句子成分和结构 (3)课件.ppt

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1、关于句子成分和结构(3)现在学习的是第1页，共59页英语词性的分类英语词性的分类词类又叫词性，英语词性共有十大类。词类又叫词性，英语词性共有十大类。Parts of Speech现在学习的是第2页，共59页1 名词名词 noun n.student 学生学生 2 代词代词 pronoun pron.you 你你3 形容词形容词 adjective adj.happy 高兴的高兴的 4 副词副词 adverb adv.quickly 迅速地迅速地5 动词动词 verb v.cut 砍、割砍、割 6 数词数词 numeral num.three 三三7 冠词冠词 article art.a 一个一

2、个 8 介词介词 preposition prep.at 在在.9 连词连词 conjunction conj.and 和和 10 感叹词感叹词 interjection interj.oh 哦哦 实词实词虚词虚词现在学习的是第3页，共59页取得英语语法成功的基石取得英语语法成功的基石现在学习的是第4页，共59页句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分句子成分：主主谓谓宾宾表表补补定定状状同位语同位语现在学习的是第5页，共59页 I met my best friend Tom at the

3、 station yesterday.主主语语谓谓语语定定语语宾宾语语同同位位语语状状语语现在学习的是第6页，共59页主语（主语（subject）句子说明的人或事物句子说明的人或事物,主语一般位于主语一般位于_。Jane is good at playing the piano.She went out in a hurry.Four plus four is eight.To see is to believe.Smoking is bad for health.The young should respect the old.What he has said is true.（名词）（名词

4、）（代词）（代词）（数词）（数词）（不定式）（不定式）（动名词）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）（名词化的形容词）（句子）（句子）句首句首现在学习的是第7页，共59页找出下列句中的主语并说出是有什么来充当的找出下列句中的主语并说出是有什么来充当的1.The sun rises in the east.2.Seeing is believing.3.To see is to believe.4.What he needs is a book.5.It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（名词）（名词）（动名词）

5、（动名词）（不定式）（不定式）（句子）（句子）（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）现在学习的是第8页，共59页当当不定式、动名词或从句不定式、动名词或从句在某个句子中作主语时在某个句子中作主语时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，因，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，因此常用此常用it作形式主语作形式主语置于置于句首句首，而将真正的主语放，而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无词义只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。什么情况下用什么情况下用it作形式主语？作形式主语？现在学习的是第9页，共59页 你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗你能划

6、出下列句子的真正的主语吗?你懂得翻译下列你懂得翻译下列句子吗？句子吗？1)It is wrong to tell a lie.()2)It is no use arguing about it.()3)It is uncertain who will come.()说谎是错误的。说谎是错误的。争吵是没用的。争吵是没用的。谁要来还不确定。谁要来还不确定。现在学习的是第10页，共59页 谓语谓语（predicate）说明主语的动作、状态和特征，用说明主语的动作、状态和特征，用动词动词充当（有时充当（有时不止一个动词），不止一个动词），主谓主谓一般要靠在一起。一般要靠在一起。简单谓语简单谓语:由由动

7、词动词或或动词词组动词词组组成组成 I saw the flag on the top of the hill?He looked after two orphans.复合谓语复合谓语 由由情态动词或助动词情态动词或助动词+动词动词;He can speak English well.She doesnt seem to like dancing 现在学习的是第11页，共59页 选出下列句中的谓语选出下列句中的谓语 A.looked B.looked up C.looked up the word D.in the dictionary He has caught a bad cold.A.h

8、as B.caught C.has caught D.a bad cold He practices running every morning.A.running B.practices running C.practices D.every morning现在学习的是第12页，共59页Show your passport,please.She didnt say anything.How many do you want?-I want two.They sent the injured to hospital.They asked to see my passport.I enjoy w

9、orking with you.Did you write down what he said?（名词（名词）(代词）代词）(数词数词)(名词化的形容词名词化的形容词)(三三)宾语（宾语（object）动作的对象或承受者，动作的对象或承受者，由由n.或相当于或相当于n.的词担任。的词担任。置于置于_或或_之后。之后。（不定式）（不定式）（动名词）（动名词）（句子）（句子）及物动词及物动词介词介词现在学习的是第13页，共59页 有些及物动词如有些及物动词如give,tell,bring,buy等可以带等可以带双宾双宾语语，一个指人，一个指物。通常情况下，指物的，一个指人，一个指物。通常情况下，指

10、物的叫直接宾语，指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语多放叫直接宾语，指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语多放在直接宾语之前。在直接宾语之前。间接间接宾语宾语直接直接宾语宾语please pass me the book.He bought his girlfriend some flowers.He gave me some books.现在学习的是第14页，共59页宾语有三种宾语有三种 动宾动宾 I bought a book.直接直接/间接宾语间接宾语 She gave John a book 介宾介宾 They talk about a book.注意注意现在学习的是第15页，共59页 挑出下列句中的宾语挑

11、出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework.People all over the world speak English.Hell give us a talk.They didnt know who Father Christmas really is.现在学习的是第16页，共59页（四）表语（四）表语（predicative）在在系动词系动词后的部分就是表语后的部分就是表语The war was over.They seem to know the truth.Time is precious.Im not quite myself today

12、.That remains a puzzle.1.I dont feel at ease.现在学习的是第17页，共59页系动词系动词1.表状态的表状态的 be(am,is,are)2.表感官的表感官的 sound,taste,feel，look,seem,appear3.表持续的表持续的 keep,remain,stay,stand You keep quite!5.表变化的表变化的 become,grow,come,go6.表终止的表终止的 prove,turn out 证实证实现在学习的是第18页，共59页 I found the book interesting.Do you smell

13、 something burning?He made himself known to them.She asked me to lend her a hand.（五）宾语补足语（五）宾语补足语 （object complement）补充说明宾语的情况补充说明宾语的情况。由。由n./adj./介宾介宾/分词分词/不定不定式式等担任。等担任。与宾语一起构成与宾语一起构成复合宾语。复合宾语。常用的动词有常用的动词有：make,consider,cause,see,find,call,get,have,let等等 现在学习的是第19页，共59页（六）同位语（六）同位语（appositive）位于位于

14、名词或代词名词或代词后面，解释说明它们的性质和情况，后面，解释说明它们的性质和情况，两者的语法功能相同，后面是前面的同位语。两者的语法功能相同，后面是前面的同位语。We young people should respect the old.He himself will do the experiment.He is the oldest among them four.He told me the news that our team won the game.名词名词代词代词数词数词从句从句现在学习的是第20页，共59页（七七）定语）定语（attributive）He is a clev

15、er boy.His father works in a steel work.There are 54 students in our class.Do you known bettys sister?There is a sleeping baby in bed.His spoken language is good.(形容词形容词)(名词名词)(数词数词)(名词的所有格名词的所有格)(现在分词现在分词)(过去分词过去分词)对对n./pron.进行修饰限定的成分，进行修饰限定的成分，汉语中用汉语中用的的表示。表示。()()()()()()现在学习的是第21页，共59页定语后置：定语后置：如

16、果定语是如果定语是一个单词一个单词时，通常要时，通常要前置前置。而由而由一个词组或一个句子一个词组或一个句子表示时，通常表示时，通常后置。后置。The girl in red is his sister.We have a lot of work to do.The girl standing under the tree is his daughter.Do you know the man who spoke just now?现在学习的是第22页，共59页用以修饰用以修饰adj./v./adv.及全句的及全句的成分成分,状语的位置灵活。状语的位置灵活。I am very sorry.We

17、 often help him.When I grow up,I am going to be a teacher.（从句作时间状语（从句作时间状语)（八八）状语）状语（adverbial）现在学习的是第23页，共59页状语的分类状语的分类:状语按照内容可分为状语按照内容可分为时间时间,地点地点,原因原因,目的目的,结果结果,条件条件,让步让步,方式方式,程度程度,伴随状况伴随状况等等.表示表示时间、地点、目的的状语时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放一般位于句子两头，强调时放句首。句首。现在学习的是第24页，共59页画出下列句子的状语画出下列句子的状语 I will be bac

18、k in a while.They are playing on the playground.He was late because he got up late.He got up so late that I missed the train.I waited to see you.He often went to school by bus.His parents died,leaving him an orphan.Please call me if it is necessary.This book is very interesting.He went to school in

19、spite of his illness.现在学习的是第25页，共59页 句子成分巩固练习句子成分巩固练习 现在学习的是第26页，共59页（一）指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：（一）指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.The students got on the school bus.2.He handed me the newspaper.3.I shall answer your question after class.4.What a beautiful Chinese painting!5.They went hunting together early in the mo

20、rning.6.His job is to train swimmers.7.He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8.He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.9.His wish is to become a scientist.10.Do you have anything else to say?现在学习的是第27页，共59页（二）分析下列各句中所包含的句子成分（二）分析下列各句中所包含的句子成分现在学习的是第28页，共59页1.Last week I went to the supermarket.

21、Last week I went to the supermarket.状状 主主 谓谓 状状2.The play was very interesting.The play was very interesting.主主 系系 状状 表表3.I cant hear a word.I cant hear a word.主主 谓谓 宾宾4.They were talking loudly.They were talking loudly.主主 谓谓 状状现在学习的是第29页，共59页4.It was Sunday.It was Sunday.主主 系表系表5.I never get up ear

22、ly on Sundays.I never get up early on Sundays.主状主状 谓谓 状状状状6.I looked at the young man and the young woman angrily.I looked at the young man and the 主谓主谓 宾宾 young woman angrily.宾宾 状状现在学习的是第30页，共59页7.I read a few lines,but I didnt understand a word.I read a few lines,but I didnt 主主 谓定谓定 宾宾 连连 主主 谓谓 un

23、derstand a word.谓谓 宾宾8.My holidays passed quickly,but I didnt send cards to my friends.My holidays passed quickly,but I 主主 谓谓 状状 连连 主主 didnt send cards to my friends.谓谓 宾宾 宾宾现在学习的是第31页，共59页9.I got up early and bought thirty cards.I got up early and bought thirty cards.主主 谓谓 状连状连 谓谓 定宾定宾10.He is work

24、ing for a big firm and he has already visited a great number of different places in Australia.He is working for a big firm and he has 主主 谓状谓状 连连 主谓主谓already visited a great number of different 状状 谓谓 定定 定定places in Australia.宾定宾定现在学习的是第32页，共59页11.He has just bought a car and has gone to Alice Springs

25、,a small town in the centre of Australia.He has just bought a car and 主主 谓谓 状状 谓谓 宾宾 连连has gone to Alice Springs,a small town 谓状同位语谓状同位语in the centre of Australia.定定现在学习的是第33页，共59页12.He calls at every house in the street once a month and always asks for a meal and a glass of beer.He calls at every h

26、ouse in the street主主 谓谓 宾定宾定 once a month and always asks for状连状连 状谓状谓a meal and a glass of beer.宾宾现在学习的是第34页，共59页13.You will tell your friend that youve got to school.You will tell your friend 主主 谓谓 定定 间宾间宾 that youve got to school.直宾直宾现在学习的是第35页，共59页nounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ing V-edetc.主主语语谓谓语语宾语宾

27、语宾语宾语宾补宾补表语表语宾语宾语(间)宾语宾语(直直)Vt系动词ViNoun/PronounThe+adjV-ing/ClauseInfinitiveNoun/Pronoun/The+adjV-ing/Clause/Infinitivebe/feel/seem/lookappear/stand/lie become/get/grow/turn go/come/remain/keeptaste/smell etc.nounpronounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ing/V-edclauseetc.现在学习的是第36页，共59页1.Things changed.2.Trees a

28、re green.3.We dont beat children.4.He gave his sister the piano.5.I found the book easy.6.There lies a book on the desk.主主 +谓谓 主主 +系系 +表表主主+谓谓 +宾宾主主+谓谓 +间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语 主主+谓谓 +宾宾 +宾补宾补There be 句型句型简单句基本句型实例简单句基本句型实例现在学习的是第37页，共59页Nobody went.She became a doctor.The car caught fire.I will write you

29、 a long letter.I will let him go.PracticePractice 主主 +谓谓主主+系系 +表表主主 +谓谓 +宾宾主主+谓谓 +间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语主主+谓谓 +宾宾+宾补宾补现在学习的是第38页，共59页附属成分附属成分基本成分的修饰语。可以是：基本成分的修饰语。可以是：定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句 状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。从句。定定 语语Poor John tottered toward a hospital nea

30、rbyShe likes oranges imported from the USA.John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrationsHave you seen the book on the desk?The boy playing over there is my brother.People there like sports.现在学习的是第39页，共59页John often came to chat with meJohn likes oranges very muchWhenever he gets drunk，Jo

31、hn makes Mary very angryHearing the news,he jumped with joy.As he was ill,he didnt come to class yesterday.She is sitting at the desk,doing her homework.My father worked in this school ten years ago.Youd better stay here.状状 语语现在学习的是第40页，共59页按句子的结构分：1)简单句简单句2)并列句并列句3)复合句复合句句子类型句子类型现在学习的是第41页，共59页只有一个

32、主语（或并列主语）和一个只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。谓语（或并列谓语）。（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。e.g.He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.现在学习的是第42页，共59页 我们可以给我们可以给名词加上形容词、介词短语名词加上形容词、介词短语修饰，给修饰，给句子的句子的动词加上

33、副词动词加上副词修饰或给句子加上修饰或给句子加上状语状语修饰修饰等，以使整个句子的意思变得更丰富和充实。等，以使整个句子的意思变得更丰富和充实。但不管如何变，都只有但不管如何变，都只有一个主谓结构一个主谓结构。He worked hard all his life.(划线部分在句中作状语，修饰动词划线部分在句中作状语，修饰动词worked)He is a school student in No.1 Middle School.(划线部分在句中作定语，修饰名词划线部分在句中作定语，修饰名词student)现在学习的是第43页，共59页e.g.You help him and he helps

34、you.The future is bright;the road is tortuous.并列句并列句句型：句型：简单句简单句+并列连词并列连词+简单句简单句 并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词。它们之间用连词连结。连结。现在学习的是第44页，共59页practiceThis is me and these are my friends.They must stay in water,or

35、 they will die.Its not cheap,but it is very good.It was late,so I went to bed.andorbut soHe knocked at the door;there was no answer.Youre alive!And shes dead.现在学习的是第45页，共59页就是含有两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子。就是含有两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子。这种结构中，必定有一个主谓结构是句子这种结构中，必定有一个主谓结构是句子的主句部分，而另一个主谓结构则是句子的主句部分，而另一个主谓结构则是句子的次要部分，即从句部分。的次要部分

36、，即从句部分。句型句型主句主句+引导词引导词+从句；或引导词从句；或引导词+从句从句+主句主句复合句复合句现在学习的是第46页，共59页句型句型主句主句+引导词引导词+从句；或引导词从句；或引导词+从句从句+主句主句 The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.、(when引导一个时间状语从句引导一个时间状语从句)As is known to all,China is getting more and more powerful.(as 引导一个定语从句引导一个定语从句)Where t

37、here is a will,there is a way.(Where引导一个地点状语从句引导一个地点状语从句)现在学习的是第47页，共59页名词性从句名词性从句状语从句状语从句定语从句定语从句主语从句主语从句表语从句表语从句宾语从句宾语从句同位语从句同位语从句复合句中的从句包括复合句中的从句包括A plane is a machine that can fly.He said that he didnt like her.现在学习的是第48页，共59页v My roommate was sleeping,we didnt want to wake her up.请用所学知识改正下列病句请用

38、所学知识改正下列病句My roommate was sleeping.We didnt want to wake her up.My roommate was sleeping,so we didnt want to wake her up.I went to bed because I was tired.v I went to bed.Because I was tired.现在学习的是第49页，共59页v China has hundreds of islands,and the largest of which is Taiwan Island.v China has hundreds

39、 of islands,the largest of them is Taiwan Island.China has hundreds of islands,and the largest of them is Taiwan Island China has hundreds of islands,the largest of which is Taiwan Island现在学习的是第50页，共59页Exercises 判断句型1.Having finished his homework,the boy went on to help his mother.2.What he says doe

40、snt suit what he does.(简单句简单句划线部分在句中作状语，修饰整划线部分在句中作状语，修饰整个句子个句子)(复合句复合句包含两个名词性从句：包含两个名词性从句：What he says 是是一个主语从句；一个主语从句；what he does 是一个宾语从句是一个宾语从句)现在学习的是第51页，共59页3.We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.4.The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.5.There is a chair in this room,isnt

41、 there?简单句简单句复合句复合句简单句简单句现在学习的是第52页，共59页6.He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.7.He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.8.My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.并列句并列句 复合句复合句 简单句简单句现在学习的是第53页，共59页9.Neither has he changed

42、 his mind,nor will he do so.10.What he said at the meeting is very important,isnt it?11.The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.12.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.并列句并列句 复合句复合句 简单句简单句简单句简单句现在学习的是第54页，共59页1.She set out soon after dark _ home an hour later.A.arrivingB.to arriveC.having

43、 arrived D.and arrived2.She thought I was talking about her daughter,_,in fact,I was talking about my daughter.A.whom B.where C.which D.while现在学习的是第55页，共59页3.Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase,_ was very reasonable.A.which price B.the price of which C.its price D.the price of that 4.She is Am

44、erican,_ she knows little about American history.A.so B.yet C.and D.therefore 现在学习的是第56页，共59页5._ several times about it,but he could not give the correct answer.A.Being asked B.Having been asked C.He would ask D.He had been asked 6._ the days went on,the situation there got worse.A.With B.Since C.While D.As现在学习的是第57页，共59页7.lShe won the first prize in the speech contest and _ surprised us.A.which B.it C.as D.whol She won the first prize in the speech contest,_ surprised us.A.which B.it C.as D.who现在学习的是第58页，共59页2022-9-5感谢大家观看感谢大家观看现在学习的是第59页，共59页