2022年中考英语总复习第一课时名词 .pdf

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1、第一课时名词考点讲解和训练【考点直击】1可数名词和不可数名词的用法；2名词所有格的构成及用法；3近义名词的辨析。【名师点睛】一、名词的单复数I.名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名.地名.人名，团体.机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II.名词的数：可数名词有单数和复数两种形式1、单数名词前一般加a,an 或者 one。a 用于辅音音素开头的单词前,an用于元音音素开头的单词前2、规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s 或-es。规则例词1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days 2 以 s,x

2、,ch,sh 结尾的名词后加-es class-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes 3 以-f 或-fe 结尾的词变-f 和-fe 为 v 再加-es leaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wives 加-s belief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs,safe-safes,cliff-cliffs 4 以辅音字母加y 结尾的名词，变y 为 i 加-es party-parties,fam

3、ily-families,story-stories,city-cities 5 以元音字母加y 结尾的名词，或专有名词以y 结尾的，加-s toy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys 6 以字母-o 结尾的名词一般加-s piano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos,radio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos 只有四个加-es hero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoe

4、s 7 以-th 结尾的名词加-s truth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,3.复数词尾s（或 es）的读音方法情况读法例词在ptkf等清辅音后s cups,hats,cakes 在sztF 等音后iz glasses,pages,oranges,buses,watches,faces 在bdv 等浊辅音后z beds,dogs,cities,knives 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 1 页，共 8 页 -4、不规则名词复数：规则例词1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foo

5、t-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice，tooth-teeth，child-children 2 单复数相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,species,li,yuan,jin,3 只有复数形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents,chopsticks,scissors 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police,cattle,staff 5 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience,class,family

6、,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party 6 复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟)7 形似复数的 单数名词physics,mathematics/maths,bowls,Niagara Falls,news,falls 8 表示

7、“某 国人”加-s Americans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Europeans 单复数同形Chinese,Japanese 以-man 或-woman 结 尾 的 改 为-men,-women Englishmen,Frenchwomen 9 合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boy friends 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches 将两部分变为复数women singers,men servants、可数名词

8、和不可数名词的修饰词1、可数名词可以被a,an,one,two 以及how many，many，a few，few，any，lots of,a lot of，some，several,a number of 等词修饰2、在英语中，不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念，可以用以下两种方法：1）用 much,a little,little,a lot of/lots of,some,any,a great deal of等表示多少，例如：The rich man has a lot of moneyThere is some milk in the bottleIs there any water i

9、n the glass？I dont like winter because theres too much snow and ice 2）用 a piece of 这类定语，例如：a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of bread a bottle of orange a glass of water（milk）a cup of tea a cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时，在容器后加复数，例如:two cups of teafour pieces

10、of paperthree glasses of water 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 2 页，共 8 页 -二、名词所有格名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of 加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1.s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加sthe boy s father,Jacks book,her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加 the teachers room,the twins mother,不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys,wo

11、men s rights,以 s结尾的人名所有格加s或者 Dickens novels,Charless job,the Smiths house表示 各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapan s and Americas problems,Janes and Marys bikes表示 共有 的所有关系时在最后一词末加s Japan and America s problem,Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the doctors,the barbers,the tailors,my uncles2、of 所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the

12、 legs of the chair,the cover of the book,a map of China，the end of this term，the capital of our country,the color of the flowers。3、双重所有格，例如：a friend of my fathers,a friend of mine.注意：名词所有格（s）也可以用于无生命的东西，在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用s，例如：a twenty minutes walk，ten miles journey，a boats length，two p

13、ounds weight,ten dollars worth。此表达可以和合成形容词互换two months vacation=two-month vacation【实例解析】1.（上海徐汇区中考试题）These _ have saved many childrens lives.A.woman doctors B.women doctor C.women doctors D.woman doctor 答案：C。该题考查的是名词作定语时的变化。woman 作定语时要和被修饰的名词保持数的一致。2.(河北省中考试题)This is _ bedroom.The twin sisters like

14、it very much.A.Anne and Jane B.Anne s and JanesC.Anne s and Jane D.Anne and Janes答案：D。该题考查的是并列名词的所有格。两人共有一个房间时，只在后面的名词后加s。3.(吉林省中考试题)-Are there any _ on the farm?-Yes,there are some.A.horse B.duck C.chicken D.sheep 答案：D。该题考查的是特殊名词的复数形式。从谓语动词来判断，主语应该是复数名词。只有 sheep可用作复数名词。4.(佛山市中考试题)-What would you li

15、ke to drink,_ or orange?名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 3 页，共 8 页 -Orange,please.A.hamburger B.chip C.tea 答案：C。该题考查的是名词的类别。三种东西中只有tea 能喝。【历年考点归纳】名词是英语中一种重要的实词,同时也是每年中考英语试题考查的一个热点?(备选项下面划横线的为正确答案)一?对可数名词与不可数名词的考查1.How many _are there in the international village?A.Chinese B.Russian C.American(汕头市)2.The rest

16、aurant is so popular here.Look,there are so many_ here.A.food B.dish C.people D.waiter(徐州市)3.Can I help you?I d like_ for my twin daughters.A.two pair of shoes B.two pairs of shoe C.two pair of shoe D.two pairs of shoes(滨州市)4.Mrs Jenny gives us_ on how to learn English well.A.some advices B.many adv

17、ices C.some advice D.an advice(天津市)5.Are there any_on the farm?Yes,there are some.A.horse B.duck C.chicken D.sheep(吉林省)考点归纳 这类试题要求考生区分可数名词与不可数名词以及修饰可数名词与不可数名词的常用词语,并掌握将可数名词由单数形式变为复数形式的基本方法,还要熟记dear,sheep,Chinese,Japanese 等单复数形式相同的名词,以及一些不规则名词的单复数形式,如等?二?对名词所有格的考查1.The computer on the desk is_.A.twin

18、s B.the twins C.the twins D.the twins(孝感市)2.Mrs Black is a friend of_.A.Mary s mother s B.Mary s mother C.mother s of Mary D.Mary mothers(资阳市)3.It is over_ from Shijiazhuang to Beijing.A.three hours drive B.three hours drive C.three hours drives D.three hours drive(河北省)4.Today is September 10th.It i

19、s_Day.A.Teachers B.Teachers C.the teachers D.Teacher s(常德市)名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 4 页，共 8 页 -5.Do you know the woman over there?Yes.She s_aunt.A.Lily and Lucy B.Lilys and Lucy s C.Lil ys and Lucy D.Lily and Lucys(济南市)6.After playing football for more than half an hour,the students took_ rest.A.a f

20、ew minutes B.a few minutes C.a little minutes D.a little minutes(天津市)考点归纳 这类试题主要考查名词所有格的构成及其用法?名词的所有格一般在词尾加“s”,这种形式的所有格主要用于有生命的名词以及表示时间?距离等名词的后面?注意:如果名词本身以表示复数意义的s结尾,构成所有格时直接在词尾加上“”即可?另外,注意“As and B s”型名词短语所有格表示两者分别拥有某物,而“A and B s”型名词短语所有格表示两者共同拥有某物?三?对名词作定语的考查1.There are three_ assistants in that_

21、 shop.A.women;shoe B.woman;shoe C.woman;shoes D.women;shoes(孝感市)2.Where are the_?They are playing_ football on the playground.A.boys students;the B.boy students;the C.boy students;D.boy student;(乌鲁木齐市)3.Bill said they would have_ holiday.A.a two-month B.two-months C.two-monthes D.two-months(天津市)考点归纳

22、 一般情况下,名词作定语修饰主体名词时,常用单数形式;主体名词为复数形式时,作定语用的名词一般用单数形式,如 boy friends?但以man,woman 等名词作定语修饰主体名词时,若主体名词为复数形式,man 和 woman 也要变为复数形式,如 men doctors?由“基数词+连词符号+名词”或“基数词+连词符号+名词+连词符号+形容词”构成的复合词作定语修饰主体名词时,复合词中的名词只能用单数形式?四?对易混名词的考查1.At the foot of the hill you could hear nothing but the_ of the running water.A.s

23、hout B.noise C.voice D.sound(天津市)2.Beth has a beautiful_.Listen!She is singing very well.A.voice B.look C.sound D.smell(杭州市)3.What happened to you this morning?The teacher asked me for my_ when I was late again.A.meaning B.idea C.excuse D.answer(武汉市)4.Oh,there isnt enough_ for us in the lift.No hurr

24、y.Lets wait for the next.A.floor B.ground C.room D.place(黄冈市)5.Tom regards Nanjing as his second_ because he has been here for over ten years.名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 5 页，共 8 页 -A.family B.room C.house D.home(南京市)6.Football is a popular_around the world.A.match B.goal C.game D.play(安徽省)7.Excuse me,w

25、aiter.Were leaving.Can you bring me the_,please?A.money B.note C.bill D.list(杭州市)考点归纳 这类试题主要考查一些语义相近而极易混淆的名词?考生在平时要注意积累?掌握一些常见易混名词的用法区别,如:family,home,room,house;problem,question;match,game;note,bill;door,gate,entrance 等?五?对名词所表示的相关意义的考查1.Once upon a time we Chinese made the first kite.People used ki

26、tes to send_ to other places,because they didn t have telephones,computers,or even radios.A.languages B.newspapers C.messages D.magazines(临沂市)2.Heilongjiang is in the_of China.A.northeast B.northeastern C.northwest D.northwestern(天津市)3.Lao She is the_of Tea House(茶馆).A.doctor B.actor C.scientist D.w

27、riter(陕西省)4.I want to go to different places,but I dont know the_.A map is helpful,I think.A.price B.way C.time D.ticket(江西省)5.Thomas Edison never gave up.During his lifetime,he had 1,093_.A.instructions B.competitions C.inventions D.injections(盐城市)6.The TV_ on Channel Five are about sports.A.experi

28、ences B.performances C.programs D.problems(天津市)7.Please give me a_ when you get to Beijing.All right.Ill tell you everything when I get there.A.newspaper B.ticket C.present D.ring(宁波市)考点归纳 这类试题常常涉及其他学科的知识和日常生活常识,主要考查考生的综合素质?只要考生能读懂句意,把握语境,一般不难作出正确的选择?六?对含有名词的固定短语的考查1.Sorry,Jane.I took your school ba

29、g by_.It doesn t matter.A.hand B.mistake C.bike D.heart(盐城市)2.Brian is so kind that he often gives me a_ when Im in trouble.A.reply B.seat C.hand D.reason(安徽省)3.There will be many kinds of shoes_ this Sun day.I ll go and buy a pair for my 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 6 页，共 8 页 -daughter.A.on duty B.on s

30、how C.on business D.on watch(南宁市)4.We should have_ in ourselves and we will make it if we have a try.A.success B.confidence C.progress D.knowledge(大连市)考点归纳 这类试题主要考查考生对一些含有名词的固定短语的构成和意义的掌握情况,这就要求考生在日常的学习中熟记一些固定短语的结构和意义,如:by mistake“错误地”;on show“展览”;on business“因公”;on duty“值班”;give sb a hand“帮助某人”;hav

31、e confidence in oneself“相信自己”;after a while“过一会儿”;in the end“最后”;make room for“给 腾出空间“;make faces”做鬼脸“等?【中考演练】一.单项填空1-Where have you been,Tim?-I ve been to _.A.the Henry house B.the Henry family C.The Henry s home D.Henry s2In England,if _ is in the middle of the day,the evening meal is called suppe

32、r.A.food B.lunch C.breakfast D.dinner 3You looked for it twice,but you havent found it.Why not try _.A.three times B.a third time C.the third time D.once 4-They are thirsty.Will you please give them _?-Certainly.A.some bottles of waters B.some bottles of water C.some bottle of water D.some bottle of

33、 waters 5Mike hurt one of his _ in the accident yesterday.A.tooth B.feet C.hand D.ear 6There is some _ on the plate.A.cakes B.meat C.potato D.pears 7In England,the last name is the _.A.family name B.middle C.given name D.full name 8The are going to fly _ to Beijing.A.Germen B.Germany C.Germanys D.Ge

34、rmans 9The_ has two _.A.boys;watches B.boy;watch C.boy;watches D.boys;watch 10 The little baby has two _ already.A.tooth B.tooths C.teeth D.teeths 11What s your _ for being late again?A.idea B.key C.excuse D.news 12-It s dangerous here.We d better go out quickly.-But I think we should let _ go out f

35、irst.A.woman and children B.women and child C.woman and child D.women and children 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 7 页，共 8 页 -13-You can see Mr.Smith if there is a sign“_”on the door of his shop.-Thanks.A.ENTRANCE B.BUSINESS HOURS C.THIS SIDE UP D.NO SMOKING 14 Are they going to have a picnic on _?A.Childr

36、ens DayB.Childrenss Day C.Childrens Day D.Children Day 15 Where are the students?Are they in _?A.the Room 406 B.Room 406 C.the 406 Room D.406 Room 二.根据下列句子的情景及所给汉语注释，写出所缺单词。1.We ve got a lot of new _(杂志)in our school library.2.Please turn to another _（频道）,I dont like this show.3.Yesterday the _(航班)t

37、o London was put off because of the bad weather.4.Autumn is my favourite(季节)5.-How many _(小刀)do you have?-Three.6._ are widely used in the modern world.7.June 1st is _(儿童)Day.8.Mary,would you please tell me your new _(地址)so that I can write to you.9.-Does this piece of _(音乐)sound nice?-Yes.It s wond

38、erful!10.May 12th is the International _(护士)Day.Lets say“Thanks”to them for their work.三.根据句意和所给首字母写出所缺的单词。1.“What s your n_?”“Li Lei.”2.How many d_ does your uncle have?3.Please close the w_.It s cold outside.4.If you want study English well,you must pay attention to your p_.5.A computer is one of

39、the greatest i_ in the world.6.Zhang Hui is very excited.He will go to Japan with his p_ during the Spring Festival.7.At the a_ of seven,the lonely girl had to work to make living.8.It s only about an h_ flight from Qingdao to Beijing by air.9.Health is more important to me than m_.10.Be careful!It s d_ to run across the street now.名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 8 页，共 8 页 -