不定式作定语表主动及被动的区别(12页).doc

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1、-不定式作定语表主动及被动的区别-第 12 页不定式作定语表主动及被动的区别 摘要：不定式中，用主动式还是被动式？一直是同学们学习语法的难点。本文将从逻辑及语义理据出发，对不定式作定语表主动及被动的区别进行探究。关键词：不定式作定语的主动式与被动式；特定句型用法；语义理据不定式是非谓语动词的重要情形之一。由于它具有名词、动词、形容词和副词的多种特征，所以在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、状语、宾语补足语、主语补足语、同位语或独立成分。不定式作定语时兼有主动式和被动式两种形式，用主动式还是被动式？这往往是不少同学感到棘手的问题。现归纳如下，供同学们学习时参考。1.不定式作定语只能用主动式的情形1.1

2、不定式所修饰的名词和不定式中的动词所表示的动作是逻辑上的主谓关系（此时，该不定式短语可转化为一个定语从句）。例如：Li Xuemei was the first athlete to get to the finishing line（athlete who got to the finishing line）李雪梅是第一个到达终点的选手。We need someone to help to repair the computer（someone who will help to repair the computer）我们需要一个能帮助我们修电脑的人。He is always the fir

3、st to bear hardships（the first who will bear hardships），the last to enjoy comforts（the last who will enjoy comforts）他总是一个吃苦在前，享乐在后的人。1.2不定式与它修饰的名词是逻辑上的动宾关系，且主语是不定式中的动词所表示动作的逻辑主语或在句中能找到其逻辑主语。例如：He has a lot of work to do today今天他有大量的活要干。Do you have anything more to say？你还有什么话要说吗？Our teacher arranged

4、us six exercises to do at home老师给我们安排了六道练习题在家里做。（us是to do的逻辑主语）Father always bought his son some toys to play with after his business父亲每次出差回来都给他的儿子买玩具玩儿。（son是to play with的逻辑主语）1.3有些句子中，尽管行文上没有不定式的逻辑主语，但是从句意角度可以体会出不定式中隐含着“for sbto do”结构。此时，不定式应该用主动式。例如：There is nothing（for us） to worry about没有什么可值得担忧

5、的。That will be the only thing（for us）to do now这恐怕是目前（我们）唯一可行的办法。It is a good opportunity（for us them）to learn from the farmers这可是一个向农民学习的大好机会。1.4部分形容词，如eager，anxious，determined，able等，其后常跟不定式，他们的同源名词后要用不定式的主动式作定语。例如：（MrSmith was eager to get back to teach at the school）MrSmiths eagerness to get back

6、to teach at the school was quite obvious史密斯先生急于回校教学这一点是显而易见的。（He was anxious to know the results of the test）We could see his anxiety to know the results of the test我们看得出他很想知道这次测验的结果。（They were determined to catch up withus）In their speech they expressed their determination to catch up with us他们在讲话中

7、表达了他们要赶上我们的决心。1.5部分动词，如attempt，promise，plan， intend，refuse等，其后常跟不定式作其宾语，它们的同源名词后要用不定式的主动式作定语。例如：（They attempted to reach there before five oclock）They failed in their attempt to reach there before five oclock他们试图在五点以前赶到那里，但是没有办到。（You promised to give me a present on my birthday）You havent kept your

8、promise to give me a present on my birthday你没有遵守在我过生日时给我礼物的诺言。（They are planning to be in business on National Day）I guess they will make some changes in their plan to be in business on National Day我猜他们在国庆节开始营业的计划得做些变动了。1.6在“with without 宾语宾语补足语”结构中，若宾语补足语是不定式（作定语），不定式所表示的动作将要发生，且句子的主语是该动作逻辑上的执行者，此时

9、不定式须用主动式。例如：With a lot of difficult problems _ ， the newly-elected president is having a hard time（2002上海高考）Asettled Bsettling Cto settle Dbeing settledWith several meetings to attend，he couldnt go to the Great Wall with us由于有几次会议要参加，所以他不能和我们一起去长城了。Without two members to come，wed better not start th

10、e meeting还有两位成员未到，我们最好先别开始开会。Without anything to do，he turned off the lights and went to bed已无事可做，所以他关灯睡觉了。在大多数情况下,不定式的主动式表示主动意义,被动式表示被动意义。A man apt to promise is apt to forget. 易于许诺的人也易于忘记。Mr. Johnson preferred_heavier work to do. A） to be given B） to be giving C） to have given D） having given（ A ）

11、约翰逊先生宁愿被分派更重的活。 It is not unusual for workers in that region_. A） to be paid more than a month late B） to be paid later than more a month C） to pay later than a month more D） to pay later more than a month( A )那个地方的工人一个多月后才得到工资是常有的事。The Bunsen burner is so named because it is thought to have been in

12、vented by Robert Burnsen，who was German by birth.本生灯的命名,人们认为是因为它是德国人罗伯特本生发明的。2. 不定式作定语只能用被动式的情形2.1为了表达需要，强调不定式动作的执行者时，须用被动式，常用by结构引导。例如：2008 Olympic Games is the first great Olympic Games to be held by Chinese2008年奥运会是中国人首次举办的奥运盛会。2.2不定式所修饰的名词是将要被做的事情时，不定式须用被动式。例如：The problem to be discussed at the

13、next meeting is of great importance下次会议上将要讨论的这个问题至关重要。The building to be built next year will be used as the office building明年要建设的大楼将用作办公楼。3. 不定式的主动式表示被动意义,用在一些特定的句型里:3.1“形容词+to不定式”“形容词+to不定式”作表语,to不定式或与句子的主语存在多种逻辑关系,其中之一是动宾关系。这时不定式或是及物动词,却不再带宾语;或是不及物动词之后需要介词(这时句子的主语成了介词的逻辑宾语)。例:Soapys requirements

14、were not difficult to meet .索比的要求不难满足。(cf : It was not difficult to meet Soapys requirements.)我们一般不说:Soapys requirements were not difficult to be met.但可以说:Soapys requirements were met.A secretarys job isnt always easy to do. 秘书工作并不总是容易做的。The chair looks rather hard， but in fact it is very comfortabl

15、e to _.A） sit B） sit on C） be sat D） be sat on（ B ） 这椅子看起来很硬;但实际上坐上去很舒服。Many of the houses are pleasant to look at， though perhaps rather inconvenient to live in. 许多房子虽然可能住进去不舒服,但看上去却很舒心。Mary is impossible to talk to. 跟玛丽谈话是不可能的。以上句子中的形容词一般不表示主语的内在特性,而评价事情;试比较下列句子,其中的形容词表示主语本身具有的性质、特点:The tea is hot

16、 to drink. （试比较:The tea is hot.）以上这类句子中的不定式均可以有自己的逻辑主语The tea is hot for us to drink.3.2 有些句子,虽然不定式与最近的名词(代词)有逻辑上的动宾关系,但与句子的另一个名词(代词)却有逻辑上的主谓关系,这时我们也用不定式的主动式表示被动意义。He has no one to take care of.没有人需要他照顾。(cf: He takes care of no one. 他没有照顾任何人。)He has no one to take care of him. 没有人照顾他。They gave me so

17、me books to read. 他们给我一些书读。(cf: To read some books ，I read some books.)We found the report difficult to understand.我们发现这报告不好懂。3.3注意：在“There be”结构中，主语被不定式修饰（不定式作定语）时，既可用主动式，也可用被动式，意义上无甚区别。前者更口语化:There are some matters to take care of / to be taken care of . 有些事情要处理。但是,有时两种形式表示不同的意义:There is nothing t

18、o do.现在没事干。There is nothing to be done.现在没有办法了。（=We can do nothing now.）There was a lot of problems to deal withto be dealt with有许多问题需要处理。3.4 某些动词，如 to let, to blame ,to seek用主动式表被动意义。例如：The house is to let. 这房子要出租。Who is to blame for it? 这得怪谁？The reason is not far to seek. 这理由不难找到。4.结语综上，本文分析了不定式的主动式与被动式的各种类型。可以看出，在利用举例论证的分析模式下，结构脉络变得清晰。