2022年高中英语语法词法知识讲解助动词 .pdf

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1、高中英语语法词法知识讲解-动词的概述：一、动词的定义和特征：1.动词的定义：动词是表示动作或状态的词。eg. walk, play, sleep, live, like, know, consist, resemble (相似 )等。2. 动词的特征：动词和名词、代词一样，也有人称和数的变化，谓语动词的人称和数一般必须与主语的人称和数一致。英语动词是词类中最复杂的一种，它的主要语法特征是：1) 时态 (tense): 十六种时态；2) 语态 (voice): 两种语态；3) 语气 (mood): 两种语气；4) 体 (aspect): 动态与静态。二、动词的分类：(1) 及物动词(transi

2、tive verb)+ 宾语：eg. John Ford himself opened the door to me.1. 实义动词 (行为动词 ): (2) 不及物动词 (intransitive verb) ：eg. The car stopped. 动词的分类：2. 连系动词 (link verb)：连系动词是一个表示谓语关系的动词+ 表语 eg. It is not late. / The dish smells good.3. 助动词 ( auxiliary verb)：助动词本身无词汇意义，不能单独作谓语。它们有do, be, have, shall(should, will(wo

3、uld)等。4. 情态动词 (model verb)：情态动词词义不完全，在句中不能单独作谓语，只能和实义动词一起构成谓语；它们有 shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, dare, need, ought to 等。5. 短语动词 (phrasal verb)：短语动词是一个固定短词组，由动词加介词或副词等构成，起作用相当于一个动词。eg. The plane took off at seven sharp. Put out your cigarettes. I don t care for Helen s new

4、curtain. The gang robbed her of her necklace. We are all looking forward to your party on Saturday. 三、动词的基本形式：现将五种基本形式举例列表如下：1.原形：原形第三人称单数现在式过去式过去分词现在分词2.第三人称单数work works worked worked working 英语动词五种基本形式：3.现在分词：write writes wrote written writing 4.过去式：have has had had having 5.过去分词：do does did done

5、doing 常见不规则动词的变化一览表：原形过去式过去分词原形过去式过去分词原形过去式过去分词burst knit hold cast hear lay cost hide keep cut hang kneel forecast bend lead hit bind lean hurt bleed learn let breed leave put bring light set build mean shed buy make shit catch pay shut hold rend get creep say spread deal seek trust dig sell bet be

6、t/betted bet/betted feed send bid bid/bade bid/bade, fight see 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 10 页bidden destroy weep lie 原形过去式过去分词原形过去式过去分词原形过去式过去分词shine win shake shoot wind show sit wring shrive sleep arise sow slide awake speak smell bear spring speed begin steal spell blow

7、 strive spill break swear stick choose swim stand drink take strike do tear sweep eat throw teach fly wake tell forbid weave think forget write know give come overthrow go become ring grow run rise regret study 高中英语语法词法知识讲解-助动词一. 概念: 什么是助动词？助动词是帮助主要动词构成各种时态,语态 ,语气以及否定或疑问结构的动词, 助动词分为时态助动词和结构助动词两种。二、特

8、点：1)助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用。eg. He doesnt like English. 他不喜欢英语。(doesnt 是助动词，无词义；like 是主要动词，有词义。)2)助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：a. 表示时态，eg.He is singing. 他在唱歌。He has got married. 他已结婚。b. 表示语态，eg. He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。c. 构成疑问句，eg. Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗？d. 与否定副词not 合用，构成否定句，eg. I dont like him.

9、 我不喜欢他。e. 加强语气，eg. He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。f. 最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would A.半助动词在功能上介乎主动词和助动词之间的一类结构，称为半助动词。 常见的半助动词有be about to, be due to, be going to, be likely to, bemeant to, be obliged to, be supposed to, be willing to, have to, seem to, be unable to, be unwilling to 等

10、。 . B.情态助动词1.情态助动词包括will(would), shall(should), can(could), may(might), must, need, dare, ought to, used to, had better 后接原形不定式。2.情态助动词不受主语的人称和数的限制。3.两个情态助动词不能连用。中文 :他将能够及时完成此事。(误)He will can finish it in time. C.基本助动词基本助动词 : 基本助动词只有三个：be, do, have, 他们没有词汇意义，只有语法作用，如协助构成进行体，完成体，被动态，否定句，疑问句等。汉语中只有助词，

11、而没有助动词。这又是英汉两种语言的一大差别。英语的助动词，就是起辅助作用的动词，本身没有独立的词义，不能单独做谓语，在句子中只起语法作用，和实意动词一起构成谓语(叫复合谓语 )，表达否定，疑问，时态，精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 10 页语态和其他语法关系。其基本形式和作用如下表：原形现在式过去式过去分词现在分词作用be am, is, are was, were been being 构成各种进行时态和被动语态have have / has had had having 构成各种完成时态do does/ do did

12、 done doing 构成疑问、否定句，加强语气、代替前面相同的动词shall shall should / / 构成各种将来时态will will would / / 构成各种将来时态三、助动词的分类：按结构分：时态助动词和结构助动词时态助动词有：be(am, is, are; was, were),have(has, had),will(would) 和 shall(should)和主动词一起构成各种时态、语态和语气。结构助动词： do(does, did),本身无词义，它仅为无助动的动词提供助动词，构成疑问结构和否定结构。四、助动词具体用法：时态助动词同主动词一起构成十六种时态和十种被

13、动语态结构。注意：被动语态没有完成进行时和将来进行时态(一)、助动词 be的用法助动词 be有八种形式 :原形现在时过去时过去分词-ing 式（现在分词）be am 第一人称单数。I am was been being is 第三人称单数。He is , She is , It isare 第二人称单数和复数。you are ,they arewere 注意:它们的肯定、否定、缩略形式。第一人称的反意疑问句的句尾中用arent I?,极少用 amn t I? 或 ain t I?be 的现在词和过去分词的否定形式是在前加not being和 not been它们没有缩略形式。1. be + 现

14、在分词，跟现在分词构成各种进行时态：eg. We are playing video games on TV last night. 昨晚我们在电视上玩电子游戏。2. be + 过去分词，跟过去分词构成被动语态：eg. Hes not respected by the press.他们不受报界的尊重。注意：be+过去分词 ” 不一定都是被动语态，有时可能是系表结构，两者主要区别是：被动语态表示以主语为承受者的动作；而系表结构则表示主语的特点或所处的状态。3. be(am, is, are)+ 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：a. 用现在时表示最近、未来的计划或安排，说明：这种用法也可以说成是一种将

15、来时态表达法。eg. He is to go to New York next week. 他下周要去纽约。b. 表示命令，eg. You are to explain this.对此你要做出解释。c. 征求意见，eg. Who is to go there?谁该去那儿呢？d. 表示相约、商定，eg. We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.我们明天早晨7 点在校门口集合。(二)、助动词 have的用法 :助动词 have 的五种形式：类别肯定否定缩略否定1) have +过去分词，构成完成时态。原形have ha

16、ve not havent eg. He has left for London.他已去了伦敦。ve ve not 2) have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时。现在式第三称单数has has not hasnt eg. I have been studying English for ten years. s s not 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。过去式had had not hadnt 3) have+been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。d d not eg. English has been taught in China for many years.现在分词ha

17、ving not having 无中国教英语已经多年。过去分词had 无无(三)、助动词 do 的用法：结构助动词do 三种形式：类别肯定否定缩略否定精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 10 页原形do do not dont 现在式第三称单数does does not doesnt 过去式did did not not didnt 1.帮助构成实意动词一般现在时和一般过去时的疑问式和否定式：eg. Do you know John? 你认识约翰吗？Mary didn t come to see me yesterday.玛

18、丽昨天没来看我。You like this picture, dont you? 你喜欢这张画，不是吗2.代替前面已经提到过的动词，避免重复：eg.-Do you smoke? Yes, I do. 你抽烟吗？ -是的，我抽。 I smoke. So does he. 我抽烟。他也抽。He doesnt like it. Neither do I. 他不喜欢，我也不。3.帮助加强谓语动词的语气，该do、does 或 did 要重读 ;did 加强过去时谓语动词语气时，这个谓语动词要用原形。eg.I do like you.我真的喜欢你。She / He does like you. 她/他确实

19、喜欢你。She / They / We did go swimming yesterday. 她/他们 /我们昨天确实去游泳了。另外：如果谓语中有助动词或情态动词，要加强语气时就能用do 的各种形式来强调，一般方法是把需要强调的词全用大写字母来书写。一般祈使句前面加助动词do构成肯定的强语势祈使句，末尾加感叹号。第二人称祈使句强调语气有两种其它形式：1) 用 never 代替 dont.2)主语 you 不省略或不加呼语。eg. Find yourself someone else to shout at. 你跟别人喊去！当谓语动词前有否定意义的副词（never, seldom, hardly

20、, rarely, scarcely等）时，起强调作用的助动词(do, does, did)要加在该动词前面而不是加在副词的前面。eg. He seldom does come late. 他的确极少迟到。注意：be, have, do 都能做实意动词用：eg. These are computers.这些是计算机。We re having breakfast.我们正在吃早饭。I did some washing last night.我昨晚洗了衣服。4.构成否定祈使句，说明：构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did 和 does 。eg. Dont go there.不要去那里。Dont be s

21、o absent-minded.不要这么心不在焉。5. 用于倒装句。eg. Never did I hear of such a thing.我从未听说过这样的事情。说明：引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。(四)、助动词 shall 和 will 的用法 : 1. 助动词 shall/will 构成一般将来时；should/would 构成过去将来时。eg.We shall/will be rich, if we succeed. 我们将很富有，如果我们成功的话。They will be rich, if the

22、y succeed. 他们将很富有，如果他们成功的话。They said they would be rich, if they succeeded. 他们说他们将很富有，如果他们成功的话。2. shall 用在第一、三人称作主语的疑问句中，来征求意见，表示“ 要不要 ” 。eg.Shall I go now? 要我现在就走吗？Shall the reporters wait outside or what? 要记者们在外面等还是怎样？3. shall 用于所有人称，表示说话人的决心、保证、许诺、威胁、警告、命令等强烈的感情。eg.You shall have an answer by tom

23、orrow. 到了明天，你会得到答复的。The enemy shall not pass. 决不允许敌人过去。The ceremony shall not be postponed/put off. 仪式不会推迟的。4. would 可以表示过去的习惯，类似used to: eg.He would come to see me on Sunday when he was here. 他在这里的时候，星期天就来看我。5. will可以表示 “ 愿意、肯、会、固执” 等意义，而非将来: eg.I will pay you for it. 我会付给你钱买下它的。6. will可以表示倾向、习惯（总是

24、会，老是等意思），在否定句中可以表示“ 不肯、不能 ” 等意思 : eg. Boys will be boys. 男孩子总归是男孩子。Oil and water will not mix. 油和水是不会混合在一起的。This machine won t work.这台机器不工作了/坏了。These things will happen. 这样的事情总是会发生的。五、再论助动词：(一) be，have 和 do（主要的助动词）1. 在否定句和疑问句中，be与 do 的用法遵从助动词的下列规则：否定句中，助动词+not：eg. He isn t coming他不来了。It did not matt

25、er没关系。疑问句中，主语+助动词：eg. Was he waiting ？他当时在等吗？Does she see us ？她看到我们了吗？2. have 在疑问句及否定句中的位置一般与助动词相同：eg. Has he(got )to go ？他一定得走吗？但有时也用dodid 形式：eg. Does he have to go ？他一定得走吗?3. be与带 to 的动词不定式连用：eg. They are to wait for us at the station 他们将在车站等我们。have 后也可接带to的动词不定式，但有两种结构除外。do与不带to的不定式（即动词原形）连用：eg.

26、Did he write？他写信了吗？精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 10 页4. be，have和 do 作助动词使用时，需要带分词或不定式，但在答句或评语等中常省略。eg.Have you seen it ？你看见了吗？ Yes，I have(seen it) 是的， (我看见了 )。5. 在 be，have和 do 作普通动词使用而有自己本身的意思，如have 有“ 拥有 ” 的意思、 do 有“ 干从事 ” 的意思等时，它们只能是句子中唯一的动词：eg.He is lazy他很懒惰。He has no job他没

27、有工作。He does nothing他什么事也不干。在这种情况下，do 与助动词 dodid 连用： eg. What do you do in the evening ？你一般晚上做什么？have 可以用两种方法进行变化，即用助动词dodid 或不用： eg. Have you(got)time ？ Do you have time ？你有空吗？(二)、can，could，may，might，must，ought，will，would，shall 和 should 是情态动词，也称情态助动词。1.情态动词的第三人称单数后不加s： eg.I must我必须/ he must他必须 / I c

28、an我可以 / he can他可以2.它们在构成否定形式和疑问形式时均遵循助动词的规则：eg. will not / ought not/ will he? /ought he ？3.它们没有真正的过去时态。情态动词有四种过去形式，即could，might，should 和 would，但用途有限。4.情态动词没有不定式或分词形式，所以不能用于进行时态。5.除 ought 之外其他情态动词后一律跟不带to 的动词不定式 (即动词原形 )：eg. You should pay./You ought to pay. 你应该付钱。情态动词后面应带动词原形(而非分词等 )，但有时该动词可省略；eg.C

29、an you understand？你明白吗？ Yes，I can(understand) 是的 (，我明白 )。(三)、need ，dare 和 used（半情态动词）1.当 need和 dare作助动词时，可遵循情态动词的句式，后面跟不带to 的动词不定式：eg. He need not wait 他不用等。但也可与 dodid 形式连用，这时后面要接带to 的动词不定式：eg.He doesn t dare to interrupt他不敢插嘴。They didn t need to wait他们不需要等。注意：need 和 dare也可作普通动词用，有词形变化，并可与分词连用：eg.He

30、 needs help 他需要帮助。They dared me to jump 他们激将我，要我跳下去。2. used有时说成 used to，只指过去的事。它的否定式和疑问式常常遵循助动词的规则：eg.I used notusednt to go我一向不去。虽然严格来讲used 不带不定式，但经常可以听到didnt use to 和 did heshe 等+use to？的形式。六、分析助动词和情态动词的异同：相同点：(1)都可构成疑问句，并且都能用在肯定或否定的简略式回答中。eg. Was the car going beyond the speed limit? 小车是否在超速行驶？Ye

31、s, it was. 是的，在超速行驶。(2)都可与 not 连用构成否定句。eg. At first, it didnt sell very well.起初，它的销路不好。(3)都能构成反意疑问句。eg. You didn t let me drive, did you?你没有让我开车，对吗？(4)都可以在 so 或 neither(nor)句型 中，代替前面的动词（短语）。eg. You can t do it, nor can I, nor can anybody else. 你不能那样做，我也不能，任何人都不能。不同点：谓语中只能有一个情态动词，但可有多个助动词。eg. He was

32、being trained to be a doctor.他当时正接受培训，要成为一名医生。七、助动词巩固练习 : 1.If it is fine tomorrow, we _a football match. A. have B. will have C. has D. shall has 2.When he was at school, he _ early and take a walk before breakfast. A. will rise B. shall rise C. should rise D. would rise3.In the past 30 years China

33、 _ great advances in the socialist revolution and socialist construction. A. has made B. have made C. had made D. having made 4.I _go to bed until I _finished my work. A. dont; had B. didn t; have C. didn t; had D. dont; have 5._ you think he _ back by dinner time? A. Do; have comeB. Did; will have

34、comeC. Does; will come D. Do; will have come6.He said that he dropped his bag when he _ for the bus.A. was runing B. was runningC. were running D. is running7.No sooner _ he arrived home than he _ to start on another journey.A. has; was asked B. have; were asked C. had; is asked D. had; was asked8.

35、“_ you give me a room for the night?” I asked on arriving at the hotel.A. Should B. CanC. MightD. May 9.There are nine of them, so _get into the car at the same time. A. they may not at allB. all they may notC. they cant allD. all they cant10. “We didn t see him at the lecture yesterday.” “He _it.”精

36、选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 10 页A. mustn t attend B. cannot have attendedC. would have not attendedD. needn t have attended11. “You realize that you were driving at 100 mph, dont you? ”“No, officer. I _ . This car cant do more than 80.”A. didnt need to be B. may not have been

37、 C. couldnt have been D. needn t have been12.He was a good runner so he _ escape from the police. A. might B. succeeded to C. would D. was able to13.If they _ , our plan will fall flat. A. are co-operatingB. had not co-operated C. won t co-operateD. didnt co-operate14.I hoped _ my letter. A. her to

38、answer B. that she would answer C. that she answers D. her answering15.He _ live in the country than in the city. A. prefersB. likes toC. had betterD. would rather16._to see a film with us today? A. Did you likeB. Would you likeC. Will you likeD. Have you liked17.I m sorry, but I had no alternative.

39、 I simply _ what I did. A. must doB. had to doC. ought to have done D. have to do18. “Time is running out,_ ?”A. hadn t we better got startB. hadn t we better get startC. hadnt we better get started D. hadn t we better not started19.No one _ that to his face. A. dares sayB. dares sayingC. dare sayD.

40、 dare to say20.The students in the classroom _ not to make so much noise. A. needB. ought C. mustD. dare21.You _ last week if you were really serious about your work.A. ought to come B. ought to be coming C. ought have come D. ought to have come22.The elephants ought _ hours ago by the keepers. A. t

41、o be fed B. to feed C. to being fed D. to have been fed 23. “I wonder why they re late.” “They _ the train.”A. can have missed B. could miss C. may have missed D. might miss 24. “Tom graduated from college at a very young age. ” “He _ have been an outstanding student.” A. must B. could C. should D.

42、might25.You _ the examination again since you had already passed it.A. needn t have taken B. didnt need to takeC. needn t take D. mustn t take26.He is really incompetent! The letter _ yesterday.A. should be finished typing B. must be finished typingC. must have finished typing D. should have been fi

43、nished typing27.The boy told his father that he would rather _ an astronaut. A. become B. to becomeC. becoming D. became28.When we reached the station, the train had still not arrived; so we _ . A. needed not to hurry B. needn t have hurriedC. need not to have hurried D. didnt need to hurry29.Since

44、your roommate is visiting her family this weekend, _ you like to have dinner with us tonight? A. willB. won t C. wouldnt D. do30.He was afraid what he had done _ a disastrous effect on his career. A. might have B. could be C. have been D. shall be 31. _ you ready? A. Are B. Have C. Will D. Can 32. _

45、 here early? A. Will he B. Was he C. Did he be D. Were he 33. I _ happy about the price of eggs. A. amt B. am not C. do not D. wont 34. Since last year I _ him only once. A. have seen B. have been seeing C. see D. was seeing 35. Donald _ sixteen tomorrow. A. is being B. going to be C. shall be D. wi

46、ll be 36. I _ the story at all. A. dont like B. like C. am fond of D. would like 37. I would rather _ than play now. A. to study B. am studying C. study D. studied 38. Id rather you _ anything about it for the time being. A. do B. didnt do C. dont D. didnt 39. The car _ much money. A. not cost B. no

47、t have cost C. isnt cost D. didnt cost 40. I _ like to eat fish. A. am B. have C. do D. be 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 10 页41. _ repeat the question A. Shall I B. Will I C. Would you like that I D. Do you want that I 42. My teacher knows more than _ . A. my uncle knows B. my

48、 uncle doesC. they know D. they dont know 43. He _ to meet us at the station, but didnt see us. A. did go B. did went C. goes D. had 44. Not only _ us light. A. does the sun give B. the sun gives C. gives the sun D. the sun does give 45. _ you tell me what has happened? A. May B. Must C. Can D. Coul

49、d 46. Anne _ tomorrow. A. can sing B. can to sing C. is going sing D. going to sing 47. You _ hand it in at once, you may hand it in tomorrow. A. neednt B. may not C. cant D. must not 48. Tell the boy that heshould_ in the river. A. swims B. swim C. swimming D. to swim 49. Joan _ play on Saturday. A

50、. going to B. can C. is going D. can to 50. Susan and I can go to the lecture _ . A. but neither can Charles B. and so Charles can C. but Charles cant D. and Charles also can 高一英语语法习题精炼：1. I don t think Mary and Sue _before, _? A. have met; haven t they B. have met; have they C. have seen; do I D. h