2022年用Apache构建HTTP服务器整理 .pdf

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1、（最近更新日：2006/08/26）前言对于大多数的网络服务器，最广泛的功能就是开通HTTP 服务，达到开放和发布网站的目的。目前绝大多数的网络交互程序，例如论坛、社区等等也是基于HTTP 而建立的。在这里，我们通过Web 服务器软件中使用量超过半数的自由软件Apache，来构建一台能够满足实际要求的多功能Web 服务器，使它能够在我们发布网页的基础上，实现可以运行 Perl、PHP 的等等语言编写的交互程序，以及在虚拟主机、保密方面的功能。安装 HTTP（Apache）服务器及相关组件首先来安装Apache 服务器及相关组件。这里使用yum 命令来在线安装。rootsample#yum-y

2、install httpd 在线安装 httpdSetting up Install Process Setting up repositories dag 100%|=|1.1 kB 00:00 update 100%|=|951 B 00:00 base 100%|=|1.1 kB 00:00 addons 100%|=|951 B 00:00 extras 100%|=|1.1 kB 00:00 Reading repository metadata in from local files Reducing Dag RPM Repository for Red Hat Enterpris

3、e Linux to included packages only Finished Parsing package install arguments Resolving Dependencies-Populating transaction set with selected packages.Please wait.-Downloading header for httpd to pack into transaction set.httpd-2.0.52-28.ent.cento 100%|=|62 kB 00:00-Package httpd.i386 0:2.0.52-28.ent

4、.centos4 set to be updated-Running transaction check-Processing Dependency:libaprutil-0.so.0 for package:httpd-Processing Dependency:apr=0.9.4-24.2 for package:httpd-Processing Dependency:libapr-0.so.0 for package:httpd-Processing Dependency:httpd-suexec for package:httpd-Restarting Dependency Resol

5、ution with new changes.-Populating transaction set with selected packages.Please wait.-Downloading header for apr to pack into transaction set.名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 1 页，共 12 页 -apr-0.9.4-24.5.c4.1.i386.100%|=|7.5 kB 00:00-Package apr.i386 0:0.9.4-24.5.c4.1 set to be updated-Downloading header for

6、 httpd-suexec to pack into transaction set.httpd-suexec-2.0.52-28.en 100%|=|22 kB 00:00-Package httpd-suexec.i386 0:2.0.52-28.ent.centos4 set to be updated-Downloading header for apr-util to pack into transaction set.apr-util-0.9.4-21.i386.rp 100%|=|5.2 kB 00:00-Package apr-util.i386 0:0.9.4-21 set

7、to be updated-Running transaction checkDependencies Resolved=Package Arch Version Repository Size=Installing:httpd i386 2.0.52-28.ent.centos4 update 888 k Installing for dependencies:apr i386 0.9.4-24.5.c4.1 base 88 k apr-util i386 0.9.4-21 base 51 k httpd-suexec i386 2.0.52-28.ent.centos4 update 28

8、 k Transaction Summary=Install 4 Package(s)Update 0 Package(s)Remove 0 Package(s)Total download size:1.0 M Downloading Packages:(1/4):apr-0.9.4-24.5.c4.100%|=|88 kB 00:00(2/4):httpd-suexec-2.0.5 100%|=|28 kB 00:00(3/4):httpd-2.0.52-28.en 100%|=|888 kB 00:02(4/4):apr-util-0.9.4-21.100%|=|51 kB 00:00

9、warning:rpmts_HdrFromFdno:V3 DSA signature:NOKEY,key ID 443e1821 Public key for apr-0.9.4-24.5.c4.1.i386.rpm is not installed Retrieving GPG key from http:/mirror.centos.org/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-centos4 Importing GPG key 0 x443E1821 CentOS-4 key 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 2 页，共 12 页 -Key imported succes

10、sfully Running Transaction Test Finished Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Installing:apr#1/4 Installing:apr-util#2/4 Installing:httpd#3/4 Installing:httpd-suexec#4/4 Installed:httpd.i386 0:2.0.52-28.ent.centos4 Dependency Installed:apr.i386 0:0.9.4-24.5.c4.1 apr-util.i

11、386 0:0.9.4-21 httpd-suexec.i386 0:2.0.52-28.ent.centos4 Complete!为了使服务器开通HTTP 服务后能够运行PHP 编写的交互程序，接下来安装PHP。rootsample#yum-y install php 在线安装 PHPSetting up Install Process Setting up repositories Reading repository metadata in from local files Reducing Dag RPM Repository for Red Hat Enterprise Linux

12、to included packages only Finished Parsing package install arguments Resolving Dependencies-Populating transaction set with selected packages.Please wait.-Downloading header for php to pack into transaction set.php-4.3.9-3.15.i386.rpm 100%|=|23 kB 00:00-Package php.i386 0:4.3.9-3.15 set to be update

13、d-Running transaction check-Processing Dependency:php-pear for package:php-Restarting Dependency Resolution with new changes.-Populating transaction set with selected packages.Please wait.-Downloading header for php-pear to pack into transaction set.php-pear-4.3.9-3.15.i386.100%|=|33 kB 00:00-Packag

14、e php-pear.i386 0:4.3.9-3.15 set to be updated-Running transaction check Dependencies Resolved=名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 3 页，共 12 页 -=Package Arch Version Repository Size=Installing:php i386 4.3.9-3.15 update 1.3 M Installing for dependencies:php-pear i386 4.3.9-3.15 update 266 k Transaction Summary=

15、Install 2 Package(s)Update 0 Package(s)Remove 0 Package(s)Total download size:1.6 M Downloading Packages:(1/2):php-pear-4.3.9-3.1 100%|=|266 kB 00:00(2/2):php-4.3.9-3.15.i38 100%|=|1.3 MB 00:01 Running Transaction Test Finished Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Installi

16、ng:php#1/2 Installing:php-pear#2/2 Installed:php.i386 0:4.3.9-3.15 Dependency Installed:php-pear.i386 0:4.3.9-3.15 Complete!为了使 PHP 应用程序的执行效率大幅度提高，我们安装Zend。rootsample#wget http:/ 下载 Zend 的源代码-13:19:06-http:/ Resolving .66.98.224.81 Connecting to |66.98.224.81|:80.connected.名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 4

17、 页，共 12 页 -HTTP request sent,awaiting response.200 OK Length:6,358,090(6.1M)application/gzip 100%=6,358,090 240.53K/s ETA 00:00 13:19:33(238.15 KB/s)-ZendOptimizer-3.0.1-linux-glibc21-i386.tar.gz saved 6358090/6358090 rootsample#tar zxvf ZendOptimizer-3.0.1-linux-glibc21-i386.tar.gz 展开被压缩的源代码rootsam

18、ple#cd ZendOptimizer*进入 Zend 的源代码目录rootsample ZendOptimizer-3.0.1-linux-glibc21-i386#./install.sh 运行安装脚本然后会出现对话方式的安装向导，图样如下：1 选择 OK，进入安装向导。2 阅读协议后，选择EXIT。3 选择 Yes 同意使用协议。4 设置安装目录，这里以默认的/usr/local/Zend为例，然后选择OK 进入下一步。5 设置 PHP 配置文件所在的位置，一般为/etc（默认），如果 PHP 的配置文件在别处的话，请根据实际情况设置。6 被询问是否使用Apache 服务器，这里选择Y

19、es。7 设置 Apache 的路径，这里保持默认，选择OK 进入下一步。8 选择 OK 进入下一步。9 然后开始安装稍等片刻，安装完成后，提示安装成功，选择OK 进入下一步。10 选择 No，不重新启动HTTP 服务（由于Apache 也刚刚安装完毕，还没有被启动过。为了安全，等我们将 Apache 配置完毕后，再启动 HTTP 服务。）。然后会出现命令行-Zend Optimizer 安装完毕。rootsample ZendOptimizer-3.0.1-linux-glibc21-i386#cd 回到 root 根目录rootsample#rm-rf ZendOptimizer*删除安装

20、后遗留的源文件及目录配置 HTTP（Apache）服务器名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 5 页，共 12 页 -接下来，为了使服务器更安全以及更加符合我们的实际要求，对默认的设置进行一些必要的更改。尤其在一些细节方面，越少向外界透露服务器的信息，就越能保证服务器的安全。rootsample#vi/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf 编辑 Apache 的配置文件#Dont give away too much information about all the subcomponents#we are running.Comment out this line

21、 if you dont mind remote sites#finding out what major optional modules you are runningServerTokens OS 找到这一行，将“OS”改为“Prod”（在出现错误页的时候不显示服务器操作系统的名称）ServerTokens Prod 变为此状态#Optionally add a line containing the server version and virtual host#name to server-generated pages(internal error documents,FTP di

22、rectory#listings,mod_status and mod_info output etc.,but not CGI generated#documents or custom error documents).#Set to EMail to also include a mailto:link to the ServerAdmin.#Set to one of:On|Off|EMail#ServerSignature On 找到这一行，将“On”改为“Off”ServerSignature Off 在错误页中不显示Apache 的版本#ServerAdmin:Your addr

23、ess,where problems with the server should be#e-mailed.This address appears on some server-generated pages,such#as error documents.e.g.adminyour-#ServerAdmin rootlocalhost 将管理员邮箱设置为自己常用的邮箱ServerAdmin 根据实际情况修改默认设置#ServerName gives the name and port that the server uses to identify itself.#This can oft

24、en be determined automatically,but we recommend you specify#it explicitly to prevent problems during startup.#If this is not set to valid DNS name for your host,server-generated#redirections will not work.See also the UseCanonicalName directive.#名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 6 页，共 12 页 -#If your host doe

25、snt have a registered DNS name,enter its IP address here.#You will have to access it by its address anyway,and this will make#redirections work in a sensible way.#ServerName new.host.name:80 修改主机名ServerName :80 根据实际情况修改，端口号保持默认的 80#Possible values for the Options directive are None,All,#or any combi

26、nation of:#Indexes Includes FollowSymLinks SymLinksifOwnerMatch ExecCGI MultiViews#Note that MultiViews must be named*explicitly*-Options All#doesnt give it to you.#The Options directive is both complicated and important.Please see#http:/httpd.apache.org/docs-2.0/mod/core.html#options#for more infor

27、mation.#Options Indexes FollowSymLinks 找到这一行，删除“Indexes”，并添加“Includes”、“ExecCGI”Options Includes ExecCGI FollowSymLinks 允许服务器执行 CGI 及 SSI#AddHandler allows you to map certain file extensions to handlers:#actions unrelated to filetype.These can be either built into the server#or added with the Action

28、 directive(see below)#To use CGI scripts outside of ScriptAliased directories:#(You will also need to add ExecCGI to the Options directive.)#AddHandler cgi-script.cgi 找到这一行，去掉行首的“#”，并在行尾添加“.pl”AddHandler cgi-script.cgi.pl 允许扩展名为.pl 的 CGI 脚本运行#AllowOverride controls what directives may be placed in.h

29、taccess files.#It can be All,None,or any combination of the keywords:#Options FileInfo AuthConfig Limit 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 7 页，共 12 页 -#AllowOverride None 找到这一行，将“None”改为“All”AllowOverride All 变为此状态，允许.htaccess#The following directives define some format nicknames for use with#a CustomLog dire

30、ctive(see below).#LogFormat%h%l%u%t%r%s%b%Refereri%User-Agenti combined 找到这一行LogFormat%h%l%u%t%!414r%s%b%Refereri%User-Agenti combined 改为此状态（添加“!414”到规则中，对于过长的日志不记录）#Specify a default charset for all pages sent out.This is#always a good idea and opens the door for future internationalisation#of your

31、 web site,should you ever want it.Specifying it as#a default does little harm;as the standard dictates that a page#is in iso-8859-1(latin1)unless specified otherwise i.e.you#are merely stating the obvious.There are also some security#reasons in browsers,related to javascript and URL parsing#which en

32、courage you to always set a default char set.#AddDefaultCharset UTF-8 找到这一行，在行首添加“#”#AddDefaultCharset UTF-8 不使用 UTF-8 作为网页的默认编码AddDefaultCharset GB2312 并接着添加这一行（添加GB2312 为默认编码）找到这一个标签，并在标签中更改相应选项Options Indexes MultiViews 找到这一行，将“Indexes”删除Options MultiViews 变为此状态（不在浏览器上显示树状目录结构）AllowOverride None

33、Order allow,deny Allow from all rootsample#rm-f/etc/httpd/conf.d/welcome.conf/var/www/error/noindex.html 删除测试页名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 8 页，共 12 页 -启动 HTTP 服务然后，启动HTTP 服务。rootsample#chkconfig httpd on 设置 HTTP 服务自启动rootsample#chkconfig-list httpdhttpd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off 确认 2-5 为 on

34、的状态就 OKrootsample#/etc/rc.d/init.d/httpd start 启动 HTTP 服务Starting httpd:OK 启动成功会出现 OK如果启动失败的话，会出现错误信息。原因可能是因为httpd.conf 文件编辑过程中的失误，请检查httpd.conf。然后，初步对HTTP 服务进行简单测试。如下：rootsample#echo hello /var/www/html/index.html 建立测试页然后，在下面输入服务器的IP 地址，或域名（通过ifconfig 命令可以看到IP 地址；或者通过前面介绍过的“动态域名的申请”中的方法设置成功的域名来测试。）

35、Hostname:Website testGo!如果成功的话会出现类似如下的页面：名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 9 页，共 12 页 -然后，删除刚刚建立的测试页。rootsample#rm-f/var/www/html/index.html 删除测试页对 HTTP 服务进行全面测试1 对 HTML 格式网页正确显示的测试rootsample#vi/var/www/html/index.html 建立测试页，内容如下：Hello,World!Hello,World!然后在浏览器中输入“http:/服务器 IP 地址”或者“http:/你的域名”，如果出现“Hello,Wor

36、ld！”，并且浏览器读取编码为简体中文，就OK。为了在这之后测试.htaccess，将默认为主页的index.html测试页删除。名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 10 页，共 12 页 -rootsample#rm-f/var/www/html/index.html 删除刚刚测试用的网页2 对 CGI 的支持进行测试rootsample#vi/var/www/html/test.cgi 建立 CGI 测试页，内容如下：#!/usr/bin/perl print Content-Type:text/htmlnn;print;print Hello,World!CGI is wo

37、rking!;print;rootsample#chmod 755/var/www/html/test.cgi 然后将 CGI 测试文件属性设置为 755然后在浏览器中输入“http:/服务器 IP 地址/test.cgi”或者“http:/你的域名/test.cgi”，如果正确显示“Hello,World!CGI is working!”，说明对于CGI 的支持没有问题。3 对 PHP 的支持进行测试rootsample html#vi/var/www/html/test.php 建立 PHP 测试文件，内容如下：然后在浏览器中输入“http:/服务器 IP 地址/test.php”或者“h

38、ttp:/你的域名/test.php”后，正确的显示出了服务器上PHP 的详细信息，说明对PHP 可以正确的支持。4 对 SSI 进行测试rootsample#vi/var/www/html/test.shtml 建立 SSI 测试页，内容如下：Hello,World!TEST SSI 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 11 页，共 12 页 -然后在浏览器中输入“http:/服务器 IP 地址/test.shtml”或者“http:/你的域名/test.shtml”，如果正确显示当时的日期和时间，说明对于SSI 的支持没有问题。5 对.htaccess 的支持进行测试root

39、sample#vi/var/www/html/index.shtml 建立.htaccess 测试用的页，内容如下：Hello,World!The name of the file is 然后在浏览器中输入“http:/服务器 IP 地址”或者“http:/你的域名”，如果显示“Forbidden”，说明.htaccess正常。然后建立一个.htaccess 文件，并定义相应规则，如下：rootsample html#vi/var/www/html/.htaccess 建立.htaccess 文件，内容如下：DirectoryIndex index.shtml这时，再次在浏览器中输入“http:/服务器 IP 地址”或者“http:/你的域名”，如果正确显示“The name of the file is index.shtml”，说明.htaccess 中的规则生效状态，OK。6 删除测试用的遗留文件rootsample html#rm-f/var/www/html/*/var/www/html/.htaccess 删除测试用过的遗留文件名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 12 页，共 12 页 -