有，意思

26、和except一样，主要指说明基本情况后，而在细节上加以修正，后面常接名词性短语。 except that除了，只是，意思和except、except for一样。但在用法上，其后常接名词性从句，也可接when、where等词引导的其他从句。 but所含除外的意思不如except明确。but多用在代词（主要是不定代词、否定代词和疑问代词）之后。 besides表示除外还有，所排除的事物常包括在所述范围之内。另外，besides可用作副词，相当于also，有而且，加之，何况之意。 beside也是介词，表示在附近，只不过形似besides，容易相互混淆。 如果在区别前后有同类的词语时，就用exc

27、ept，否则就用except for。3. including，included including是一个介词，意为包括，它一般放在包括对象的前面。 included是一个过去分词，意为包括。它一般用于被动语态中，也可放在包括对象的后面。 4. in，later，during 都与时段名词搭配 in作介词，同时段名词搭配，即in + 时段名词，一般用于将来时。 later表示以后，常同时段名词搭配，即时段名词 + later，常与过去时连用。 during作介词时，同时段名词搭配，即during + 时段名词，常与现在时或将来时等连用。5. in，with，by 用 with通常指用具体的或有

28、形的工具、器官等，有时也表示用某种手段、音调等。 by作介词表示用时，一般指用方式、手段等。后面常接动名词或名词，后面接名词时，该名词前面一般不加修饰语。 in指用语言、字体、墨水、体裁、风格、方式、现金、顺序等。二、介词的省略1. 当表示时间的词前有this，that，next，last，every，each，some，any，all等时，介词常省略。Come any day you like. 你想哪天来就哪天来。2. 表示时间的名词前有不定冠词，且不定冠词作每一解时，前面不用介词。An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 每天吃一个苹果，医生不找我。3.

29、 习惯搭配中介词的省略一些常和动词、名词或形容词搭配的介词常省略，常见的此类搭配有：spend money/time (in) doing sth，waste money/time (in) doing sth，have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth，be busy doing sth，stop/prevent sb (from) doing sth等。三、介词不可遗漏的情况1. 含有不及物动词的不定式在形容词easy，hard，difficult，comfortable等后作状语，且构成不定式的动词与句子的主语存在动宾关系或主语是不定式动作发生的地点时，

30、介词不能遗漏。 The chair is comfortable to sit on/in. 这把椅子坐着舒服。The man is difficult to work with. 这个人很难共事。2. 当非谓语动词表示被动意义时，相关介词也不可省略。 The problem is well worth paying attention to. 这个问题很值得关注。3. 在被动语态中，动词短语中的介词不能遗漏。 Your pronunciation should be paid attention to. 你应该注意你的发音。4. 在定语从句中，当从句的谓语和先行词构成动宾关系且从句谓语为不及

31、物动词时，必须加上介词。 The library which we often go to is not far away from our school. 我们经常去的那个图书馆离我们的学校不远。5. 在too.to.，enough. to.，so. as to.等结构中，含有不及物动词的不定式作结果状语，构成不定式的动词为不及物动词，且该动词与主语构成动宾关系或主语为不定式动作发生的地点时，介词不能遗漏。The ice is too thin to skate on. 冰太薄了，不能在上面滑。题组一 基础过关单句改错1. I lent to her some money in order

32、that she could go for a holiday. _2. Joe wasted a lot time before he got down to work. _3. The biggest problem was in that almost all communication systems were destroyed. _4. Only a few months ago, this area suffered by the worst drought in a century. _5. It was very kind for them to invite me to v

33、isit their country. _6. Appreciate and honor what you have instead focusing on what you do not. _7. The boy wanted to join in the army but was turned down because he was under age. _8. I just couldnt laugh to his jokes the way I used to. _题组二 能力提升I.单项填空1.This experience teaches me a lesson: Never ju

34、dge a person simply _ the first impression.A.in the form ofB. with the help ofC. on the basis ofD.in case of2.It was quite_ me why people preferred to go to the island on such a cold night.A. againstB. overC. beyondD. above3. _ our disagreements, we have been able to find some common ground.A. Beyon

35、dB. ForC. DespiteD. By4.Sometimes its tough to get off the couch and go for a run. With so many digital devices at your fingertips, how can you possibly keep_?A.in turnB.in shapeC.in returnD.in charge5.I feel that one of my main duties _a teacher is to help the students to become better learners.A.

36、forB. likeC.asD. with6.These comments came specific questions often asked by local newsmen.A. in memory of B. in response to C. in touch with D. in possession of7.Most people work because its unavoidable. , there are some people who actually enjoy work.A. As a result B. In addition C. By contrast D.

37、 In conclusion8.A common memory they all have_ their school days is the school uniform.A. ofB. onC. toD. with9.Human life is regarded as part of nature and, as such, the only way for us to survive is to live_nature.A. in view ofB. in need of C.in touch with D. in harmony with10.Many of the things we

38、 now benefit from would not be around _ Thomas Edison.A. thanks to B. regardless of C. aside from D. but forII.语篇填空As I walked _1_the city streets，I passed a young man searching through a small block of land that contained a mix of leaves and rubbish. I was somewhat puzzled why someone _2_him would

39、be searching through rubbish. Finding this a little odd，I asked him，What are you searching _3_？ He replied very simply that he was looking for money.After talking _4_him for a little longer，I found out that he had become homeless after getting laid _5_ from his job. Since then，he had been working _6

40、_ part-time jobs in a doctors office and in a food bank to earn some money. But he made so little that he lost heart. The man seemed fairly talented，although he was a little dirty.I told him that our thoughts create our reality，and I suggested that he not give _7_ and think _8_ a positive way. Durin

41、g the whole talk，what I stressed was that he was young and that everything was possible. Although he didnt respond _9_ the spot，my sense told me that what I said seemed to have an effect _10_ him.题组三 体验真题1.（2019浙江卷语法填空）But can uniforms help improve school standards? The answer _61_ this question is not clear.2. （2018新课标卷II完形填空）I still cant believe what a coincidence it was. Im just so glad I was there _60_ to help my son.A. on board B. in time C. for sure D. on purpose3. （2018新课标卷II短文改错）They would