2022年非谓语动词讲解及高考题精选2 .pdf
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1、非谓语动词定义非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词,主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词),即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分。在句子中充当除谓语以外的各种句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词(the Non-Finite Verbs)。非谓语动词也是动词的一种,他们有着动词的其他特点,可以充当主语、宾语、状语等。非谓语动词与谓语动词是相对的概念。形式功能动词不定式不定式的全称是“ 动词不定式 ” ,是一种非限定动词,由不定式符号to+动词原形构成。不定式具有动词的特征,同时也有名词、形容词和副词的特征。动词不定式是一种非限定性动词,由to动词原
2、形构成,但它还是属于动词,所以它本身可以带宾语和状语。动词不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语,还可用在复合结构中,而且有完成式、进行式、完成进行式和否定形式。动词不定式的被动形式除了一般形式外还有其完成式和进行式。动词不定式: (to)+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。否定式: not + (to) do 以 do 为例,动词不定式的构成如下:(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后. 例如:Im nice to meet you. 很高兴见到你。He seems to know a lot. 他看起来懂得很多。We plan to
3、 pay a visit. 我们计划花钱去参观。He wants to be an artist. 他想成为一个艺术家。The patient asked to be operated on at once. 病人要求马上手术。The teacher ordered the work to be done. 老师要求完成工作。(2)进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如:The boy pretended to be working hard. 男孩假装工作得很努力。He seems to be reading in his room. 看起来他正在他的房间里面读书。(
4、3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:I regretted having told a lie. 我后悔我说谎了。I happened to have seen the film. 我偶然看过这部电影。He is pleased to have met his friend. 他很高兴能遇上他的朋友。不定式的句法功能: (1)作主语:To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。To lose your heart means failure. 灰心意味着失败。动词不定式短语作主语时
5、,常用it 作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,例如上面两句可用如下形式:It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心意味着失败。常用句式有:1、 It+be+ 名词 +to do。 2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、 It+be+ 形容词 +of sb +to do。常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly
6、,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词,不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。(2)作表语:Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打扫大厅。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 13 页He appears to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。(3)作宾语:常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise,
7、prefer, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it 作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如:Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 马克思发现研究俄国的情况是很重要的。动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如:I have no choice but to stay here. 我只能留在这里,别无选择。He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 他上周日除了修他的自行车什么也没干。动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如:He gave us so
8、me advice on how to learn English. 他给了我们一些学英语的建议。(4)作宾语补足语:在复合宾语中, 动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite. 此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema 他有很多工作要做,所
9、以没去电影院。有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have 等与不带有to 的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to, 如:I saw him cross the road. 我看见他横过公路。He was seen to cross the road. 他被我看见横过公路。(5)作定语:动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:动宾关系:I have a meeting to attend. 我有一个会议要出席。注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:He found a go
10、od house to live in. 他找到了一个居住的好房子。The child has nothing to worry about. 这个孩子无忧无虑。What did you open it with? 你用什么打开它?如果不定式修饰time, place, way ,可以省略介词:He has no place to live. 他无处安身。This is the best way to work out this problem. 这是解决这个问题的最好办法。如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式:Have you got anything to
11、send? 你要送什么东西吗?Have you got anything to be sent? 你有什么东西需要送吗?说明所修饰名词的内容:We have made a plan to finish the work. 我们制定了一个完成工作的计划。被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:He is the first to get here. 他第一个来到这儿。(6)作状语:表目的:He worked day and night to get the money. 他夜以继日地工作来赚钱。She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 她卖掉了自己的头发来买那条表链
12、。注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:wrong:To save money, every means has been tried. right:To save money, he has tried every means. 为了省钱,他使出了浑身解数。wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed. right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary. 为了学好英语,他需要一本词典。表结果 (往往是与预期愿望相反的结果意料之外 ): 常放在 never only 后He a
13、rrived late only to find the train had gone. 他来晚了,只见火车已经走了。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 13 页I visited him only to find him out. 我去拜访他,只见他出去了。表原因:常放在形容词后面They were very sad to hear the news. 他们听到这条新闻非常伤心。表程度:Its too dark for us to see anything. 太暗了,我们什么也看不见。The question is sim
14、ple for him to answer. 这问题由他来回答是很简单的。(7)作目的状语:既可以放在句首,也可以放在句尾To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked. 说实话,我不喜欢他讲话的方式。(8)不定式的省略:保留to 省略 do 动词。If you dont want to do it, you dont need to. 如果你不想做这件事,你就不必做。(9)不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to。He wished to study medicine and become a doctor. 他希望学医并成为医生。动名词
15、动名词:动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。一般式(谓语动词同时发生)doing being done 完成式(谓语动词发生之前)having done having been done 动名词的形式:Ving 否定式: not + 动名词(1)一般式:Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。(2)被动式:He came to the party without being invited 他未被邀请就来到了晚会。(3)完成式:We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。(4)完成被动式:He forgot havin
16、g been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。(5)否定式: not + 动名词I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。(6)复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)+ 动名词He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。动名词的句法功能: (1)作主语:Reading aloud is ver
17、y helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。当动名词短语作主语时常用it 作形式主语。Its no use quarrelling. 争吵是没用的。(2)作表语:In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。(3)作宾语:They havent finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 13 页We ha
18、ve to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句。此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如:We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid (避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit (承认), deny (否认), mind, p
19、ermit, forbid, practise, risk (冒险) , appreciate(感激) , be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help(情不自禁地), think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent (from),keep from, stop (from ) ,protect from, set about, be engaged in, spend (in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attent
20、ion to, insist on, feel like (4)作定语:He cant walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗?(5)作同位语:The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged 他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。现在分词现在分词:现在分词既具有动词的一些特
21、征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。现在分词的形式:否定式: not + 现在分词(1)现在分词的主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语。例如:They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业,他开始打篮球。(2)现在分词的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。The problem b
22、eing discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。现在分词的句法功能:(1)作定语:现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。In the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了。The man speaking to the teacher is our
23、monitors father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用 in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher 可改为 the man who is speaking to the teacher. (2)现在分词作表语:The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。The present situation is inspiring. 当前的
24、形势鼓舞人心。be + doing 既可能表示现在进行时,也可能是现在分词做表语,它们的区别在于be + doing 表示进行的动作是进行时,而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。(3)作宾语补足语:如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch 等。例如:Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?精选学习资料 - - - - -
25、- - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 13 页He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。(4)现在分词作状语:作时间状语:(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人。作原因状语:Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人。作方式状语,表示伴随:He stayed at home, cleaning and was
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