2022年雅思语法基础英语语法 .pdf

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1、1 雅思语法基础主语谓语宾语定语补语：用来说明宾语或主语所处的状态或正在进行的动作宾语补足语：补充说明宾语表语：表语是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词如 be 之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。一般由名词，代词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语等充当。状语：修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分，叫做状语。同位语：一个名词对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明非谓语动词I.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：非谓语形式构成特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构不定式to do to be doing to have done to be done to have been done 在非谓语前加not f

2、or sb.to do sth.具有名词，副词和形容词的作用在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语分词现在分词doing having done being done having been done 具有副词和形容词的作用在句中做定、表、宾补和状语过去分词done 动名词doing having done being done having been done sbs doing具有名词的作用在句中做主、宾、定和表语英语中五种简单句型?S+V 主+谓?S+V+O 主+谓+宾?S+V+O1+O2 主+谓+双宾give,buy,show,teach,?S+V+O+OC 主+谓+宾+宾补we call hi

3、m green.I saw him coming in.?S+V+P 主+系动词+表语 系动词为be 动词以及联系动词，seem,appear,taste,feel 系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。从句分类：名词性从句：主语从句。宾语从句。表语从句。同位语从句。名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 1 页，共 25 页 -2 主语从句：宾语从句表语从句：种类作用常用关联词例句主语从句在复合句中做主语，相当于名词，一般置谓语之前，也可用it 作形式主语，主

4、语从句放主句之后that,whether,if,as if,as though,who,whose,which,how,when,where,why,what,whatever,whoever,wherever Whether he will come or not doesn t matter much.Whoever comes here will be welcome.表语从句在复合句中做表语，相当于名词，位于系动词之后It looks as if it is going to snow.宾语从句在复合句中做宾语，相当于名词He asked me which team could win

5、 the game.同位语从句放在名词之后(news,problem,idea,suggestion,advice,thought,hope,fact 等)表明其具体内容You have no idea how worried we are.The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us.1.that 放句首引导。That the earth goes around the sun is the truth we all admit.2.whether 引导。Whether he will come(or not)is unclear.3.连接

6、代词 who,whom,whose,that,which,whoever.连接副词：where，when，how，why。What he did is not clear to me.Whoever comes is welcomed 形式主语it(疑问句式时要将主语从句后置)It s+adj+that。It s+n+that。It s+过去分词+that it s reported thatIt ssaid It+seem/happen+that 1.that 引导。He told us that he was ill.That 一般可以省略。但是表示并列，或者宾语从句作介词宾语（excep

7、t that），或主句与 that 中间有插入语时不省。2.if、whether 引导3.连接代词。连接副词系动词：（不用于进行时态或被动态）表示状态：be;appear;seem;keep;remain;continue;stay;prove;等表示感觉：look;feel;smell;sound;taste 等表示转变：become;fall;get;go;grow;turn 等名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 2 页，共 25 页 -3 同位语从句：1.that.the trouble is that I have lost my keys.2.whether,as,as

8、 if.He looked just as he had looked ten years before.3.连接代词，连接副词。The problem is how he did that.That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic.能跟表语从句的系动词为be,seem,look.同位语从句的先行词一般仅限于idea，plan，fact，theory，question，reply，report，re mar k，promise，hope，news，doubt，truth，information，suggestion，que

9、stion，thought，belief，conclusion 等少数名词。关联词多用that：where do you get the idea that I could not come today?连接代词，连接副词：itis a question how he did it./We haven t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer holiday.同位语与定语从句的区别同的that 无意义，在句中不充当成分，不可以省略定语从句不仅连接作用，还充当成分，可以省略。E.g.:the news th

10、at LI will be our new teacher is true.同位语The news(that)he told me yesterday is true.形容性从句：定语从句定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。关系词：who（人），whom（人），whose（人或物），that（人或物），which（物），as（人或物）（this is the same pen as I lost yesterday）whom,whi

11、ch,that 做宾语时常可以省略，但介词关系提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用 that 关系副词：when（时间/on which），where（地点/in which），why（原因/for which）类别语法意义及特征例句限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。The accident happened at the time when I left.非限制性定语从句对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当于一个插入语，不能用that 引导，关系代词做宾语时也

12、不能省略。His mother,whom he loved deeply,died ten years ago.名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 3 页，共 25 页 -4 副词性从句：状语从句时间状语（when，while，as，the moment，the time）。地点状语（where）。原因（because，as，since）。条件（if,unless,once,in case,as long as）。让步（though,although,even if,even though）。定语后置在英语中，如果定语是由一个单词表示时，通常要前置。而由一个词组或一个句子表示时，

13、通常则后置。而以下情况是由单个单词作定语并后置的几种现象。1.形容词 enough 作定语，而着重点又是强调它所修饰的那个名词，或者它所修饰的名词起形容词作用且前面不加冠词时，通常要后置。例如：I havent time enough to do the work.我没有足够的时间做那件工作。He hasnt man enough to admit his mistake.他没有勇于认错的大丈夫气概。2.当定语是一个形容词，它所修饰的是由 any-,every-,some-等跟-body,-one,-thing 构成的复合代词时，通常后置。例如：There is something impor

14、tant in todays newspaper.今天的报纸上有条重要新闻。He wanted to get someone reliable to help in this work.他想找个可靠的人帮忙做这项工作。3.它所修饰的词前面有用以加强语气的 the one 等之类的词语时须后置。定语由形容词表示，它所修饰的词是起名词作用的 anywhere,somewhere 等时，也须后置。例如：This is the one thing needful.这是唯一需要的东西。Can you find anywhere quiet?你能找个清静的地方吗？He has been sent to s

15、omewhere particular.他被派到某个特定的地方去了。4.定语由 here,there,in,out,home,above,below,abroad,before,yesterday 等副 词充当时，往往要后置。例如：He is on his way home.他在回家途中。Can you tell me something about the social system there?你能给我讲讲那里的社会制度吗？It had been fine the day before.前一天的天气很好。5.定语为现在分词或过去分词时，如果它强调的不是比较永久的特点，而是分词本身的动作，则

16、通常要后置。例如：Most of the people singing are the students.唱歌的人多数是学生。Their high standard showed the progress made.他们的高水平表明了他们取得的进步。6.有些只具有表语功能的形容词作定语时，必须后置。例如：He was the only person awake at the moment.他是那时唯一醒着的人。He is one of the few workers alive today who took part in the strike.他是参加过这次罢工还活着的少数工人之一。名师资料

17、总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 4 页，共 25 页 -5 代词代词可以分为以下七大类：1 人称代词主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they 宾格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them 2 物主代词形容词性my,your,his,her,its,our,their 名词性mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs 3 反身代词myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves 4 指示代词this,that,these,those

18、,such,some 5 疑问代词who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever 6 关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose,as 7 不定代词one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/a few/a little,other/another,all/both,neither/either 平行并列结构1.Everyone should know where the nearest fire alarm box is located and where

19、exits，fire escapes，and fire doors are2.The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy，to build homes or to design cities is culturally inf luenced 3I wanted her to know that my heart was with her，and that I thought England owed her a great debt and was going to miss her4.Keeping y

20、our head，instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit，may make the difference between life and death when fire breaks out5.Neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animals are harmless，that thousands of travelers fly safely everyday，and millions of people ride safely in e

21、levators several times each day 6.Millions of people travel about the country by rail，by bus，or by automobile，or drive to and from their places of work and their homes7.Here we have a little child，without knowledge or experience;there a grown-up person 分词名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 5 页，共 25 页 -6 with f

22、ully developed mental powers 8.There are relay races in running and swimming in summer，and relay in skiing in winter 9But we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beauty when it flowered，that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered 1 0.This is not an easy lesson to lear

23、n，especially when we are young and think that the world is ours to command，that whatever we desire with the full force of our passionate being can be ours1 1.More than three million people live in inner London，and nearly five million people live in the surrounding suburban area，which is made up of f

24、ormerly separate villages that have merged to form what is now called outer London 1 2.The journey and the stay are by definition outside the normal places of residence and work，and are of short-term and temporary nature，and there is a clear intention to return home within a relatively short period

25、of time1 3.The limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies 1 4.We have tried to isolate some of the key factor

26、s that govern service quality，and offer examples of organizations that manage service well and of some that manage it poorly 1 5.Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals，and in doing so ensured their survival，by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then ei

27、ther to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 6 页，共 25 页 -7 1.Everyone should know where the nearest fire alarm box is located and where exits,fire escapes,and fire doors are 结构：本句有三个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为should know，其余两个都是由 where 引导的并列宾语从句。本句可以拆分为

28、：1）Everyone should know2）Where the nearest fire alarm box is located 3）Where exits,fire escapes,and fire doors are翻译：每个人都应该知道最近的火灾报警箱的位置，以及安全出口、安全梯及防火门位于何处。2.The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy,to build homes or to design cities is culturally influenced结构：本句有2 个谓语动词，其中第

29、二个is influenced 是主句的谓语动词，主干是The way is culturally influenced。第一个is used 是定语从句的谓语动词，但是该定语从句省略了引导词。定语从句中三个并列的不定式短语动词to achieve privacy,to build homes or to design cities 共同作为is used 的目的状语。本句可以拆分为：1）The way is culturally influenced2）Space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy,to build hom

30、es or to design cities翻译：怎样利用空间来获得个人隐私、建造家园以及设计城市都会受到文化的影响。3I wanted her to know that my heart was with her,and that I thought England owed her a great debt and was going to miss her结构：本句有5 个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为wanted。was 和 thought 分别属于两个由that 引导的并列宾语从句。而owed 和 was going 为两个并列的谓语动词，共同主语为England。England 这

31、句话前面为了避免重复而省略了宾语从句的引导词that，实际上是 thought 的宾语从句。本句可以拆分为：1）I wanted her to know 2）名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 7 页，共 25 页 -8 That my heart was with her名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 8 页，共 25 页 -9 3）That I thought 4）(That）England owed her a great debt and was going to miss her翻译：我想让她知道我的心陪伴着她，而且我认为英国欠了她一大笔债，很快就会想

32、念她。4.Keeping your head,(instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit),may make the difference between life and death when fire breaks out结构：本句有两个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为may make，其主语是动名词短语 keeping your head。breaks out 是 when 引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词。插入语(instead of,)中的 crowding 和 pushing 两个动名词是平行并列结构。本句可以拆分为：1）Keep

33、ing your head may make the difference between life and death 2）When fire breaks out翻译：当发生火灾时，保持头脑冷静，而不是向安全出口拥堵，能够带来生与死的不同结果。5.Neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animals are harmless,that thousands of travelers fly safely everyday,and millions of people ride safely in ele

34、vators several times each day 结构：本句有 4 个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为can convince，其主语为 Neither friends nor family。其余三个谓语动词全是convince 的宾语从句的谓语动词，其中最后一个从句前面省略了that。拆分为：1）Neither friends nor family can convince phobic people 2）That most animals are harmless3）That thousands of travelers fly safely everyday4）(That）mil

35、lions of people ride,each day 翻译：朋友及家庭成员都无法说服恐惧症患者，使其相信大多数动物都无害，无数旅行者每天安全地飞行，上百万人每天都多次安全地乘坐电梯。6.Millions of people travel about the country by rail,by bus,or by automobile,or drive to and from their places of work and their homes名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 9 页，共 25 页 -10 结构：本句有2 个谓语动词，都是并列的主句谓语动词。三个并列的

36、by,by,by,作为travel 的方式状语。本句可以拆分为：1）Millions of people travel about the country by rail,by bus,or by automobile 2）Millions of people drive to and from their places of work and their homes翻译：上百万人乘坐火车、公交车或者小汽车在周游全国，或者开车往返于工作地点和家庭处所之间。7.Here we have a little child,without knowledge or experience;there a

37、grown-up person with fully developed mental powers结构：本句只有一个谓语动词have。here,there 属于平行并列结构，表示两个事物的对比状态，相当于the one,the other,。翻译：一方是一个没有任何知识或者经验的小孩，另一方是一个有着健全发展的智力的成年人。8.There are relay races in running and swimming in summer,and relay in skiing in winter 结构：本句只有一个there be 句型。relay races 和 relay 并列作为主语。

38、本句可以拆分为：1）There are relay races in running,in summer 2）There are relay in skiing in winter翻译：夏季有赛跑和游泳赛接力赛，冬季有滑雪比赛。9.But we remember(with far greater pain）that we did not see that beauty when it flowered,that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered 结构：本句有 5 个谓语动词，其中remember 是主句的谓语动词，被(wit

39、h far greater pain)分隔了两个并列的宾语从句that we did not see,和 that we failed to,。本句可以拆分为：1）But we remember with far greater pain 2）That we did not see that beauty 3）When it flowered名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 10 页，共 25 页 -11 4）That we failed to respond with love 5）When it was tendered 翻译：但是我们更加痛苦地回忆着，当花儿开放时我们没有

40、看到她的美丽，在别人给予我们爱的时候也没有用爱来做出回报。10.This is not an easy lesson to learn,especially when we are young and think that the world is ours to command,that whatever we desire(with the full force of our passionate being）can be ours 结构：本句有6 个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为is。think 后面有两个并列的由 that 引导的宾语从句，而第二个宾语从句里面有一个由whatever

41、引导的主语从句。(with the full force of our passionate being)分隔了主语从句和其谓语can be。being 是动名词。本句可以拆分为：1）This is not an easy lesson to learn 2）Especially when we are young and think 3）That the world is ours to command 4）That whatever we desire can be ours翻译：这不是容易学会的一课，尤其是当我们还年轻，认为这个世界是由我们掌控，而且认为无论我们渴望得到什么，只要充满激情

42、、全力以赴，就能实现。11.More than three million people live in inner London,and nearly five million people live in the surrounding suburban area,which is made up of formerly separate villages that have merged to form what is now called outer London结构：本句有5 个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为两个并列的live。which 引导非限定性定语从句修suburban ar

43、ea；that 引导定语从句修饰villages，而 what 引导 form 的宾语从句。可以拆分为：1）More than,people live in inner London2）And nearly five million people live in,area 3）The area is made up of,villages 4）The villages have merged to form 5）What is now called outer London名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 11 页，共 25 页 -12 翻译：三百多万人住在伦敦市区，将近五百多

44、万人住在周边郊区该地区由以前分散的村庄组成，后来逐渐合并形成今天所谓的外部伦敦。12.The journey and the stay are(by definition）outside the normal places of residence and work and are of short-term and temporary nature,and there is a clear intention to return home within a relatively short period of time结构：本句有三个并列的主句谓语动词。两个are 的共同主语是the jou

45、rney and the stay。(by definition)分割了are 和表语 outside the normal places。nature 在这里表示“本质、性质”的意思。本句可以拆分为：1）The journey and the stay are outside the normal places of residence and work 2）The journey and the stay are of short-term and temporary nature3）There is a clear intention to return home,翻译：（旅游中的）旅程

46、和停留从定义上讲是在通常的居住和工作处所之外的，而且有一种短暂的性质。在短期之内，还要有一个明确的回家的意图。13.The limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies结构：本句

47、有 3个谓语动词，其中第二个are focused 是主句的谓语动词。rather than 意思是“而非”，其前后并列两个on 引导的介词短语。拆分为：1）The limited investments are,focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills2）The investments are made in training workers 3）The skills make it possible to absorb new

48、technologies翻译：用于培训工人的有限投资也被集中用在训练完成下一个工作的必要技能上，而非用在可以吸收新技术的基本技能培训上。14.We have tried to isolate some of the key factors that govern service quality,and offer examples of organizations that manage service well and of some that manage it poorly 结构：本句有4 个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为have tried，不定式 to 后面并列两个动词isolate

49、 和 offer。两个 of 并 列作为 examples 的后置定语。of some 指代的是of some organizations。本句可以拆分为：名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 12 页，共 25 页 -13 1）We have tried to isolate some of the key factors and offer examples of organizations and of some2）Factors govern service quality 3）Organizations manage service well 4）Organization

50、s manage it poorly翻译：我们力图挑选出一些控制服务质量的关键因素，并且提供一些例子来说明某些机构把服务管理得很好，而有些却很差。15.Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals,and in doing so ensured their survival,by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and a