医学英语写作指导.ppt

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1、医学英语写作指导医学英语写作指导现在学习的是第1页，共56页contentsl人体器官、血液和细菌的形状和特征的描述人体器官、血液和细菌的形状和特征的描述l人体各器官位置的描述方式人体各器官位置的描述方式l人体各系统、器官、组织和细胞结构的描述人体各系统、器官、组织和细胞结构的描述l医学中常见计量和单位的表达方式医学中常见计量和单位的表达方式l投稿信投稿信(cover letter)(cover letter)的写作的写作现在学习的是第2页，共56页人体器官、血液和细菌的形状人体器官、血液和细菌的形状和特征的描述和特征的描述 现在学习的是第3页，共56页l1 1表示形状的句型：表示形状的句型：

2、1 1）名词名词+be+shaped like +be+shaped like +名词名词表示某器官或物体的形状表示某器官或物体的形状“象象，”或或“呈呈形形”。例：例：The heart is shaped like a cone. The heart is shaped like a cone. 心脏呈圆心脏呈圆锥形。锥形。现在学习的是第4页，共56页l2 2）名词名词+be +be +名词名词-shaped + -shaped + 名词名词表示某个器官或物体表示某个器官或物体“是个是个形状的器官（或形状的器官（或物体）物体）”。例：例：The diaphragm is a dome-sh

3、aped organ. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped organ. 膈是一个圆顶状的器官。膈是一个圆顶状的器官。现在学习的是第5页，共56页l3 3）名词名词+be+a,an+be+a,an+形容词形容词+organ+organ也表示某器官或某物体也表示某器官或某物体“是是形状的器官或物形状的器官或物体体”。例：例：The small intestine is a long, tubular The small intestine is a long, tubular organ. organ. 小肠是长管形器官。小肠是长管形器官。现在学习的是第6页，共56页l

4、2 2表示特征的句型：表示特征的句型： 名词名词+be+be+形容词形容词表示某器官或某物体表示某器官或某物体“具有具有特征（或作用）特征（或作用）”。例：例：Monocytes are phagocytic. Monocytes are phagocytic. 单核细胞具有单核细胞具有吞噬作用。吞噬作用。Some tissues are elastic. Some tissues are elastic. 一些组织具有弹性一些组织具有弹性。现在学习的是第7页，共56页l3 3用于比较和对照的连接词：用于比较和对照的连接词： 1 1）bothandbothand例：例：Both erythro

5、cytes and leucocytes are Both erythrocytes and leucocytes are flexible. flexible. 红细胞和白细胞都具有伸缩性。红细胞和白细胞都具有伸缩性。2 2）neithernorneithernor例：例：Neither erythrocytes nor leucocytes are Neither erythrocytes nor leucocytes are adhesive. adhesive. 红细胞和白细胞没有粘着性。红细胞和白细胞没有粘着性。现在学习的是第8页，共56页l3 3）but; whereasbut;

6、whereas例：例：Platelets are adhesive but/whereas Platelets are adhesive but/whereas erythrocytes are not. erythrocytes are not. 血小板具有粘着性而红细血小板具有粘着性而红细胞则没有。胞则没有。4 4）however; on the other handhowever; on the other hand例：例：Leucocytes are phagocytic, Leucocytes are phagocytic, erythrocytes, however/on the

7、other hand, erythrocytes, however/on the other hand, are not. are not. 白细胞具有吞噬作用，而红细胞则没有。白细胞具有吞噬作用，而红细胞则没有。现在学习的是第9页，共56页l4 4用于进一步说明同一事物的短语及略语：用于进一步说明同一事物的短语及略语： In other words; i.e. In other words; i.e. 例：例：Some cells and molecules can pass through Some cells and molecules can pass through capillar

8、y walls, in other words, capillaries are capillary walls, in other words, capillaries are permeable. permeable. 有些细胞和分子能通过毛细血管壁，换句有些细胞和分子能通过毛细血管壁，换句话说，毛细血管具有通透性。话说，毛细血管具有通透性。Arteries are long, tubular blood vessels Arteries are long, tubular blood vessels which can bend and stretch, i.e. they are wh

9、ich can bend and stretch, i.e. they are flexible and elastic. flexible and elastic. 动脉是长管形血管，能弯曲动脉是长管形血管，能弯曲，能伸展，也就是说，既柔韧又有弹性。，能伸展，也就是说，既柔韧又有弹性。现在学习的是第10页，共56页l5 5用于例证的短语和略语：用于例证的短语和略语： for example; e.g.for example; e.g.例：例：The white cells include a number of various The white cells include a number

10、 of various types. Some of them, for example, have nuclei types. Some of them, for example, have nuclei which are irregular in shape. which are irregular in shape. 白细胞包括许多类型白细胞包括许多类型，如，某些白细胞具有不规则的核。，如，某些白细胞具有不规则的核。The gonococcus and meningococcus, for The gonococcus and meningococcus, for example, a

11、re coffee-bean shaped. example, are coffee-bean shaped. 例如，淋球例如，淋球菌和脑膜炎球菌都呈咖啡豆形。菌和脑膜炎球菌都呈咖啡豆形。现在学习的是第11页，共56页l6 6用于表述事物名称的短语：用于表述事物名称的短语： be called; be known asbe called; be known as例：例：The red cells, which are called The red cells, which are called erythrocytes, are rather small and have no erythro

12、cytes, are rather small and have no nuclei. nuclei. 红细胞，也叫做红血球，很小而无核。红细胞，也叫做红血球，很小而无核。The cylindrical bacteria are known as The cylindrical bacteria are known as bacilli. bacilli. 圆柱形细菌被称为杆菌。圆柱形细菌被称为杆菌。现在学习的是第12页，共56页人体各器官位置的描述方式人体各器官位置的描述方式现在学习的是第13页，共56页l 1 1）be + be + 介词短语介词短语表示某器官或物体在什么地方。表示某器官或

13、物体在什么地方。例：例：The gallbladder is below the liver. The gallbladder is below the liver. 胆囊胆囊在肝脏下面。在肝脏下面。2 2）lie + lie + 介词短语介词短语表示某器官或物体在什么地方。表示某器官或物体在什么地方。例：例：The stomach lies between the liver and The stomach lies between the liver and the spleen. the spleen. 胃位于肝和脾之间。胃位于肝和脾之间。现在学习的是第14页，共56页l3 3）be +

14、 located (be + located (或或situated)situated)也表示某器官或物体位于什么地方。也表示某器官或物体位于什么地方。例：例：The cervical vertebrae are located at The cervical vertebrae are located at the top end of the vertebral column. the top end of the vertebral column. 颈椎位颈椎位于脊柱的顶端。于脊柱的顶端。The heart is situated immediately behind The heart

15、 is situated immediately behind the sternum.the sternum.心脏紧靠在胸骨之后。心脏紧靠在胸骨之后。现在学习的是第15页，共56页l4 4）be related to + be related to + 名词；名词；be in contact with be in contact with + + 名词名词表示某器官与另一器官相接触或相邻。表示某器官与另一器官相接触或相邻。例：例：The transverse colon is related The transverse colon is related anterosuperiorly t

16、o the liver. anterosuperiorly to the liver. 横结肠的前上方与横结肠的前上方与肝脏相接触。肝脏相接触。现在学习的是第16页，共56页l5 5）extend + from + extend + from + 名词名词 + to + + to + 名词名词表示某器官从某处开始一直延伸到另一个器官表示某器官从某处开始一直延伸到另一个器官。例：例：The small intestine extends from the The small intestine extends from the stomach to the colon. stomach to t

17、he colon. 小肠从胃延伸到结肠。小肠从胃延伸到结肠。现在学习的是第17页，共56页l6 6）be + inferior/superior + to + be + inferior/superior + to + 名词名词表示某器官在另一个器官的下表示某器官在另一个器官的下/ /上面。上面。例：例：The rectum is inferior to the small The rectum is inferior to the small intestine. intestine. 直肠位于小肠之下方。直肠位于小肠之下方。The stomach is superior to the tr

18、ansverse The stomach is superior to the transverse colon. colon. 胃在横结肠的上面。胃在横结肠的上面。现在学习的是第18页，共56页l7 7）be + anterior/posterior + to + be + anterior/posterior + to + 名词名词表示某器官在另一个器官的前表示某器官在另一个器官的前/ /后面。后面。例：例：The heart is anterior to the esophagus. The heart is anterior to the esophagus. 心脏在食管的前面。心脏在

19、食管的前面。The heart is posterior to the sternum. The heart is posterior to the sternum. 心心脏在胸骨的后面。脏在胸骨的后面。现在学习的是第19页，共56页l8 8）be + proximal/distal + to + be + proximal/distal + to + 名词名词表示某器官离另一器官近表示某器官离另一器官近/ /远。远。例：例：The shin is distal to the thigh. The shin is distal to the thigh. 胫骨在大胫骨在大腿的远侧。腿的远侧。T

20、he ankle is proximal to the foot. The ankle is proximal to the foot. 踝在脚的近踝在脚的近侧。侧。现在学习的是第20页，共56页l9 9）be + medial/lateral + to + be + medial/lateral + to + 名词名词表示某器官在另一器官的中间表示某器官在另一器官的中间/ /侧面。侧面。例：例：The heart is medial to the lungs. The heart is medial to the lungs. 心脏在心脏在两肺的中间。两肺的中间。The kidneys ar

21、e lateral to the vertebral The kidneys are lateral to the vertebral column. column. 肾脏位于脊柱的两侧。肾脏位于脊柱的两侧。1010）限制性定语从句也可用来描述某个器官的位）限制性定语从句也可用来描述某个器官的位置。置。例：例：The heart is an organ which lies in The heart is an organ which lies in front of the esophagus. front of the esophagus. 心脏是位于食道前面的心脏是位于食道前面的一个器官

22、。一个器官。现在学习的是第21页，共56页人体各系统、器官、组织人体各系统、器官、组织和细胞结构的描述和细胞结构的描述 现在学习的是第22页，共56页l1 1表达人体结构的常用动词句型：表达人体结构的常用动词句型：1 1）consist of, be made up of, be composed of consist of, be made up of, be composed of 这三个动词短语，虽然都表示这三个动词短语，虽然都表示“由由构成构成”的意的意思，但思，但 consist of consist of 多用于提到所有参与构成的多用于提到所有参与构成的成分时；而成分时；而 be

23、made up of be made up of 则多用于细分一种结则多用于细分一种结构或该结构的某一部分时；构或该结构的某一部分时；be composed of be composed of 常常用于提到构成某一结构的材料时，或用于参与构成用于提到构成某一结构的材料时，或用于参与构成的部分没有数量限制时。的部分没有数量限制时。现在学习的是第23页，共56页l例：例：The respiratory tract consists of the The respiratory tract consists of the mouth, nose, pharynx, trachea and lung.

24、 /mouth, nose, pharynx, trachea and lung. /呼呼吸道由口、鼻、咽、气管和肺构成。吸道由口、鼻、咽、气管和肺构成。The intestines are made up of the small The intestines are made up of the small intestine and the large intestineintestine and the large intestine。/ /肠道由小肠肠道由小肠和大肠组成。和大肠组成。Tissue is composed of cellsTissue is composed of ce

25、lls/ /组织是由细胞组织是由细胞组成的。组成的。现在学习的是第24页，共56页l2 2）make up; compose make up; compose 表示哪些部分组成了某个表示哪些部分组成了某个结构。结构。 例：例：The forebrain, the midbrain and the The forebrain, the midbrain and the hindbrain make up of the brain. /hindbrain make up of the brain. /前脑、中前脑、中脑和后脑组成了大脑。脑和后脑组成了大脑。The pons, the cerebel

26、lum and the medulla The pons, the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata composed the hindbrain. /oblongata composed the hindbrain. /脑桥脑桥、小脑和延髓组成了后脑。、小脑和延髓组成了后脑。现在学习的是第25页，共56页l3 3）be filled with be filled with 和和 containcontain都表示某结构内含都表示某结构内含有什么或充满了什么。但，前者与不可数名词（物有什么或充满了什么。但，前者与不可数名词（物质名词）连用，而后者则与可数

27、名词连用。质名词）连用，而后者则与可数名词连用。例：例：The tissue space is filled with tissue The tissue space is filled with tissue fluidfluid/ /组织间隙充满了组织液组织间隙充满了组织液The mediastinum contains the heart, The mediastinum contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, etcesophagus, trachea, etc/ /纵隔包含有心脏、纵隔包含有心脏、食管、气管。食管、气管。现在学习的是第26页，共

28、56页l4 4）be covered with be covered with 表示某器官或结构为表示某器官或结构为所覆盖。所覆盖。例：例：The body is covered with skin and hairThe body is covered with skin and hair/ /人体表面覆盖着皮肤和毛发。人体表面覆盖着皮肤和毛发。5 5）be attached to be attached to 表示某器官连接在或附表示某器官连接在或附着在另一器官上。着在另一器官上。例：例：The skin is attached to the The skin is attached to

29、 the subcutaneous tissue. /subcutaneous tissue. /皮肤连接在皮下组织皮肤连接在皮下组织上。上。现在学习的是第27页，共56页l6 6）be lined with be lined with 表示某器官由表示某器官由衬贴。衬贴。例：例：The mediastinum is lined with the The mediastinum is lined with the pericardiumpericardium/ /纵膈由心包所衬贴。纵膈由心包所衬贴。 7 7）be divided into be divided into 表示某结构可分为表示某

30、结构可分为。例：例：The thorax is divided into three The thorax is divided into three compartmentscompartments/ /胸腔分为三个部分。胸腔分为三个部分。8 8）be surrounded bybe surrounded by表示某器官为另一器官所表示某器官为另一器官所围绕。围绕。例：例：The heart is surrounded by the lungsThe heart is surrounded by the lungs/ /心脏由两肺遮盖。心脏由两肺遮盖。现在学习的是第28页，共56页l9 9）

31、be separated from by be separated from by 表示某器官表示某器官与另一器官为第三者所隔开。与另一器官为第三者所隔开。例：例：The thorax separated from the The thorax separated from the abdomen by the diaphragmabdomen by the diaphragm/ /胸腔与腹腔由胸腔与腹腔由膈分开。膈分开。1010）be supported by be supported by 表示某器官由表示某器官由所支持所支持。例：例：The lens is supported by th

32、e ciliary The lens is supported by the ciliary muscles. /muscles. /晶状体由睫状肌支持。晶状体由睫状肌支持。现在学习的是第29页，共56页l2 2表达人体结构常见的定语从句和后置定语短表达人体结构常见的定语从句和后置定语短语：语： 关系代词关系代词whichwhich引出的定语从句和分词短语常被用引出的定语从句和分词短语常被用来描述人体某器官由来描述人体某器官由 组成。组成。例：例：This is a membrane which is made up of This is a membrane which is made up

33、 of two layerstwo layers这是由脏层和壁层两个层组成的这是由脏层和壁层两个层组成的膜。膜。 The thorax is a large conical cavity The thorax is a large conical cavity consisting of three compartments. /consisting of three compartments. /胸腔是一个胸腔是一个由三部分组成的大锥形腔。由三部分组成的大锥形腔。现在学习的是第30页，共56页医学中常见计量和单位的表达方式医学中常见计量和单位的表达方式 现在学习的是第31页，共56页l1 1

34、计量单位的一般表示方式：计量单位的一般表示方式：l/m2-litres per square metre l/m2-litres per square metre 表示表示“升升/ /平方平方米米”。l/min-litres per minute l/min-litres per minute 表示表示“升升/ /分分”。mm/Hg-millimetres of mercury mm/Hg-millimetres of mercury 表示表示“毫米汞毫米汞柱柱”。g/100ml-grams per hundred milliliters g/100ml-grams per hundred m

35、illiliters 表示表示“克克/100/100毫升毫升”。现在学习的是第32页，共56页l2 2表达计量差异和变化的词语：表达计量差异和变化的词语：1 1）range betweenand/range range betweenand/range fromto/vary fromtofromto/vary fromto表示某数值在什么范围之间。表示某数值在什么范围之间。例：例：The normal diastolic blood pressure ranges The normal diastolic blood pressure ranges between 65 and 85 mm/

36、Hg. /between 65 and 85 mm/Hg. /正常舒张压在正常舒张压在6565与与8585毫毫米汞柱之间。米汞柱之间。Normal temperature in the rectum ranges from Normal temperature in the rectum ranges from 36.3 to 37.6./36.3 to 37.6./正常直肠温度在正常直肠温度在36.336.3与与37.637.6摄氏度之摄氏度之间。间。The normal lymphocyte count for a male varies The normal lymphocyte cou

37、nt for a male varies from 1500/cu.mm to 3000/cu.mm./from 1500/cu.mm to 3000/cu.mm./男性正常淋巴男性正常淋巴细胞值在细胞值在1500/1500/立方毫米与立方毫米与3000/3000/立方毫米之间。立方毫米之间。现在学习的是第33页，共56页l2 2）increase increase 表示某数值上升或增加。表示某数值上升或增加。 例：例：Systolic b.p. increases more rapidly than Systolic b.p. increases more rapidly than dias

38、tolic b.p ./diastolic b.p ./收缩压比舒张压上升快。收缩压比舒张压上升快。3 3）decreasedecrease表示某数值的下降或减少。表示某数值的下降或减少。例：例：Between the 10-14 and 20-24 age groups, Between the 10-14 and 20-24 age groups, the average systolic b.p. in females decreases the average systolic b.p. in females decreases from about 119 to about 117

39、mm/Hg. /from about 119 to about 117 mm/Hg. /在在10-10-1414岁和岁和20-2420-24岁年龄组之间，女性的平均收缩压岁年龄组之间，女性的平均收缩压从从119119毫米汞柱下降为大约毫米汞柱下降为大约117117毫米汞柱。毫米汞柱。 现在学习的是第34页，共56页l3 3表示量的极度与平均的词语：表示量的极度与平均的词语：1 1）maximummaximum表示最大值或量。表示最大值或量。例：例：The maximum value for fat in the human The maximum value for fat in the hu

40、man body is 26%./body is 26%./在人体中，脂肪最多占百分之二十在人体中，脂肪最多占百分之二十六。六。2 2）minimum minimum 表示最小值或量。表示最小值或量。 例：例：The minimum amount of water in the The minimum amount of water in the human body is 50% ./human body is 50% ./在人体中，水至少占百分之在人体中，水至少占百分之五十。五十。现在学习的是第35页，共56页l3 3）averageaverage和和 meanmean例：例：The av

41、erage lymphocyte count is The average lymphocyte count is 2100/cu.mm. /2100/cu.mm. /平均淋巴细胞计数是平均淋巴细胞计数是2100/2100/立方立方毫米。毫米。4 4表示计算，测量的方法：表示计算，测量的方法： be measured in be measured in + + 量词量词例：例：Blood pressure is measured in millimetres Blood pressure is measured in millimetres of mercury./of mercury./血压

42、是以毫米汞柱计算的。血压是以毫米汞柱计算的。现在学习的是第36页，共56页l5 5用来表示曲线图的句型：用来表示曲线图的句型：1 1）The graph shows“The graph shows“此曲线图表示此曲线图表示”。例：例：The graph shows the effect of age on blood The graph shows the effect of age on blood pressure./pressure./此曲线图表示年龄对血压的影响。此曲线图表示年龄对血压的影响。 2 2）The vertical axis represents“The vertical

43、axis represents“垂直轴代表垂直轴代表”。 例：例：The vertical axis represents arterial The vertical axis represents arterial pressure./pressure./垂直轴代表动脉压。垂直轴代表动脉压。现在学习的是第37页，共56页l3 3）The horizontal axis represents“The horizontal axis represents“水平轴代表水平轴代表”。例：。例：The horizontal axis represents age The horizontal axis

44、 represents age in years./in years./水平轴代表年龄。水平轴代表年龄。4 4）The continuous line represents“The continuous line represents“实线代表实线代表”。例：。例：The continuous line represents blood The continuous line represents blood pressure for females./pressure for females./实线代表女性血压。实线代表女性血压。5 5）The dotted line represents“

45、The dotted line represents“虚线代表虚线代表”。例：。例：The dotted line represents b.p. for The dotted line represents b.p. for males./males./虚线代表男性血压。虚线代表男性血压。 现在学习的是第38页，共56页Chapter 1lMedical correspondencel1.1 introductionlLetters for diagnostic consultationlLetters for referring patientslLetters for applying

46、for a medical post, curriculum vitaelLetters for submitting a paper for publication现在学习的是第39页，共56页l1.2 formatlThe heading: full address of the sender and the date of the letterlThe inside address: name and full address of the addresseelThe salutationlThe bodylThe complimentary closelThe signaturelTh

47、e enclosurelThe full-block type: more formallThe indented-block type: less formal现在学习的是第40页，共56页l1.3 sample letterslEnclosed please could you find a copy of my resume.随信附上我的简历表。lAwareness trainingl1.4 letters for diagnostic consultationl1.4.1 language featureslPresent tense, present prefect tense or

48、 past tensel1.4.2 special language strutureslDisagree on lDoubt thatlAppreciate it if you lBe grateful if you现在学习的是第41页，共56页l1.4.3 A sample letter of diagnostic consultationlCorpus pancreatislEasy formattingl1.5 letters for referring patientslA recommendation (to a specialist)lA replying letter l1.5

49、.1 language featureslPresent tense, present perfect tense, past tenselc/o: complain of l1.5.2 special language structureslDescribing the complain of a patientlExpressing request for further diagnosis and treatment现在学习的是第42页，共56页lDescribing examinations and results of examinationslIVP: intravenous py

50、elographylPresenting suggestions for treatment l1.5.3 sample letters for referring a patientlOn bendinglA five day religiousl1.7 letters for applying for a medical post lIntroductionlQualificationslAcademic record, certain English language examinationslProfessional experiencelPublicationslRequest fo