2022年[语言学]胡壮麟版《语言学教程》名词解释 .pdf

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1、胡壮麟语言学教程术语表第一章phonology 音系学grammar 语法学morphology 形态学syntax 句法学lexicology 词汇学general linguistics 普通语言学theoretical linguistics 理论语言学historical linguistics 历史语言学descriptive linguistics 描写语言学empirical linguistics 经验语言学dialectology 方言学anthropology 人类学stylistics 文体学signifier 能指signified 所指morphs 形素morphot

2、actics 语素结构学/形态配列学syntactic categories句法范畴syntactic classes句法类别序列sub-structure低层结构super-structure上层结构open syllable开音节closed syllable 闭音节checked syllable 成阻音节rank 等级level 层次ding-dong theory/nativistic theory 本能论sing-song theory唱歌说yo-he-ho theory 劳动喊声说pooh-pooh theory 感叹说ta-ta theory模仿说animal cry theo

3、ry/bow-wow theory 模声说Prague school布拉格学派Bilateral opposition 双边对立Mutilateral opposition 多边对立Proportional opposition 部分对立Isolated opposition 孤立对立Private opposition 表缺对立Graded opposition渐次对立Equipollent opposition 均等对立Neutralizable opposition 可中立对立Constant opposition恒定对立Systemic-functional grammar 系统功能语

4、法Meaning potential 意义潜势Conversational implicature 会话含义Deictics 指示词Presupposition 预设Speech acts言语行为Discourse analysis话语分析Contetualism 语境论Phatic communion 寒暄交谈Metalanguage原语言Applied linguistics 应用语言学Nominalism 唯名学派Psychosomatics身学第二章trachea/windpipe 气管tip 舌尖blade舌叶/舌面front 舌前部center 舌中部top 舌顶back 舌后部d

5、orsum 舌背root 舌跟pharynx 喉/咽腔laryngeals喉音laryngealization 喉化音vocal cords 声带vocal tract 声腔initiator 启动部分pulmonic airstream mechanism肺气流机制glottalic airstream mechanism 喉气流机制velaric airstream mechanism腭气流机制Adam s apple喉结Voiceless sound清音Voiceless consonant请辅音Voiced sound 浊音Voiced consonant 浊辅音Glottal sto

6、p 喉塞音Breath state呼吸状态Voice state 带音状态Whisper state 耳语状态Closed state封闭状态Alveolar ride 齿龈隆骨Dorsum 舌背Ejective 呼气音Glottalised stop 喉塞音Impossive 内爆破音Click/ingressive 吸气音Segmental phonology音段音系学Segmental phonemes音段音位Suprasegmental超音段Non-segmental 非音段Plurisegmental 复音段Synthetic language综合型语言Diacritic mark

7、附加符号Broad transcription 宽式标音Narrow transcription 窄式标音Orthoepy 正音法Orthography 正字法Etymology 词源Active articulator 积极发音器官Movable speech organ能动发音器官Passive articulator消极发音器官Immovable speech organ不能动发音器官Lateral 边音Approximant j,w 无摩擦延续音Resonant共鸣音Central approximant 中央无摩擦延续音Lateral approximant 边无摩擦延续音Unila

8、teral consonant 单边辅音Bilateral consonant 双边辅音Non-lateral 非边音Trill r 颤音 trilled consonant 颤辅音rolled consonant 滚辅音Labal-velar 唇化软腭音Interdental 齿间音Post-dental后齿音Apico-alveolar 舌尖齿龈音Dorso-alveolar 舌背齿龈音Palato-alveolar 后齿龈音Palato-alveolar 腭齿龈音Dorso-palatal 舌背腭音Pre-palatal 前腭音Post-palatal后腭音Velarization 软腭

9、音化Voicing 浊音化Devoicing 清音化Pure vowel 纯元音Diphthong 二合元音Triphthong 三合元音Diphthongization 二合元音化Monophthongization 单元音化Centring diphthong 央二合元音Closing diphthong 闭二合元音Narrow diphthong 窄二合元音Wide diphthong 宽二合元音Phonetic similarity 语音相似性Free variant 自由变体Free variation 自由变异Contiguous assimilation 临近同化Juxtapos

10、tional assimilation 邻接同化Regressive assimilation 逆同化Anticipatory assimilation 先行同化Progressive assimilation 顺同化Reciprocal assimilation 互相同化Coalescent assimilation 融合同化Partial assimilation 部分同化Epenthesis插音Primary stress主重音Secondary stress次重音Weak stress弱重音Stress group重音群Sentence stress 句子重音Contrastive s

11、tress对比重音Lexical stress 词汇重音Word stress词重音Lexical tone 词汇声调Nuclear tone 核心声调Tonetics 声调学Intonation contour 语调升降曲线Tone units 声调单位Intonology 语调学Multilevel phonology 多层次音系学Monosyllabic word 多音节词Polysyllabic word 单音节次Maximal onset principle 最大节首辅音原则第三章词汇liaison 连音contracted form 缩写形式frequency count 词频统计

12、a unit of vocabulary 词汇单位a lexical item 词条a lexeme 词位hierarchy 层次性lexicogrammar 词汇语法morpheme 语素nonomorphemic words 单语素词polymorphemic words 多语素词relative uninterruptibility相对连续性a minimum free form 最小自由形式the maximum free form 最大自由形式variable words 可变词invariable words 不变词paradigm 聚合体grammatical words(fun

13、ction words)语法词/功能词lexical words(content words)词汇词/实义词closed-class words封闭类词opened-class words开放类词word class 词类particles 小品词pro-form 代词形式pro-adjective(so)代形容词pro-verb(do/did)代副词pro-adverb(so)代动词pro-locative(there)代处所词/代方位词determiners限定词predeterminers前置限定词central determiners中置限定词post determiners后置限定词

14、ordinal number 序数词cardinal number 基数词morpheme 词素morphology 形态学free morpheme 自由词素bound morpheme黏着词素root 词根affix 词缀stem词干root morpheme 词根语素prefix 前缀infix 中缀suffix 后缀bound root morpheme 黏着词根词素inflectional affix屈折词缀derivational affix 派生词缀inflectional morphemes 屈折语素derivational morphemes 派生语素word-formati

15、on 构词compound 复合词endocentric compound 向心复合词exocentric compound 离心复合词nominal endocentric compound名词性向心复合词adjective endocentric compound 形容词性向心复合词verbal compound 动词性复合词名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 1 页，共 3 页 -synthetic compound综合性复合词derivation 派生词morpheme语素phoneme音位morphonology 形态语音学morphophomemics 形态音位学mo

16、rphemic structure 语素结构phonological structure 音素结构monosyllabic 单音节polysyllabic 多音节phonological conditioned 音位的限制morphological conditioned 形态的限制coinage/invention 新创词语blending 混成法abbreviation 缩写法acronym 首字母缩写法back-formation 逆序造次/逆构词法analogical creation 类比构词法borrowing 借词法loanword 借词loanblend 混合借词loanshi

17、ft 转移借词loan translation 翻译借词loss脱落addition 添加metathesis换位assimilation 同化contact assimilation 接触性同化contiguous assimilation 临近性同化theory of least effort 省力理论non-contiguous assimilation 非临近性同化distant assimilation 远距离同化morpho-syntactic change形态-句法变化morphological change 形态变化syntactical change句法变化finite el

18、ement 有定成分semantic change语义变化multisemous 多种意义broadening词义扩大narrowing 词义缩小meaning shift 词义转移class shift 词性变换folk etymology 俗词源orthographic change拼写的变化conversion变换/变码domain 范围/领域meaning shift 意义转移split infinitives 分裂不定式(She was told to regularly classes)calque仿造词语clipping 截断法metanalysis再分化finiteness 定

19、式proximate(this)近指代词obviative(that)远指代词non-productivity/unproductive 非多产性semiotics符号学paradigmatic relations 聚合关系associative relations联想关系syntagmatic relations 组合关系sequential relations序列关系logogram 语标register 语域passive vocabulary消极词汇lexis/vocabulary 词汇表第四章句法number 数gender性case格nominative 主格vocative 呼格

20、accusative兵格genitive 属格dative 与格ablative 离格tense 时aspect体perfective 完成体imperfective 未完成体concord/agreement一致关系/协同关系government 支配关系the governor 支配者the governed被支配者signified 能指signifier 所指syntagmatic relationship 组合关系paradigmatic relationship 聚合关系associative relationship 联想关系animate noun 有生名词the two ax

21、es两根坐标坐标轴immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis for short)直接成分分析法linear structure 线性结构hierarchical structure 层级结构construction 结构体constituent 成分substituability 替换性labeled tree diagram标签树形图endocentric/headed construction向心结构/中心结构exocentric construction 离心结构subordinate construction主从结构coordinate co

22、nstruction 并列结构recapitulation 再现the declarative 陈述句the interrogative 疑问句dative movement 与格移位morph-phonemic rule 形态音位规则constituent morphemes成分规则affix hopping 词缀越位nominalization 名物化object-deletion 宾语删除subject-deletion 主语删除categories语类lexicon 词库temporal subject 表时间的主语syntactic limitation 句法限制standard t

23、heory标准理论trace theory语迹理论the same index带同标志government 管辖binding 约束a rule system规则系统a principle system 原则系统constituent command(C-command for short)成分统制plain English 普通英语anaphor照应语pronominal 指代语r-expression(referential-expression)指称语INFL(inflection)形态变化reciprocals(each other)相互代词accessible subject可及主语

24、local domain 局部语域binding domain 约束语域logophoricity 主人公视角CS(computational system)计算系统Merger 合并move 移动theme主位rheme述位empty subject 空主语objective order 客观顺序subjective order 主观顺序actual sentence division实义句子切分法functional sentence perspective 功能句子观communicative dynamism(CD)交际动力bipartition 二分法tripartite class

25、ification 三分法representative function 表达功能expressive function 表情功能appellative/vocative function 称呼功能conative function 意欲功能poetic function 诗学功能ideational function 概念功能interpersonal function 人际功能textual function 语篇功能transitivity 及物性actor 动作者mood system 语气系统the finite verbal operator 限定部分residue剩余部分indi

26、cative 直陈语气imperative 祈使语气mental-process(a process of sensing)心理过程（感觉过程）relational process(a process of being)关系过程（属性过程）verbal process(a process of saying)言语过程（讲话过程）existential process生存过程第四章句法number 数gender性case格nominative 主格vocative 呼格accusative兵格genitive 属格dative 与格ablative 离格tense 时aspect体perfec

27、tive 完成体imperfective 未完成体concord/agreement一致关系/协同关系government 支配关系the governor 支配者the governed被支配者signified 能指signifier 所指syntagmatic relationship 组合关系paradigmatic relationship 聚合关系associative relationship 联想关系animate noun 有生名词the two axes 两根坐标坐标轴immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis for short)

28、直接成分分析法linear structure 线性结构hierarchical structure 层级结构construction 结构体constituent 成分substituability 替换性labeled tree diagram标签树形图endocentric/headed construction向心结构/中心结构exocentric construction 离心结构subordinate construction 主从结构coordinate construction 并列结构recapitulation 再现the declarative 陈述句the interr

29、ogative 疑问句dative movement 与格移位morph-phonemic rule 形态音位规则constituent morphemes成分规则affix hopping 词缀越位nominalization 名物化object-deletion 宾语删除subject-deletion 主语删除categories语类lexicon 词库temporal subject 表时间的主语syntactic limitation 句法限制standard theory 标准理论trace theory语迹理论the same index带同标志government 管辖bind

30、ing 约束a rule system规则系统a principle system 原则系统名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 2 页，共 3 页 -constituent command(C-command for short)成分统制plain English 普通英语anaphor照应语pronominal 指代语r-expression(referential-expression)指称语INFL(inflection)形态变化reciprocals(each other)相互代词accessible subject可及主语local domain 局部语域binding

31、 domain 约束语域logophoricity 主人公视角CS(computational system)计算系统=derivational procedure 推导系统Merger 合并move 移动theme主位rheme述位empty subject空主语objective order 客观顺序subjective order 主观顺序actual sentence division实义句子切分法functional sentence perspective 功能句子观communicative dynamism(CD)交际动力bipartition 二分法tripartite cl

32、assification 三分法representative function表达功能expressive function 表情功能appellative/vocative function 称呼功能conative function 意欲功能poetic function 诗学功能ideational function 概念功能interpersonal function 人际功能textual function 语篇功能transitivity 及物性actor动作者mood system语气系统the finite verbal operator 限定部分residue剩余部分indi

33、cative 直陈语气imperative 祈使语气mental-process(a process of sensing)心理过程（感觉过程）relational process(a process of being)关系过程（属性过程）verbal process(a process of saying)言语过程（讲话过程）existential process生存过程empiricism 经验主义（洛克，白板说）rationalism 理性主义（笛卡尔）mentalism 心灵主义new empiricism 新经验主义(Bloomfield)priori 先天综合判断（康德Kant）C

34、artesian linguistics 笛卡尔语言学派Syntactic structure(SS)早期转换句法时期Standard theory(ST)标准理论时期Extended Standard theory(EST)扩展的标准理论Revised Standard theory(REST)扩展的休正标准理论The theory of government and binding(GB theory)管辖和约束理论时期（管约论）Minimalist program(MP)最简方案时期Structural description 结构描写式Performance system应用系统Mod

35、ular theory 模块理论Spell-out 拼写Language faculty 语言机制/官能Mental organ 心智器官Knowledge of language 语言知识Meaning potential 意义潜势Context culture 文化语境Field 语场Tenor 语旨Mode 语式pivot words 轴心词mental construct 心理构念theoretical cognitive psychology 理论认知心理学psychological faculty 心理官能autosyn/autogram/autoknow语法自主(arbitrar

36、iness任意性,systemacity 系统性,self-containedness自足性)typological functionalism 类型学功能主义extreme functionalism 极端的功能主义external functionalism 外部功能主义integrative functionalism 一体化功能注主义exceptional case marking例外格标记specifier 标定成分fall-category maximal projection 全语类的最大投射two-segment category两节语类complement domain 补足

37、语区域minimal domain 最小区域internal domain 内部区域checking domain 检验区域sisterhood姐妹关系minimizing chain link 最小语链联结representational system表达系统strict cyclic principle 严格的层级条件structure-preserving principle 结构保存原则C-commanding condition 成分统领条件articulatory-perceptual system 发音-听音系统conceptual-intentional system 概念-意

38、旨系统interface conditions 中介条件full-interpretation 完全解释原则procrastination 逻辑形式操作优先原则greed句法操作自利原则the shortest linkage principle 最短联接原则the shortest movement principle 最短移位原则primary complement/modifier(referential NP)一级补语位/修饰语位(定指名词短语)secondary complement(non-referential NP)二级补语位(非定指名词短语)empty category pr

39、inciple 空范畴原则aspect checking特征验证aspect feature基本体貌特征ASPP is functional projection.ASPP 是功能投射.crossing branch 交叉分支across the board extraction抽取跨界移动principles-and-parameters framework原则与参数语法head parameter中心语参数logical form(LF)逻辑形式phonetic form(PF)语音形式spell-out 拼读phonological component 音韵部分overt compone

40、nt 显性部分covert component 隐性部分core computation 核心运算asymmetric c-command 不对称成分统制linear correspondence axiom线形对应定理adjunction 加接determiner 限定词concatenate联结linearization 线性化functional parameterization hypothesis功能参数设定假设right-branching 右向分支X(V,N,A,P)词项X=XP=Xmax 是 X 的二阶投射结构Y=指示语 specifier Z=补述语 complement IP=屈折短语 inflection phrase XP=general phrase structure CHL人类语言的运算系统=computational system for human language LCA 线性对应定理=linear correspondence axiom Xmin=X0=最小投射名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 3 页，共 3 页 -