武汉大学-微观经济学期末试卷(6页).doc

《武汉大学-微观经济学期末试卷(6页).doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《武汉大学-微观经济学期末试卷(6页).doc（6页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、-武汉大学-微观经济学期末试卷-第 6 页武汉大学2009-2010学年第一学期期末考试经济与管理学院 2009级 2010年1月24日微观经济学（A卷）Principles of Microeconomics ( Paper A )Instructions: You have two hours to complete this test. Full marks are 100 points. Write your answers on the answer sheet. You can answer your questions either in English or in Chines

2、e. Read the questions carefully before answering them. Be precise and keep to the point. Good luck!Problem 1 (15 points) Imagine two countries (A and B) that produce military goods (guns) and consumer goods (butter). Assume that each country has 100 million workers. The following table lists the pro

3、duct quantities of each goods per worker in a year in both countries.Butter (tons)GunsCountry A510Country B45a. Draw the production possibilities frontier (PPF) for both countries separately. Explain in what condition the PPF may have a bowed-out shape.b. For country A, show the point that is imposs

4、ible to achieve - label your point “I”; and show the point that is feasible but inefficient - label your point “U”.c. What would happen to PPF in country A if there is an economic advance in the butter industry? Or if there is a war? Show your answer in the graphs.d. Construct a table to show the op

5、portunity costs of a gun and one ton of butter for country A or B. In producing guns, which country has an absolute advantage? Which country has a comparative advantage?e. Use this example to judge and explain the statement that “if a certain trade is good for one country, it cant be good for the ot

6、her one”.Problem 2 (10 points) Consider a competitive market for apartments. What would be the effects on the equilibrium output and price after the following changes (other things held equal)? In each case, explain your answer using supply and demand.a. A rise in the income of consumers.b. $10-per-

7、month tax on apartment rentals.c. A government edict(法令)saying apartments could not rent for more than $200 per month.d. A new construction technique allowing apartments to be built at half the costProblem 3 (15 points) Answer the following questions with graphs and brief analysis, applying the vers

8、atile(万能的) tools of supply, demand and elasticity.a. What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists（农学家） discover a new wheat hybrid（杂交小麦） that is more productive than existing varieties?b. In the 1970s, OPEC decided to raise the world price of oil. However, just

9、after an temporary rise, the oil price eventually came back to the low level in 1970. Explain this phenomenon.c. Assume that the government wants to raise revenue from the rich. If the government adopts a new luxury tax（奢侈品税） on items such as furs, jewelry and expensive cars, can he realize his goal

10、?Problem 4 (15 points) Consider the competitive market with the following supply and demand equations: a. Find the equilibrium point without government. Compute the point price elasticity of demand.b. If the government levies 6 dollars for each product, find the new equilibrium point. Compute the ch

11、ange of consumer surplus and producer surplus. Compute the surplus that government receives and the deadweight losses. Show your answer in a graph.c. If the government subsidizes 3 dollars for each product, redoing the computing in part b.Problem 5 (10 points) Jack owns a dog legally. The dog barks

12、and disturbs Linda, Jacks neighbor. Jack gets a $600 benefit of from owning the dog, but Linda bears a $1000 cost from the noise. a. What is the externality here?b. What is the Coase theorem? According to the theorem, how can the private market reach an efficient outcome on its own? Give an example.

13、c. If Jack has no right to keep a barking dog, or Linda has the legal right to peace and quiet, what different would the outcome be from part b?d. Why private solutions do not always work? In this case, what public policies can make toward externalities?Problem 6 (10 points) Suppose the cost functio

14、n of Sparkle company is: TC=0.6Q2+4Q+5, where Q is the product quantity that Sparkle supplies.a. If Sparkle is a perfectly competitive firm, and the market price is $12, calculate the profit-maximizing quantity in the short-run.b. If Sparkle is a monopoly firm, and the market demand curve is: P=12-0

15、.4Q, calculate the profit-maximizing quantity and profit. Is it an efficient outcome for the market?c. If Sparkle is a monopoly firm which adopts perfect price discrimination and the market demand curve is: P=12-0.4Q, calculate the profit-maximizing quantity and profit. Compare with part b and expla

16、in.Problem 7 (15 points) Johnson & Johnson(JNJ), one of the makers of Tylenol pain reliever（羟苯基乙酰胺退热药）, does a lot of advertising and have much loyal customers. In contrast, the firm Anthony, one of the makers of generic acetaminophen（一般的醋氨酚退热药）, does no advertising, and his customers shop only for

17、the lowest price.a. Assume that the MC, AVC, and ATC curves of Anthony and JNJ take a “u” shape, draw out these cost curves in a graph and explain simply for their relations.b. In the short-run, both Anthony and JNJ make some profits. Draw diagrams showing their profits separately. c. Illustrate the

18、 long-run equilibrium of Anthony in a graph. Compare with the short-run equilibrium in part b and explain.d. Illustrate the long-run equilibrium of JNJ in a graph. Label out JNJ s price, markup over marginal cost, and excess capacity. Problem 8 (10 points) Farmer Jack and Farmer Linda graze their sh

19、eep on the same field. If there are 40 sheep grazing in the field, each sheep produces $6,000 of wool over its lifetime. If there are more sheep in the field, then each sheep can eat less grass and its wool production falls. With 50 sheep on the field, each produces $5,000 of wool; with 60 sheep, ea

20、ch produces $4,000 of wool. Each sheep costs $1,000.a. Assume that Jack and Linda can each purchase either 20 or 30 sheep, but that neither knows how many the other is buying when she makes her purchases. Calculate the payoffs of each outcome.b. What is the dominant strategy of Jack? Of Linda? What

21、is the Nash equilibrium in this game? Briefly explain.c. Is there an outcome that would be better than the Nash Equilibrium result? How could it be achieved?武汉大学2009-2010学年第一学期期末考试经济与管理学院 2009级 2010年1月24日微观经济学（A卷）说明：考试时间为2小时，满分为100分。答案写在答题纸上。可以用英文或中文作答。仔细阅读问题，简明扼要地作答。祝你好运！问题1（15分）假设有两个国家（A和B），生产军用物品

22、（大炮）和消费品（黄油）。假设每个国家有1亿个工人。下表列出了每个工人一年所能生产的每一种产品的数量。黄油 (吨)大炮国家A510国家B45a. 分别画出两个国家的生产可能性边界（PPF）。解释在什么条件下PPF可能会向外凸出。b. 画出国家A的生产不可能点，用“I”表示；生产可能但非效率的点，用“U”表示。c. 如果A国的黄油产业出现经济进步，PPF会有何变化？或者如果出现战争呢？图示你的答案。d. 列表说明A、B两国一门大炮和一吨黄油的机会成本。在生产大炮上，哪一个国家具有绝对优势？哪一个国家具有比较优势？e. 利用这一例子判断说明下面的观点：“如果一项贸易对一国有利，它就不可能同时对他国

23、有利”。问题2（10分）考察一个竞争性的公寓市场。下列变化（其它条件不变）会对均衡产出和价格产生什么影响？对于每一种情形，用供给和需求作答。a. 消费者的收入增加b. 对每月的公寓租金征收$10税收c. 政府法令要求每月的公寓租金不得超过$200d. 一项新的施工技术使公寓的建造成本减少了一半问题3（15分）运用供给、需求与弹性这些万能工具，用图形回答下面的问题，并简要分析。a. 大学的农学家发现了一种新的杂交小麦，比现有的品种生产率更高，这对种植小麦的农民和小麦市场会有什么影响？b. 20世纪70年代，石油输出国组织（OPEC）决定提高世界石油价格。然而，经过一段短暂的上涨之后，石油价格就最

24、终回到了1970年初的低水平。解释这一现象。c. 假设政府想要从富人那里筹集税收。如果政府对象皮草、珠宝以及贵重的汽车这样的商品征收一种新的奢侈品税，他能实现他的目标吗？问题4（15分）假设一个竞争性市场具有下列供给与需求方程：a. 找出没有政府时的均衡点。计算需求的价格点弹性。b. 如果政府对每件商品征收6美元税收，找出新的均衡点。计算消费者剩余和生产者剩余的变化。计算政府获得的剩余以及无谓损失。用图说明你的答案。c. 如果政府对每件商品补贴3美元，重复b部分的计算。问题5（10分）Jack合法地养了一条狗。这条狗的叫声吵着了Jack的邻居Linda。Jack通过养狗获得了600美元的收益，

25、但是Linda由于狗叫承受了1000美元的成本。a. 这里的外部性是什么？b. 什么是科斯定理？根据这一定理，私人市场能自己达成一个有效率的结果吗？举例说明。c. 如果Jack没有权利养狗，或者说Linda有权享有安静的环境，此时结果和b部分有何不同？d. 为什么私人的解决办法并不总能奏效？此时，可以采用什么样的公共政策来应对外部性？问题6（10分）假设Sparkle公司的成本函数是：TC=0.6Q2+4Q+5，Q为Sparkle的商品供应量。a. 如果Sparkle公司是一个完全竞争性的企业，市场价格是12美元，计算Sparkle短期利润最大化的产量。b. 如果Sparkle公司是一个垄断企

26、业，市场需求曲线是：P=12-0.4Q，计算利润最大化的产量和利润。对市场而言这是一个有效率的结果吗？c. 如果Sparkle公司是一个垄断企业，而且实行完全的价格歧视，市场需求曲线是：P=12-0.4Q，计算利润最大化的产量和利润。和b部分进行比较并解释。问题7（15分）强生公司(JNJ)是羟苯基乙酰胺退热药的制造者之一，做了大量广告，有许多忠诚的消费者。相反，Anthony公司是一般的对乙酰氨基酚退热药制造者之一，不做任何广告，其客户也只是因为其价格低廉才购买。a. 假设JNJ和Anthony的MC, AVC, and ATC曲线呈U形，在图中画出这些成本曲线，并简要解释他们的关系。b.

27、在短期，Anthony和JNJ获得了一些利润。分别作图说明这些利润。c. 作图描述Anthony的长期均衡。与b部分的短期均衡比较并解释。d. 作图描述JNJ的长期均衡。标出JNJ的价格、边际成本加成以及过剩的能力。问题8（10分）农民Jack和Linda在同一块地上牧羊。如果在这块地上有40只羊，每只羊一生能产6000美元的羊毛。如果这块地上有更多的羊，每只羊吃的草少了于是羊毛产量也会下降。如果这块地上有50只羊，每只羊产5000美元的羊毛；如果有60只羊，每只产4000美元的羊毛。每只羊的成本是1000美元。a. 假设Jack和Linda每人能够购买20或30只羊，但是在买羊时没有人知道对方会买多少。计算每种结局的盈利。b. Jack的优势策略是什么？Linda的呢？该博弈的纳什均衡是什么？简要解释。c. 是否存在比纳什均衡更好的结果？如何能实现？