同位语从句及同位语(6页).doc

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1、-同位语从句及同位语-第 6 页10级A班第六组作业同位语从句一.同位语从句的概念在复合句中用作名词的从句叫同位语从句，其主要用途是对前面的名词做进一步解释，说明该名词的具体内容。可以跟同位语从句的名词通常是：news,fact,promise,question,doubt,thought,hope,message ,suggestion,word,possibility,order,fear,proof,belief,advise,demand,problem,request,truth,wish等例句:I just got word that he is not coming this e

2、vening.We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.The Mona Lisa is widely seen as proof that good looks can last for ever.There is no doubt that he is guilty.There is great doubt whether he did so or not.二同位语从句的先行词同位语从句的先行词通常是抽象名词，常见的有：idea, situation thought,

3、 fact, evidence, belief, doubt, fear, hope, question, theory, news, order, ability等等。 例句：How did the cheats explain the fact that the Emperor didnt feel the new clothes in him? 皇帝觉得身上并没有穿上新衣，对这个问题骗子是怎样解释的? The news that his heath is failing made us sad. 他健康状况不佳的消息使我们很难过。 I have no idea where they ar

4、e spending their holidays. 我不知道他们在哪里度假。The question who should do the work requires consideration.谁该干这项工作的问题需要考虑There is no doubt that he will come here again.他会再来这里， 这是毫无疑问的。He was tortured by the doubt whether he would accept their presents.他被是否接受他们的礼物这个疑虑所折磨着。三同位语从句的引导词1. 连词that引导同位语从句The idea th

5、at you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong.你认为不动脑筋就能做好这件工作的想法是完全错误的。（作idea的同位语） He gabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane. 他拿起了手提箱，给人的印象是他要登上飞往东京的飞机了。 以下名词常用于以上句型：advice, announcement, argument, belief, claim, conclusion, decision, evidence, exp

6、lanation, fact, feeling, hope, idea, impression, information,knowledge, message, news, opinion, order, probability, promise, proposal,remark, reply, report, saying, statement, suggestion, thought, treat, warning, wish, word【注意1】 在某些名词(如demand, wish, suggestion, resolution等)后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气。如：There was

7、 a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team. 有一项建议是布朗应该离队。The suggestion that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman. 采纳新规则的建议是主席提出的。The resolution that women be allowed to join the society was carried. 允许妇女参加这个协会的决议通过了。I can understand their eagerness that you should be the mai

8、n speaker. 我理解他们希望你作主要发言人的殷切心情。【注意2】 引导同位语从句的连词that通常不省略，在非正式语体中that可以省略。He gabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane. 他拿起了手提箱，给人的印象是他要登上飞往东京的飞机了。2. 连词whether引导同位语从句The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor. 我们是否请专家由家庭医生来定

9、。We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 我们不是在调查他是否可以信任的问题。【注意】 whether 可引导同位语从句，但if不能引导同位语从句。whether“是否”可以引导：主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句。if“是否”，只能引导宾语从句和表语从句，不能引导主语从句。3其它引导词引导的同位语从句连接代词what, who, whom, whose, which引导同位语从句 1).I have no idea what size shoes she wears.我不知道她穿几号的鞋。（what作定语）

10、2).I have no idea which wine is bestits a matter of personal taste.我不知道哪种酒最好，这是个人口味的问题。（which作定语） 3).The question who will take his place is still not clear. （who作主语） 4. 连接副词引导同位语从句连接副词when, where, how, why We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪儿去度暑假，这个

11、问题我们还没有决定。 四同位语从句的用法掌握同位语从句的用法要注意以下两个问题： 1. 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面， 而是被别的词隔开， 以使得整个句子的结构显得平衡，即为分离同位语从句。例如： He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 他从玛丽那里获知了运动会被推迟的消息。/ Word came that Hussein had been captured. 侯赛因已被捕的消息传来。2. 同位语从句和定语从句结构相似， 通常位于某一名词或代词后面， 但两者存在明显区别： 同位语从句对名词性成

12、分加以补充说明， 是该名词性成分具体内容的体现(相当于名词的作用)。 that引导的同位语从句中引导词that不在该同位语从句中充当句子成分， 但不能被省略， 同位语从句还可以用whether、 how等连词引导(定语从句则不能)。定语从句对先行词加以限制或修饰、 说明先行词的性质或特征(相当于形容词的作用)， 定语从句的引导词均在该定语从句中充当特定的句子成分(that在其引导的限定性定语从句中充当主语、 宾语或者表语， 充当定语从句中宾语的that经常可被省略)。注意体会以下四组例句： (1) 第一组例句： We cant solve the problem how we can trav

13、el faster than light.我们解决不了如何才能超过光的速度这个问题。(how引导的从句表示其前面的名词the problem的具体内容， 属于同位语从句) I cant remember the problem that they have.我记不得他们的问题了。(引导词that就是that引导的从句中have的宾语， the problem的具体内容也没有得到说明， 故本句中that引导的从句是修饰problem的定语从句)(2) 第二组例句： I wont believe the fact that he lied to his mother.我不愿相信他对母亲撒谎的事实。

14、(that引导同位语从句对fact的具体内容进行说明， that在其中不充当具体的句子成分) I wont believe the fact (that) he told me.我不愿相信他告诉我的事实。(that引导定语从句对fact进行限定， that在该从句中充当宾语)(3) 第三组例句： The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。(that引导同位语从句对news的具体内容进行说明， that在其中不充当具体的句子成分) The news that he told me is that Tom would

15、 go abroad next year. 他告诉我的消息是汤姆来年将出国。(句中的第一个that引导定语从句限定先行词news， 第二个that引导表语从句)(4) 第四组例句： We have no idea at all where he has gone.我们根本不知道他去哪里了。(where引导同位语从句说明idea的具体内容) Thats the place where he was born.那是他出生的地方。(where引导定语从句限定先行词place)五同位语从句和定语从句的区别1.从句所修饰词的不同。同位语从句所修饰词通常是少数一些表示抽象意义的名词，如belief , d

16、oubt , fact , hope , idea , news , possibility , thought , order , suggestion , wish , answer , information , conclusion , decision , discovery , knowledge , law , opinion , problem , promise , proof , question , report , truth , risk 等。定语从句的先行词可以指人、物等2.连接词的作用不同。连接同位语从句的that只起连接作用，不在从句中担任任何句子成分。whet

17、her 和 how 可以引导同位语从句，但不能引导定语从句。关系代词和关系副词除了连接从句的作用外，还在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分，如主语、宾语、定语、表语等。引导定语从句的连接词是关系词，常见的关系代词和关系副词有that , which , who , whose , whom , when , where , why , as，than, but 等。 3.从句作用的不同。定语从句具有形容词或副词的特点，对先行词起修饰、限定作用，描述先行词的性质或特征，与先行词之间是所属关系。同位语从句具有名词的特点，对中心词作进一步补充解释，是中心词的具体内容。注：同位语从句是对名词加以说明，而定语

18、从句是对名词加以限定修饰。区分同位语从句和定语从句有一种简便方法，就是将“名词+that”结构取出，能在名词和that之间加上be动词构成一个表语从句的，则是同位语从句，否则是定语从句。I have got some news that you may not have heard.（定语从句）The news that Russia had solved the hostage crisis spread all over the world. (同位语从句)上面第二句前半部分可变为：The news is that Russia had solved the hostage crisis.

19、同位语边缘知识归纳一、什么叫同位语当两个指同一人或事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，若其中一个句子成分是用于说明或解释另一个句子成分的，那么用于起说明或解释作用的句子成分就叫做另一成分的同位语。如：Laura Myers, a BBC reporter, asked for an interview. 劳拉迈尔，BBC的记者，要求采访。Influenza, a common disease, has no cure. 流行性感冒是一种常见病，无特效药。Mary, one of the most intelligent girls I know, is planning to attend the

20、university. 玛丽是我所认识的最聪敏的姑娘之一，她正准备上大学。Who is that man, the first in the front row? 前排第一个人是谁?We have two children, a boy and a girl. 我们有两个孩子，一个男孩和一个女孩。以上所举的同位语例子都是同位语的基本形式，一般不会出错。但有几种同位语，或由于身本结构特殊，或由于它修饰的成分结构比较特殊，往往会引起误解。现小结并举例说明如下。二、特殊同位语归纳1. 代词we, us, you等后接同位语Are you two reading? 你们二人在看书吗?They thre

21、e joined the school team. 他们3人参加了校队。She has great concern for us students. 她对我们学生很关心。He asked you boys to be quiet. 他要你们男孩子安静些。We girls often go to the movies together. 我们女孩子经常一起去看电影。2. 不定式用作同位语Soon came the order to start the general attack. 很快下达了发起总攻的命令。(to start the general attack与the order同位) He

22、 followed the instruction to walk along a certain street where I picked him up. 他照吩咐沿某一条街走，我在那里接他上了车。(to walk along与the instruction同位)3. -ing分词用作同位语Hes getting a job tonight driving a truck. 他今晚得到一个开卡车的差事。(driving a track与a job同位)She got a place in a laundry ironing shirts. 她在一家洗衣店得到一个熨衣服的职位。(ironin

23、g shirts与a place同位)The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一个计划是夜袭，被拒绝了。(attacking at night与the first plan同位)4. 形容词用作同位语The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou. 目前的交易会，是有史以来规模最大的，正在广州举行。He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and forei

24、gn. 他读了很多书，古今中外都有。People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the parade. 老老少少的人都来到街头观看游行。【注】这类同位语与定语比较接近，可转换成定语从句。如：The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou. =The current affair, which is the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.5. none of us之

25、类的结构用作同位语We none of us said anything. 我们谁也没说话。We have none of us large appetites. 我们谁饭量都不大。They neither of them wanted to go. 他们两人都不想去。Theyve neither of them succeeded in winning her confidence. 他们两人谁也没能赢得她的信任。【注】同位语并不影响其后句子谓语的“数”，如：学生每人都有一本词典。正：The students each have a dictionary. 误：The students ea

26、ch has a dictionary. 请比较下面一句（谓语用了单数，因为each为句子主语）：正：Each of the students has a dictionary. (from )6. 从句用作同位语（即同位语从句）They were worried over the fact that you were sick. 他们为你生病发愁。I received a message that she would be late. 我得到的信息说她可能晚到。The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不实。The idea that you can do this work without thinking is wrong. 你可以不动脑筋做此工作的想法是错误的。 组员：萨丽娜 孙旺（同位语从句和定语从句的区别） 张新跃 张静（同位语从句的先行词和引导词） 姜普宁 吕明翔（同位语从句 概念和区别 注） 朱慧珍（同位语从句的用法）组长：付丽朴