高考二轮专题语法复习语法系列动名词讲义.docx

《高考二轮专题语法复习语法系列动名词讲义.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《高考二轮专题语法复习语法系列动名词讲义.docx（57页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、动名词(Gerund)“动名词、现在分词”均以-ing结尾，有些语法书把它们统称为“-ing分词”。称谓上虽可划一，但实际用法和功能上相去甚远。为使读者便于掌握，便于使用，本书在“-ing分词”名下，仍使用传统语法术语“动名词、现在分词”进行论述。一、构成与特征动名词也是动词的一种非限定形式，由动词原形加-ing构成，与现在分词同形。动名词兼有动词和名词的特征和作用，其动词特征表现在可以带宾语、状语或表语。例如：Getting up early is considered a good habit.早起被认为是一种好习惯。(带状语)He dreamt of becoming an aviato

2、r.他梦想当一名飞行员。(带表语)At the meeting he stressed the importance of defeating their competitors.会上他强调了击败竞争对手的重要性。(带宾语)此外，动名词的动词特征还表现在它的语态和时态变化。例如：He insisted on his being assigned the mission.他坚持要给自己分配这项任务。(一般被动式)I know nothing about his having served in thearmy.我一点也不知道他服过役。(完成时)动名词的名词特征主要表现在它在句中可以充当主语或宾语

3、，还可以受形容词、代词和名词的修饰，前面也可以加冠词。例如：There is no justification for the running away in such haste.如此匆忙逃走是无法辩解的。All seems smooth sailing.一切看来都很顺利。What do you think of our class going out for an outing this weekend?你认为我们班周末出去郊游怎样？二、功能1.作主语Saying is easier than doing.说比做容易。Being poor is no disgrace.贫穷不是耻辱。Rea

4、ding is learning;applying is also learning.读书是学习，应用也是学习。Being late is an unforgivable sin here.在这里，迟到是一种不可原谅的严重过错。Did playing a tyrant make him act like a tyrant.扮演暴君使他的行为举止像暴君吗？Being a teacher is being present at the creation, when the clay begins to breathe.当一名教师就意味着亲历上帝造人的过程，目睹用泥土捏成的人体开始呼吸，开始了生命。

5、His coming here will be a great help.他到这儿来将大有帮助。(带逻辑主语)Your drinking so much wine is not good for health.你喝这么多酒对身体不好。(带逻辑主语)Jacks suddenly disappearing made them worried.杰克的忽然消失使他们十分担忧。(带逻辑主语和状语)Seeing much, suffering much, and studying much are the three pillars of learning.增广见闻，历经磨难，不断钻研是治学的三大支柱。T

6、oday being sunny makes us happy.今天阳光明媚，我们大家心情都很好。(带逻辑主语和表语)Having studied computer is animportant qualification for the job.学过计算机对于从事这项工作是一个重要条件。(完成时，带宾语)Having seen a lot of the world in ones youth is a good thing.年轻时见过很多世面是一件好事。(完成时，带宾语和状语)There being a bus stop so near the school is a greatadvant

7、age.有一个公共汽车站离学校这么近，真是一大便利。(there be结构)【提示】1use, good, pity, bore, time, fun, hard, funny, nice, odd, worth,difficult,worthwhile, interesting, tiring, better, foolish, enjoyable,pointless,crazy,terrible等名词或形容词作表语时，可用it作形式主语，把作主语的动名词后置。例如：是破ctas her going of like hot她就那样走了真Its no use waiting here.在这里等

8、没用。Its pointless arguing with him.同他争辩是白费口舌。Its rather tiring looking after the kids.照看孩子极为累人。It is dangerous your swimming in this river.你在这条河里游泳很危险。It is a blessing having a park so near.离公园这么近，真是件幸运的事。Its terrible not being allowed to smoke at all.这里根本就不允许抽烟，真难受。Its no good helping him.He doesnt

9、help himself.帮他没有用，他自己不争气。2“there is no+动名词”为常见结构，相当于itis impossible to do sth.。例如：There is no accounting for tastes.人各有所好。There is no persuading her.无法劝说她。There was no trusting such a man.这样的人不可信。There is no getting along with him.简直无法同他相处。There is now no turning back.现在只有前进，没有退路。There is no hiding

10、 of evil but not to do it.若要人不知，除非己莫为。2.作表语Her job was keeping the hall as clean as possible.她的工作是尽量使大厅保持整洁。Denying this will be shutting ones eyes to facts.否认这一点就是闭眼不看事实。That is asking for trouble.那是自找麻烦。The best policy is being honest.诚实方为上策。This report is dull reading.这篇报告读着很枯燥。The problem is the

11、ir having to face a lot ofdifficulties.问题是他们得面对诸多困难。(带逻辑主语)His aim is everybody having a good time.他的目的是大家都玩得愉快。(带逻辑主语，也可说everybodys having)Her regret is having done so much for him and being abandoned by him.她遗憾的是，曾为他奉献了那么多，而却被他抛弃了。(完成时，被动式)His trouble is having tried every means and being still po

12、or.他的麻烦是，一切办法都试过了，却依然贫穷。(完成时)3.作动词宾语He admitted taking the watch.他承认拿了手表。Youd better start believing me.你最好开始相信我。The day began folding up.天晚了，暮色四合。He loathed getting up early in the morning.他讨厌一大早就起床。They confessed hating the king.他们承认痛恨国王。I dont doubt their wanting to help.我不怀疑他们想帮忙。She was in low

13、spirits and even considered goingaway.她情绪低落，考虑着离开。She imagined finding a wallet on the sidewalk.她想象着自己在人行道上发现一个钱包。I appreciate her devoting herself to the cause ofeducation.我非常钦佩她献身于教育事业的精神。They bar playing cards for money.他们禁止打牌赌钱。You mustnt shirk doing your duty.你不能逃避责任。He owns being about to get

14、married.他承认快要结婚了。He did some telephoning.他打了几个电话。The government has banned logging to protect theenvironment.为了保护环境，政府已禁止砍伐木材。我不堪久候。I cant stand to be kept waiting. I cant stand being kept waiting.V下列动词后常跟动名词作宾语，其中有些可用sb./sth.doing结构：admit, stand, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, complete, consider, d

15、elay, deny, detest, enjoy, escape, excuse，fancy (=imaqine),finish, forgive, imagine, keep (=continue), mind, miss,pardon, postpone, practise,prevent, propose, recall, recollect, resent, risk, resist, suggest, advise, allow, permit, recommend, acknowledge, require, tolerate, picture, visualize, envis

16、ion, despise, relish,loathe, disdain, abhor,decline, reject, facilitate, defer,involve,imply, ensure, guarantee, confirm justify, substantiate, approve, endorse, favor, encourage, shirk, shun, bar, ban, prohibit, hinder, impede, omit, overlook, foresee, predict,contemplate等。但在advise，allow，permit,rec

17、ommend后，如果提到有关的人，可用动词不定式。例如：He advised me to leave right now.他劝我马上就离开。They dont allow us to park here.他们不许我们在这里停车。【提示】比较下面两句中动名词肯定式和否定式的不同含义：She excused/spared my doing the work.她免除了我做那项工作。(我不必做那项工作了)She excused/spared my not doing the work.她原谅了我没有做那项工作。(我没有做那项工作)4.作介词宾语I think I can coax Father int

18、o increasing my pocket money.我想我能说服父亲增加我的零花钱。She left the room without saying a word more.她没再多说什么就离开了房间。I am looking forward to meeting her.我盼望着和她会面。He bribed the boss into taking him.他贿赂老板留用了他。We get pleasure from loving and being loved.我们从爱别人和被别人爱中得到快乐。She took it as meaning yes.她以为那意味着同意。Reading

19、a good book is like talking with a loftyperson.读一本好书就像是在和一位高尚的人谈话。Dressing well is about being polite in society.穿着讲究是有教养的表现。The business has expanded from having one office to having twelve.这家公司已从一个分公司发展到拥有12个分公司了。He is in danger of boiling over at the injustice of itall.面对这一切的不公平，他怒火中烧，随时可能爆发。They

20、 are aware there is a difference between being loving and acting loving, andbetween being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable.他们明白爱与装爱、博学与装博学之间的区别。1 动名词作介词宾语常用在某些词组后面go on, get through,insist on,persist in, keep on, accuse.of, think of, care for, give up, put off, dream of, suspect.of, charge.wit

21、h, prevent. from, be engaged in, thank.for, feel like, excuse. for, aim at, devote.to, depend on, set about, be capable of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, be interested in, be keen on, be responsible for, apologize for, believe in,dream of, worry about, aid sb.in,pay attention to

22、,advice on, difficulty in,fancy for对的迷恋，genius for做的天赋，take to喜欢，no harm in无害处，abstain from避免，motive for动机，object to反对，passion for的热情，plan for的计划，surprise at对感到吃惊，adapt at/in熟练于，aware of意 识 到，apprehensive of对担忧，apologetic for道歉，confident of对有信心，equal to胜任，exact in精确，fond of喜爱，guilty of为内疚，fearful of

23、害怕，hopeful of希望，awkward at笨拙，intent on决意，suitable for适合，unconscious of未意识到，right in做得对，desirous of渴望，wrong in在错，等，这些词组后跟动名词。例如：He is intent on carrying out the experiment.他专注于进行这项实验。You are wrong in accepting her gift.你接受她的礼品是错误的。She is apologetic for breaking the vase.她为打破了花瓶表示道歉。There is no harm i

24、n trying again.再试一次也无妨。He took to going out for a walk in the evening.他喜欢晚间散散步。She felt like going out.她想要出去。She is desirous of winning the match.她渴望赢这场比赛。(也可说desirous to win the match)True happiness consists in being contented withoneself.真正的幸福在于知足。He got married previous to going abroad.他在出国前结了婚。【

25、提示】 cannot help+动名词=cannot avoid/resist+动名词 =cannot refrain/keep/desist/abstainfrom+动名词=cannot hold/keep back from+动名词=cannot choose but+动词原形或cannot but+动词原形。例如：She couldnt abstain from/keep back from smiling at the nodding flowers.看见迎风招展的花儿，她喜不自禁，笑盈盈的。2 动名词作介词宾语构成的介词短语，在句中可起状语作用She left without say

26、ing goodbye to us.她没有向我们告别就走了。3 动名词作介词宾语构成的介词短语，在句中可起定语作用Hismethodoforganizing the workiscommendable.他组织这项工作的办法是值得称赞的。He hasnt much experience in running factories.他没有多少管理工厂的经验。这类介词短语(介词+动名词)作定语修饰的名词常见的有：way (of), method (of),art (of)，chance (of), opportunity (of), habit (of), hope(of)，process (of)，

27、possibility (of)，importance(of), necessity (of), intention (of), honor (of), means (of), right (of), surprise (at),astonishment (at), excuse (for), apology (for), plan (for),idea (of),experience (in), skill (in),purpose (of), practice (of), choice (of), custom (of), object (of), aptitude (for)等。这类名词

28、有些可以接“介词+动名词”，也可接不定式，意义上一般没有区别。例如：intention of doing sth.intention to do sth.(意愿)mood of doing sth.mood to do sth.(心绪)reason of doing sth.reason to do sth.(理由)way of doing sth.way to do sth.(方法)time for doing sth.time to do sth.(时间)necessity of doing sth.necessity to do sth.(必要)patience in doing sth

29、.patience to do sth.(耐心)propensity for doing sth.propensity to do sth.(倾向)desire of doing sth.desire to do sth.(欲望)freedom in doing sth.freedom to do sth.(自由)honour of doing sth.honour to do sth.(荣幸)opportunity of doing sth.opportunity to do sth.(机会)objection of doing sth.objection to do sth.(反对)cho

30、ice of doing sth.choice to do sth.(选择)capacity of doing sth.capacity to do sth.(能力)failure in doing sth.failure to do sth.(失败)chance of doing sth.chance to do sth.(机会)claim of doing sth.claim to do sth. (要求)attempt at doing sth.attempt to do sth.(企图)aversion to doing sth.aversion to do sth. (厌恶)【提示】

31、1下面两个词组接动名词或不定式均可：entitle sb.to doing sth.entitle sb.to do sth.(使有权利)see ones way to doing sth.see ones way to do sth.(设法)Their educational qualifications entitle them togetting/to get a high salary.他们的教育资历使他们有权利得到高薪水。Father hoped that she could see her way to settling/to settle the dispute.父亲希望她能够想

32、办法解决争端。2名词refusal, promise, effort, desire, attempt, ability, ambition, resolution, tendency, determination, failure等后不可接“of+动名词”，但可以接不定式结构。例如：He burns with an ambition of winning fame.(应改为to win)He has the ability of translating the book.X(应改为to translate或in translating)在purpose，method，idea，habit等后

33、只能接“of+动名词”，不可接不定式，比如：the good idea of playing snowball(不说toplay)，for the purpose ofwinning(不说to win)，in the habit of rising early(不说to rise), a new method of learning (不说tolearn)。4某些形容词后既可接“介词+动名词”，也可接不定式。例如：content with doing sth.content to do sth.(满足的)proud of beingproud to be(自豪的)fortunate in do

34、ing sth.fortunate to do sth.(幸运的)unworthy of beingunworthy to be(不值得的)5.作定语1动名词可以作定语No one is allowed to speak aloud in the readingroom.阅览室里不准大声说话。That is a shop dealing in walking sticks.那是一家出售手杖的商店。2动名词作定语修饰名词，两者结合即构成合成名这类合成名词很多，常见的有：sleeping-bag睡袋 dining-car餐车running-track跑道 hunting ground猎场waiti

35、ng room候车室 washingline晾衣绳swimming pool游泳池 sleeping pill安眠药片fishing rod钓竿 living/sitting room客厅flying suit飞行服 singing competition歌咏比carving knife雕刻刀 parking lot/space停车场consulting room诊室 drawing pin图钉dressing table梳妆台 hearing aid助听器freezing point冰点 watering can洒水壶drinking water饮用水 bathing suit游泳衣fryi

36、ng pan煎锅 a reading report书面报告cooling system冷却系统 operating room手术washing liquid洗涤剂 drivinglicence驾驶证cooking oil食用油 parking meter停车计时表magnifying glass放大镜 drilling platform钻井marketing manager销售经理 racing car赛车fishing ground渔场 rowing boat用桨划的小the burning point燃点 milking machine挤奶器wedding clothes婚礼穿的衣服 a

37、provingground器材试验场比较：finishing touches最后的润饰 a finishedproduct成品alosing battle必败的战争 a lost cause败局已定的事业writing desk写字台 written language书面语closing time下班时间 a closed shop已关门的商店a sleeping car卧车 a sleeping child熟睡的孩3 在一部分合成名词中，动名词位于名词之后family planning计划生育 zebra crossing人行横道newspaper cutting(s)剪报 spring p

38、lowing春耕stamp collecting集邮 job-hunting找工作watersurfing冲浪 window-shopping逛商店water-proofing防水 fire fighting消防工作sunbathing日光浴 shoplifting在商店里偷东weightlifting举重 horse-riding骑马house-warming庆祝乔迁的晚会6.作状语虽然动名词本身不能作状语，但“介词+动名词”结构的介词短语可以起状语作用，表示时间、原因、目的、让步、方式等。例如：After getting up in the morning, he went out for

39、 a walk.早晨起床后，我就出去散步了。(时间)Jim was praised for having broken a record.吉姆因破了纪录而受到赞扬。(原因)With all his boasting,Henry achieved very little.尽管大吹大擂，亨利的成就并不大。(让步)They went to the front by riding in a truck.他们坐卡车去了前线。(方式)He went there with the object of winning herfavor.他去那里是为了赢得她的欢心。(目的)【提示】She was a long

40、time replving to my letter.一句可译为“她拖了很长时间才给我回信。”句中的replying为动名词，可看作前面省略了in，表示“在某方面”，可视为状语。这种句型中的动名词短语亦可换为before从句；有时，这种句型可译为“花了干某事”，有spend的含义。例如：He was a whole month writing the paper.他写这篇论文花了一个月时间。The committee were not long reaching theconclusion.委员会不久就作出了结论。Mark was a long time getting rid of his

41、bad habits.马克改掉他的坏习惯用了很长时间。(相当于A long time had passed before he got rid of his bad habits.)7.作主语补足语What she is going through is called being in labor.她现在经历的就叫做分娩。8.作宾语补足语He called that killing two birds with one stone.他称那为一箭双雕。三、动名词的复合结构动名词可以有逻辑主语，一般规则是：1逻辑主语是有生命名词时，用名词或代词所有格(若作主语时，其逻辑主语只用所有格，若作宾语，逻

42、辑主语也可用通格)；逻辑主语是无生命名词、抽象概念名词或句子时，只用通格；逻辑主语是以s结尾的名词或是一个以上名词构成的词组，只用通格；逻辑主语是数词、指示代词或不定代词this,that，there, somebody, someone, nobody, none,anybody，anyone时，一般用通格。例如：Toms coming is what we have expected.汤姆的到来是我们预料到的。(有生命)His leaving is a great loss.他的离开是一个很大的损失。(有生命)Mother disliked me/my working late.母亲不喜欢

43、我工作到很晚。(有生命)He cannot permit his daughter and son beinginsulted.他不许他女儿和儿子受到侮辱。I cant restrain my anger when I hear of people being cruel to animals.听到有人虐待动物的时候，我就抑制不住愤怒。She is afraid of you/your ruining yourself.她怕你毁了自己。She is ashamed of her son being a prisoner.她为自己的儿子是个囚犯而羞愧。I object to anyone/any

44、ones smoking in the room.我反对任何人在房间里抽烟。It ended in Barbara/Barbaras finding the wallet.最后芭芭拉找到了钱包才收了场。She was angry at me/my forgetting to lock thedoor.我忘了锁门，她很生气。I am surprised at him/his not helping at all.他一点也不愿帮忙，我很惊讶。The meeting was cancelled without her having been consulted.事先没跟她商量就把这次会议取消了。(有

45、生命)I encourage them/their studying science.我鼓励他们学习科学。(有生命)I am astonished at Mary suddenly becoming rich.我对玛丽突然富起来感到吃惊。(有生命，介词宾语)She darenot gothere without mother accompanying her.没有母亲陪伴，她不敢去那里。(有生命，介词宾语)I dont like Jack and Henry speaking ill of eachother.我不喜欢杰克和亨利两人互相攻击。(两个有生命名词)Iam not surprised

46、 at old and young falling in love with her.年轻的和年迈的都爱上了她，这我并不感到奇怪。(两个有生命名词)I never heard of a person of character doing suchathing.我从没听说过有操行的人做过这种事。(有生命词组)It was quite unexpected the students finishing the exam so soon.学生们这么快就答完考卷，是十分出乎意料的。(s结尾)His sister Helen getting married last week was a great e

47、vent in the town.他姐姐海伦上周结婚在这座小城里可是件大事。(名词词组)The glory of the marshal counts on many soldiers dying on the battlefield.一将功成万骨枯。(s结尾)This cannot be said without some getting angry.这话说出来非得罪人不可。(指示代词)Iam doubtful of this being the best choice.我怀疑这是最佳选择。(指示代词)She is fond of coffee being served after dinn

48、er.她喜欢饭后喝点咖啡。(无生命)Is there any hope of our team winning the match?我们队有希望获胜吗？(无生命)In spite of the four telling the same story, I couldnt believe it.尽管4个人异口同声，但我还是不相信。(数词)He is opposedto the idea of money beingeverything.他反对“金钱就是一切”这种观念。(无生命)He was awakened by somebody shouting outside.有人在外面高声叫喊把他吵醒了。(不定