内分泌英文文章(5页).doc

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1、-内分泌英文文章-第 5 页1.ABBREVIATION SIADH syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is a disorder in which water excretion is partially impaired because of the inability to suppress the secretion of ADH . In severe cases

2、, the urine output does not exceed one liter per day, despite a water intake well above this level. The ensuing water retention leads to the development of hyponatremia. The syndrome is defined by the hyponatremia and hypo-osmolality TPP thyrotoxic periodic paralysis Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (T

3、TP) is a rare complication of hyperthyroidism, more common in Asian males between the second and fourth decades of life and is characterized by thyrotoxicosis, hypokalemia and proximal muscle weakness. Thyrotoxic normokalemic periodic paralysis is a rare entity and has so far only been reported in a

4、dult males. Patients with thyrotoxic periodic paralysis have recurrent muscular weakness of the four extremities, affecting mainly the lower extremities. The onset of paralytic attacks usually coincides with the onset of hyperthyroidism, though overt findings of thyrotoxicosis are rarely present wit

5、h the initial paralytic attack. In some cases, the periodic paralysis is the sole manifestation of the hyperthyroidism2.AITD autoimmune thyroid disease Autoimmune thyroid diseases are common diseases that occur when the thyroid gland is attacked by the immune system. Autoimmune thyroid diseases resu

6、lt in abnormal functioning of the thyroid gland. In autoimmune thyroid diseases, the thyroid gland is either over active or under active. Autoimmune thyroid diseases include Graves disease and Hashimotos thyroiditis. Autoimmune thyroid diseases are more common in women than in men. The autoimmune th

7、yroid disease called Hashimotos thyroiditis occurs most often in females between the ages of 30 and 50 years. The Hashimotos thyroiditis also appears to have a genetic component because it can run in families. People over the age of fifty who have hypertension or atherosclerosis are at risk for deve

8、loping the autoimmune thyroid disease called Graves disease. 3.PPT postpartum thyroiditis Postpartum thyroiditis is a phenomenon observed following pregnancy and may involve hyperthyroidism,hypothyroidism or the two sequentially. It affects about 5% of all women within a year after giving birth. The

9、 first phase is typically hyperthyroidism.Then, the thyroid either returns to normal or a woman develops hypothyroidism. Of those women who experience hypothyroidism associated with postpartum thyroiditis, one in five will develop permanent hypothyroidism requiring life-long treatment.Postpartum thy

10、roiditis is believed to result from the modifications to the immune system necessary in pregnancy, and histologically is a subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis. The process is normally self-limiting, but when conventional antibodies are found there is a high chance of this proceeding to permanent hypoth

11、yroidism. Postpartum thyroiditis is a member of the group of thyroiditis conditions known as resolving thyroiditis.4.PHP pseudohypoparathyroidism Pseudohypoparathyroidism is a condition associated primarily with resistance to the parathyroid hormone. Patients have a low serum calcium and high phosph

12、ate, but the parathyroid hormone level (PTH) is actually appropriately high (due to the hypocalcemia). Its pathogenesis has been linked to dysfunctional G Proteins (in particular, Gs alpha subunit). GDM gestational diabetes mellitus Gestational diabetes (or gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM) is a c

13、ondition in which women without previously diagnosed diabetes exhibit high blood glucose levels during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes generally has few symptoms and it is most commonly diagnosed by screening during pregnancy. Diagnostic tests detect inappropriately high levels of glucose in blood s

14、amples. Gestational diabetes affects 3-10% of pregnancies, depending on the population studied. No specific cause has been identified, but it is believed that the hormones produced during pregnancy increase a womans resistance to insulin, resulting in impaired glucose tolerance. 5.IGT impaired gluco

15、se tolerance Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is a pre-diabetic state of dysglycemia that is associated with insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular pathology. IGT may precede type 2 diabetes mellitus by many years. IGT is also a risk factor for mortality. According to the criteria o

16、f the World Health Organization and the American Diabetes Association, impaired glucose tolerance is defined as:two-hour glucose levels of 140 to 199 mg per dL (7.8 to 11.0 mmol) on the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. A patient is said to be under the condition of IGT when he/she has an intermedia

17、tely raised glucose level after 2 hours, but less than would qualify for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thefasting glucose may be either normal or mildly elevated6.IFT impaired fasting glycaemia or impaired fasting glucose Impaired fasting glycaemia or impaired fasting glucose (IFG) refers to a condition

18、 in which the fasting blood glucose is elevated above what is considered normal levels but is not high enough to be classified as diabetes mellitus. It is considered a pre-diabetic state, associated with insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular pathology, although of lesser risk than

19、impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). IFG sometimes progresses totype 2 diabetes mellitus. There is a 50% risk over 10 years of progressing to overt diabetes. IFG has no symptoms and can often go undiagnosed for years. Although there are no symptoms, many people diagnosed with IFG are overweight. Nine o

20、ut of 10 people with IFG have high blood pressure, raised cholesterol levels or a family history of the condition. MODY maturityonset diabetes mellitus in young Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) refers to any of several hereditary forms of diabetes caused by mutations in an autosomal domin

21、ant gene(sex independent, i.e. inherited from any of the parents) disruptinginsulin production. 7.MODY is often referred to as monogenic diabetes to distinguish it from the more common types of diabetes (especially type 1 and type 2), which involve more complex combinations of causes involving multi

22、ple genes (i.e., polygenic)and environmental factors. MODY 2 and MODY 3 are the most common forms. The severity of the different types varies considerably, but most commonly MODY acts like a very mild version of type 1 diabetes, with continued partial insulin production and normal insulin sensitivit

23、y. MODY is not type 2 diabetes in a young person, as might erroneously be inferred from the name. 8.DKA diabetic ketoacidosis Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a potentially life-threatening complication in patients with diabetes mellitus. It happens predominantly in those with type 1 diabetes, but it

24、can occur in those with type 2 diabetes under certain circumstances. DKA results from a shortage of insulin; in response the body switches to burning fatty acids and producing acidic ketone bodies that cause most of the symptoms and complications. DKA may be the first symptom of previously undiagnos

25、ed diabetes, but it may also occur in known diabetics due to a variety of causes, such as intercurrent illness or poor compliance with insulin therapy. Vomiting, dehydration, deep gasping breathing, confusion and occasionally coma are typical symptoms. DKA is a medical emergency, and without treatme

26、nt it can lead to death. DKA was first described in 1886; until the introduction of insulin therapy in the 1920s it was almost universally fatal. It now carries a mortality of less than 5% with adequate and timely treatment. 9.MS metabolic syndrome Metabolic syndrome is a combination of medical diso

27、rders that increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes. It affects one in five people, and prevalence increases with age. Some studies estimate theprevalence in the USA to be up to 25% of the population. Metabolic syndrome is also known as metabolic syndrome X, insulin resist

28、ance syndrome, Reavens syndrome (named for Gerald Reaven), and CHAOS (in Australia). A similar condition in overweight horses is referred to as equine metabolic syndrome; it is unknown if they have the same etiology. 10.CSII continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion continuous subcutaneous insulin in

29、fusion: the constant, continuous infusion of a short-acting insulin driven by mechanical force and delivered via a needle or soft cannula under the skin. Also known as insulin pump 11.ESS euthyroid sick syndrome Euthyroid sick syndrome, sick euthyroid syndrome, non-thyroidal illness syndrome or low

30、T3 low T4 syndrome is a state of adaptation or dysregulation of thyrotropic feedback controlwhere the levels of T3 and/or T4 are at unusual levels, but the thyroid gland does not appear to be dysfunctional. This condition is often seen in starvation, critical illness or patients in intensive care un

31、it. 12.DI diabetes insipidus Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a condition characterized by excessive thirst and excretion of large amounts of severely diluted urine, with reduction of fluid intake having no effect on the latter.There are several different types of DI, each with a different cause. The most

32、 common type in humans is central DI, caused by a deficiency of arginine vasopressin (AVP), also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH). The second common type of DI is nephrogenicdiabetes insipidus, which is caused by an insensitivity of the kidneys to ADH. It can also be an iatrogenic artifactof drug

33、 use. Excessive urination and extreme thirst (especially for cold water and sometimes ice or ice water) are typical for DI. Symptoms of diabetes insipidus are quite similar to those of untreated diabetes mellitus, with the distinction that the urine does not contain glucose and there is no hyperglyc

34、emia (elevated blood glucose). Blurred vision is a rarity. Signs of dehydration may also appear in some individuals since the body cannot conserve much (if any) of the water it takes in.13.GO Graves ophthalmopathy Graves ophthalmopathy (also known as thyroid eye disease(TED),dysthyroid/thyroid- asso

35、ciated orbitopathy (TAO), Graves orbitopathy) is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder affecting the orbit around the eye, characterized by upper eyelid retraction, swelling (edema), redness (erythema), conjunctivitis, and bulging eyes (proptosis). It is part of a systemic process with variable expres

36、sion in the eyes, thyroid and skin, caused by autoantibodies that bind to tissues in those organs, and generally occurs with hyperthyroidism. The most common form of hyperthyroidism is Graves disease. About 10% of cases do not have Graves disease, but do have autoantibodies.The autoantibodies target

37、 the fibroblasts in the eye muscles, and those fibroblasts can differentiate into fat cells (adipocytes). Fat cells and muscles expand and become inflamed. Veins become compressed, and are unable to drain fluid, causing edema. 14.DIDMOAD diabetes insipidus-diabetes mellitus-opticatrophy-deafness =Wo

38、lfram syndrom Wolfram syndrome is the association of juvenile onset diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy, also known as DIDMOAD (Diabetes Insipidus, Diabetes Mellitus, Optic Atrophy, and Deafness). Patients present with diabetes mellitus followed by optic atrophy in the first decade, cranial diabetes

39、 insipidus and sensorineural deafness in the second decade, dilated renal outflow tracts .early in the third decade, and multiple neurological abnormalities early in the fourth decade. Other abnormalities include primary gonadal atrophy. Death occurs prematurely, often from respiratory failure associated with brainstem atrophy. Most patients eventually develop all complications of this progressive, neurodegenerative disorder. The pathogenesis is unknown.