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1、关于肿瘤的分子生物学检验(2)现在学习的是第1页,共53页2第一节第一节 肿瘤诊断的生物标志物肿瘤诊断的生物标志物 染色体异常、基因异常、单核苷酸多态性、表染色体异常、基因异常、单核苷酸多态性、表观遗传异常、观遗传异常、miRNA第二节第二节 肿瘤的分子生物学检验技术肿瘤的分子生物学检验技术第三节第三节 肿瘤分子生物学检验的临床应用肿瘤分子生物学检验的临床应用 乳腺癌乳腺癌 肿瘤分子诊断与个体化医疗肿瘤分子诊断与个体化医疗现在学习的是第2页,共53页3 什么是肿瘤?什么是肿瘤?肿瘤(肿瘤(Tumor)是机体在各种致癌因素作用是机体在各种致癌因素作用下,局部组织的某一个细胞在基因水平上失下,局部
2、组织的某一个细胞在基因水平上失去对其生长的正常调控,导致其去对其生长的正常调控,导致其克隆性异常克隆性异常增生增生而形成的异常病变。而形成的异常病变。学界一般将肿瘤分为良性和恶性两大类。学界一般将肿瘤分为良性和恶性两大类。现在学习的是第3页,共53页4Cancer vs TumorTumors are sometimes cancerous but this does not mean that tumors and cancers are synonyms(as most people think).现在学习的是第4页,共53页5Abnormal cellular growth Tumors
3、 and cancers are different.A tumor develops when a lesion or lump病变或肿块is formed in your body due to abnormal cellular growth.In the case of cancer,this cellular growth is uncontrollable and it spreads in the body.现在学习的是第5页,共53页6Treatment CancerSurgery,chemotherapy and radiotherapy.TumorRemoving a be
4、nign tumor is relatively easy through surgery,and the condition does not recur.现在学习的是第6页,共53页7第一节第一节 肿瘤诊断的生物标志物肿瘤诊断的生物标志物 最早的肿瘤标志物:本最早的肿瘤标志物:本-周蛋白,周蛋白,1846年年 目前已发现一百多种肿瘤标志物目前已发现一百多种肿瘤标志物 蛋白与蛋白与核酸核酸两大类两大类 肿瘤相关染色体异常、基因异常、单核苷酸肿瘤相关染色体异常、基因异常、单核苷酸多态性、表观遗传异常、多态性、表观遗传异常、miRNA现在学习的是第7页,共53页8一、肿瘤相关的染色体异常一、肿瘤
5、相关的染色体异常多数肿瘤细胞存在染色体异常。多数肿瘤细胞存在染色体异常。1.染色体数目异常染色体数目异常 例:某个癌细胞的染色体共例:某个癌细胞的染色体共104条,包括许多条,包括许多异常的染色体异常的染色体 现在学习的是第8页,共53页92.染色体结构异常染色体结构异常包括易位、缺失、重复、环状染色体和双着丝包括易位、缺失、重复、环状染色体和双着丝粒染色体等。粒染色体等。例:例:Ph染色体(费城染色体(费城1号染色体)号染色体),慢性粒细,慢性粒细胞性白血病(胞性白血病(CML),9号和号和22号染色体长号染色体长臂易位臂易位 9号原癌基因号原癌基因abl和和22号号bcr基因组基因组合成融
6、合基因合成融合基因增高的酪氨酸激酶活性。增高的酪氨酸激酶活性。Ph临床意义在于:临床意义在于:95的的CML都是都是Ph阳性,可阳性,可以作为诊断的依据。有时以作为诊断的依据。有时Ph先于临床症状出先于临床症状出现,故又可用于早期诊断。现,故又可用于早期诊断。现在学习的是第9页,共53页10二、肿瘤相关基因表达异常二、肿瘤相关基因表达异常 原癌基因原癌基因:sis、VEGF、EGFR、c-myc抑癌基因抑癌基因:APC、BRCA、p53、Rb细胞周期调节基因细胞周期调节基因:cyclins、CDKs、CKIs细胞凋亡相关基因细胞凋亡相关基因:Bcl-1、p53、bcr-abl基因组稳定相关基因
7、基因组稳定相关基因(DNA修复基因修复基因):APE1肿瘤转移相关基因肿瘤转移相关基因:nm23、WDNM、sis、p531.肿瘤血管生成相关基因肿瘤血管生成相关基因:VEGF、EGFR、p53现在学习的是第10页,共53页11三、肿瘤相关单核苷酸多态性三、肿瘤相关单核苷酸多态性What are single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)?SNPs(pronounced“snips”),are the most common type of genetic variation among people.Each SNP represents a differen
8、ce in a single DNA building block,called a nucleotide.For example,a SNP may replace the nucleotide cytosine(C)with the nucleotide thymine(T)in a certain stretch of DNA.现在学习的是第11页,共53页12现在学习的是第12页,共53页13SNPs occur normally throughout a persons DNA.They occur once in every 300 nucleotides on average,w
9、hich means there are roughly 10 million SNPs in the human genome.They can act as biological markers,helping scientists locate genes that are associated with disease.When SNPs occur within a gene or in a regulatory region near a gene,they may play a more direct role in disease by affecting the genes
10、function.现在学习的是第13页,共53页14Most SNPs have no effect on health.Researchers have found SNPs that may help predict an individuals response to certain drugs,susceptibility to environmental factors such as toxins,and risk of developing particular diseases.SNPs can also be used to track the inheritance of
11、disease genes within families.Future studies will work to identify SNPs associated with complex diseases such as heart disease,diabetes,and cancer.现在学习的是第14页,共53页15三、肿瘤相关单核苷酸多态性三、肿瘤相关单核苷酸多态性SNP:Single nucleotide polymorphisms1.SNP与肿瘤与肿瘤肿瘤易感基因、肿瘤药物治疗相关基因肿瘤易感基因、肿瘤药物治疗相关基因肿瘤个体化诊疗肿瘤个体化诊疗2.SNP的研究思路的研究思路研
12、究对象差异性研究对象差异性研究技术:研究技术:PCR、芯片、芯片研究难点:样本采集研究难点:样本采集现在学习的是第15页,共53页16四、肿瘤相关表观遗传异常四、肿瘤相关表观遗传异常表观遗传:表观遗传:表观遗传(表观遗传(epigenetics)是指)是指DNA序列不发生变化序列不发生变化,但,但基因表基因表达却发生了可遗传的改变达却发生了可遗传的改变。这种改变是细胞内除了遗传信息。这种改变是细胞内除了遗传信息以外的其他可遗传物质发生的改变,且这种改变在发育和细胞以外的其他可遗传物质发生的改变,且这种改变在发育和细胞增殖过程中能稳定传递。增殖过程中能稳定传递。几乎所有类型的人类肿瘤都存几乎所有
13、类型的人类肿瘤都存在表观遗传异常在表观遗传异常抑癌基因的高甲基化抑癌基因的高甲基化和和癌基因的去甲基化癌基因的去甲基化。异常甲基化常发生在肿瘤细胞形成的异常甲基化常发生在肿瘤细胞形成的早期早期。现在学习的是第16页,共53页17五、肿瘤相关五、肿瘤相关miRNAMicroRNA formation and function.flv 现在学习的是第17页,共53页18现在学习的是第18页,共53页19五、肿瘤相关五、肿瘤相关miRNA1.miRNA与肿瘤与肿瘤miRNA与肿瘤发生、发展、诊断、治疗、预后与肿瘤发生、发展、诊断、治疗、预后2.miRNA类肿瘤标志物的研究思路类肿瘤标志物的研究思路研
14、究对象:实体瘤、细胞、循环血、其他研究对象:实体瘤、细胞、循环血、其他研究技术:定量研究技术:定量PCR、western blot、芯片、免、芯片、免疫组化、细胞培养(增殖、迁移、浸润)等等疫组化、细胞培养(增殖、迁移、浸润)等等现在学习的是第19页,共53页肿瘤相关长链非编码肿瘤相关长链非编码RNA 长链非编码长链非编码RNA(long noncoding RNA,lncRNA)长度在长度在200-100000 nt之间的之间的RNA分子分子不编码蛋白不编码蛋白 lncRNA参与细胞内多种过程调控参与细胞内多种过程调控种类、数量、功能都不明确种类、数量、功能都不明确长链非编码长链非编码RNA
15、 在肿瘤发生发展中的位置在肿瘤发生发展中的位置http:/ 肿瘤分子生物学检验技术肿瘤分子生物学检验技术肿瘤分子诊断常用的检测标本肿瘤分子诊断常用的检测标本 外周血细胞外周血细胞 病灶局部受损组织病灶局部受损组织 提取提取DNA或或mRNA 检测检测现在学习的是第21页,共53页22肿瘤早期诊断标本的选择及处理肿瘤早期诊断标本的选择及处理(1)样本选择)样本选择 体液、分泌物、排泄物作为早期分子诊断的检体液、分泌物、排泄物作为早期分子诊断的检测样本,如:血、痰、大便等。测样本,如:血、痰、大便等。(2)样本处理:获取血浆)样本处理:获取血浆DNA 首先获取首先获取无血细胞血浆无血细胞血浆(Ce
16、ll free plasma):):重复离心法重复离心法:EDTA抗凝血抗凝血4 1500rpm 20min 吸取上层血浆吸取上层血浆 3000rpm 10min。磁珠法和磁珠法和QIAamp DNA mini kit 在内的多种在内的多种方法提取循环方法提取循环DNA。现在学习的是第22页,共53页23 循环循环DNA定量检测方法定量检测方法早期检测方法:二苯胺法、溴化乙锭法、对流早期检测方法:二苯胺法、溴化乙锭法、对流免疫电泳法、免疫电泳法、RNA-DNA杂交法杂交法新的检测技术:放射免疫法,新的检测技术:放射免疫法,实时荧光定量实时荧光定量PCR法法等等现在学习的是第23页,共53页24
17、新型检测标志物:血浆新型检测标志物:血浆DNA 何谓血浆何谓血浆DNA(plasma DNA)?又称循环又称循环DNA(circulating DNA),是一种无,是一种无细胞状态的细胞外细胞状态的细胞外DNA(extra cellular DNA),由长度不等的,由长度不等的单链或双链单链或双链DNA及其及其混合物组成,混合物组成,主要以主要以DNA-蛋白质混合物形式蛋白质混合物形式存在,但也存在部分游离存在,但也存在部分游离DNA。现在学习的是第24页,共53页25血浆血浆DNA作为检测对象的优势作为检测对象的优势 循环循环DNA来自外周血浆或血清,较组织标本来自外周血浆或血清,较组织标本
18、易于获得易于获得,可实现无创检查。,可实现无创检查。DNA比比RNA和蛋白质具有更高的稳定性,和蛋白质具有更高的稳定性,不不宜降解宜降解,更适合作为检测的靶分子。,更适合作为检测的靶分子。可以对其进行可以对其进行扩增扩增,检测的敏感性高。,检测的敏感性高。越来越多的证据表明,疾病(特别是肿瘤)越来越多的证据表明,疾病(特别是肿瘤)患者的循环患者的循环DNA存在量和质的改变存在量和质的改变。现在学习的是第25页,共53页26Cell-free DNA resuscitated for tumor testing Nature Medicine 14,914-915(2008)http:/ 以分子
19、杂交和以分子杂交和PCR为核心技术为核心技术 以以DNA为主要检测对象为主要检测对象1.致病基因结构异常检测致病基因结构异常检测2.基因转录水平检测基因转录水平检测3.基因序列分析及表达检测基因序列分析及表达检测现在学习的是第27页,共53页28肿瘤分子诊断的常用方法肿瘤分子诊断的常用方法 染色体数目异常染色体数目异常荧光原位杂交(荧光原位杂交(Fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)现在学习的是第28页,共53页29致病基因结构异常检测致病基因结构异常检测(1)斑点杂交(斑点杂交(dot blot hybridization)(2)等位基因特异的寡核苷
20、酸探针杂交()等位基因特异的寡核苷酸探针杂交(allele-specific oligonucleotide,ASO)(3)单链构象多态性()单链构象多态性(single strand conformation polymorphism,SSCP)(4)限制性内切酶图谱()限制性内切酶图谱(restriction map)分析)分析(5)限制性片段长度多态性()限制性片段长度多态性(restriction fragment length polymorphism,RFLP)(6)DNA 分子杂交(分子杂交(Southern blot)现在学习的是第29页,共53页30致病基因表达异常检测致病基
21、因表达异常检测(1)mRNA检测检测定量定量PCR(2)蛋白检测)蛋白检测免疫组化:定性、半定量、定位免疫组化:定性、半定量、定位Western blot:定量:定量现在学习的是第30页,共53页31第三节第三节 肿瘤分子生物学检验的临床应用肿瘤分子生物学检验的临床应用 乳腺癌乳腺癌现在学习的是第31页,共53页32一、一、乳腺癌乳腺癌 女性发病率高,女性发病率高,5%-10%为家族性。为家族性。90%家族性乳腺癌涉及家族性乳腺癌涉及BRCA1和和BRCA2基因突基因突变。变。BRCA1突变可发生在所有细胞,若发生在精子突变可发生在所有细胞,若发生在精子或卵子则可以传给下一代。或卵子则可以传给
22、下一代。其他涉及基因:其他涉及基因:p53、PTEN、c-myc、端粒酶、端粒酶等。等。论文导读论文导读:A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian卵巢 cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1http:/www.sciencemag.org/cgi/rapidpdf/266/5182/66.pdf 现在学习的是第32页,共53页33BRCA1 BRCA1(breast cancer 1,early onset早发早发)is a human tumor suppressor gene肿瘤抑制基因肿瘤抑制基因,which p
23、roduces a protein,called breast cancer type 1 susceptibility易感性易感性 protein.It is found in the cells of breast and other tissue,where it helps repair damaged DNA,and destroy the cell when DNA cant be repaired.If BRCA1 itself is damaged,the damaged DNA can let the cell duplicate复制复制 without control,an
24、d turn into a cancer.现在学习的是第33页,共53页34Mutations and cancer risk Certain variations of the BRCA1 gene lead to an increased risk for breast cancer.Researchers have identified hundreds of mutations in the BRCA1 gene,many of which are associated with an increased risk of cancer.Women who have an abnorma
25、l BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene have up to an 60%risk of developing breast cancer;increased risk of developing ovarian cancer is about 55%for women with BRCA1 mutations and about 25%for women with BRCA2 mutations.现在学习的是第34页,共53页35These mutations can be changes in one or a small number of DNA base pairs.Those
26、mutations can be identified with PCR and DNA sequencing.Other methods are proposed:Q-PCR定量定量 and Quantitative Multiplex PCR多重定量多重定量 of Shorts Fluorescents Fragments(QMPSF).New methods have been recently proposed:heteroduplex analysis异源双链分析异源双链分析(HDA)by multi-capillary electrophoresis多毛细管电泳多毛细管电泳or a
27、lso oligonucleotides array based on comparative genomic hybridization比较基因组杂交比较基因组杂交(array-CGH).现在学习的是第35页,共53页36Researchers believe that the defective BRCA1 protein is unable to help fix mutations that occur in other genes.These defects accumulate and may allow cells to grow and divide uncontrollabl
28、y to form a tumor.现在学习的是第36页,共53页37 女性排名第一的常见恶性肿瘤。女性排名第一的常见恶性肿瘤。美国每美国每8个人就有个人就有1个人一生中会得乳腺癌。个人一生中会得乳腺癌。美国患乳腺癌的女性占新发恶性肿瘤的美国患乳腺癌的女性占新发恶性肿瘤的30%,而其中的大约而其中的大约10%的乳腺癌是遗传性的。的乳腺癌是遗传性的。乳癌乳癌“株连株连”,一旦家里有人患此疾病,一,一旦家里有人患此疾病,一级亲属(母亲、姐妹或孩子)的女性都应该级亲属(母亲、姐妹或孩子)的女性都应该做检查。做检查。现在学习的是第37页,共53页38乳腺癌高危人群乳腺癌高危人群 有有乳腺癌家族史、基因
29、检测到乳腺癌家族史、基因检测到BRAC1/2基基因突变因突变、曾有过胸部放疗史、乳腺活检为高、曾有过胸部放疗史、乳腺活检为高危良性病变、乳腺密度高、初潮年龄早于危良性病变、乳腺密度高、初潮年龄早于12岁岁,以及绝经年龄推迟等的人群,一般患乳腺以及绝经年龄推迟等的人群,一般患乳腺癌危险性会比较高。癌危险性会比较高。现在学习的是第38页,共53页39现在学习的是第39页,共53页40安吉丽娜安吉丽娜朱莉在朱莉在2013年年5月月纽约时报纽约时报上刊文上刊文“My Medical Choice”,讲述了决定手术的原,讲述了决定手术的原因及经过,最后呼吁所有女性注意预防乳腺癌。因及经过,最后呼吁所有女
30、性注意预防乳腺癌。My doctors estimated that I had an 87 percent risk of breast cancer and a 50 percent risk of ovarian cancer,although the risk is different in the case of each woman。Only a fraction of breast cancers result from an inherited gene mutation.Those with a defect in BRCA1 have a 65 percent risk o
31、f getting it,on average。现在学习的是第40页,共53页41Once I knew that this was my reality,I decided to be proactive and to minimize the risk as much I could.I made a decision to have a preventive double mastectomy预防性的双乳切除手术预防性的双乳切除手术.I started with the breasts,as my risk of breast cancer is higher than my risk
32、of ovarian cancer。现在学习的是第41页,共53页422015年年3月月纽约时报纽约时报上刊文上刊文“diary of a surgery”I wanted other women at risk to know about the options.I promised to follow up with any information that could be useful,including about my next preventive surgery,the removal of my ovaries and fallopian tubes卵巢和输卵管卵巢和输卵管.
33、I had been planning this for some time.It is a less complex surgery than the mastectomy,but its effects are more severe.It puts a woman into forced menopause更年期更年期.现在学习的是第42页,共53页43Then two weeks ago I got a call from my doctor with blood-test results.“Your CA-125 is normal,”he said.I breathed a sig
34、h of relief.That test measures the amount of the protein CA-125 in the blood,and is used to monitor ovarian cancer.I have it every year because of my family history.But that wasnt all.He went on.“There are a number of inflammatory markers that are elevated,and taken together they could be a sign of
35、early cancer.”I took a pause.“CA-125 has a 50 to 75 percent chance of missing ovarian cancer at early stages,”he said.He wanted me to see the surgeon immediately to check my ovaries.现在学习的是第43页,共53页44The day of the results came.The PET/CT scan looked clear,and the tumor test was negative.I was full o
36、f happiness,although the radioactive tracer meant I couldnt hug my children.There was still a chance of early stage cancer,but that was minor compared with a full-blown tumor.To my relief,I still had the option of removing my ovaries and fallopian tubes and I chose to do it.现在学习的是第44页,共53页45In my ca
37、se,the Eastern and Western doctors I met agreed that surgery to remove my tubes and ovaries was the best option,because on top of the BRCA gene,three women in my family have died from cancer.My doctors indicated I should have preventive surgery about a decade before the earliest onset of cancer in m
38、y female relatives.My mothers ovarian cancer was diagnosed when she was 49.Im 39.现在学习的是第45页,共53页46Last week,I had the procedure:a laparoscopic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy腹腔镜双侧输卵管卵巢切除腹腔镜双侧输卵管卵巢切除术术.There was a small benign tumor on one ovary,but no signs of cancer in any of the tissues.在一侧卵巢有一个小的
39、良性肿在一侧卵巢有一个小的良性肿瘤,任何组织都没有癌症迹象。瘤,任何组织都没有癌症迹象。现在学习的是第46页,共53页47I have a little clear patch透明贴透明贴 that contains bio-identical estrogen雌激素雌激素.A progesterone IUD黄体酮节育器黄体酮节育器 was inserted in my uterus子宫子宫.It will help me maintain a hormonal balance,but more important it will help prevent uterine cancer子宫癌
40、子宫癌.I chose to keep my uterus because cancer in that location is not part of my family history.现在学习的是第47页,共53页48Regardless of the hormone replacements Im taking,I am now in menopause更年期更年期.I will not be able to have any more children,and I expect some physical changes.But I feel at ease with whateve
41、r will come,not because I am strong but because this is a part of life.It is nothing to be feared.现在学习的是第48页,共53页49I feel deeply for women for whom this moment comes very early in life,before they have had their children.Their situation is far harder than mine.I inquired and found out that there are
42、 options for women to remove their fallopian tubes but keep their ovaries,and so retain the ability to bear children and not go into menopause.I hope they can be aware of that.现在学习的是第49页,共53页50预防性切乳术能保证今后百分百不患乳癌吗?预防性切乳术能保证今后百分百不患乳癌吗?国外研究表明,预防性乳房乳腺切除手术,国外研究表明,预防性乳房乳腺切除手术,是目前对乳腺癌高危妇女最有效的预防措施。是目前对乳腺癌高危
43、妇女最有效的预防措施。预防性切乳术不能保证今后百分百不患乳癌预防性切乳术不能保证今后百分百不患乳癌 预防性双侧乳房切除术,分为两种。一种是预防性双侧乳房切除术,分为两种。一种是乳房全切,即为整个乳房全部切掉。还有一乳房全切,即为整个乳房全部切掉。还有一种是保留乳头乳晕的皮下乳腺全切。种是保留乳头乳晕的皮下乳腺全切。朱莉选择的是后者。癌变几率从手术前的朱莉选择的是后者。癌变几率从手术前的87%,降到了,降到了5%。切除输卵管保留卵巢还能怀孕吗?切除输卵管保留卵巢还能怀孕吗?切除卵巢及输卵管还能怀孕吗?切除卵巢及输卵管还能怀孕吗?现在学习的是第50页,共53页51肿瘤的分子筛查肿瘤的分子筛查 通过特异性,敏感性的分子生物学技术手段,通过特异性,敏感性的分子生物学技术手段,能够有效的筛查易患癌症体质的人群,对他能够有效的筛查易患癌症体质的人群,对他们进行早期检测和治疗。们进行早期检测和治疗。易感易感=患病?患病?现在学习的是第51页,共53页52临床检测实例:临床检测实例:华大基因华大基因http:/birth.bgi- 现在学习的是第52页,共53页2022-9-7感谢大家观看感谢大家观看现在学习的是第53页,共53页
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