高考英语阅读理解推理判断题的解题技巧.doc

《高考英语阅读理解推理判断题的解题技巧.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《高考英语阅读理解推理判断题的解题技巧.doc（13页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、高考英语阅读理解推理题的解题技巧考试说明关于阅读能力的考查不但要求学生要理解具体事实细节，也要理解抽象的含义；既要理解字面意思，又要理解其深层含义，包括作者的态度、观点、意图等；既要求理解文章中某句、某段的含义及全文的逻辑关系，又要求根据其含义及逻辑关系进行判断和推理。 NMET中，推理判断题的考查每年都占阅读理解试题的一半左右。推理判断试题属于高层次阅读理解题，很多考生对此类题型的解答感到很吃力，没有把握。下面结合近年高考试题，谈谈推理判断题的解题技巧，希望对大家复习备考有所帮助。 一、推理题常见的提问形式 常以infer，imply，suggest，conclude，learn，inten

2、d，mean，describe，purpose等词提问。或提问中含有表示推测的情态动词，如can，could，might，would等和其他表示可能性的动词，如probably，most likely等。 二、推理题的解题思路 如何做好推理判断题？笔者以为，考生做题时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”。 首先，要求考生在阅读时，要抓住文章的主题和细节，分析文章结构，根据上下文内在联系，挖掘文章的深层含义。在进行推理时，考生一定要仔细阅读短文，千万不可脱离原文而仅凭个人的看法，主观臆断。其次，对于暗含在文章

3、中的人物的行为动机、事件的因果关系及作者未言明的倾向、意图、态度、观点等要进行合乎逻辑的判断、推理、分析，进一步增强理解能力，抓住材料实质性的东西。 再次，在解答推理性问题时，应清楚所要解答的问题是针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。 针对细节的推断可运用scanning方法，迅速在阅读材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。 针对主题思想作推断时，其解题的主要依据是文章的主题思想，然后再分析句子之间的逻辑关系，区分观点与例证(opinion and fact)、原因与结果(cause and effect)、主观点与次观点(main idea and su

4、pporting idea)。 三、推理题的解题方法 1. 抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理 做此类试题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。 例 2003安徽春季D篇 69. The text suggests that not getting enough sleep might make you _. A. suffer from poor health B. feel tired and nervous C. dream more often D. breathe quickly 解析 解题时抓住第

5、一段After a busy day of work and play, the body needs to rest. Sleep is necessary for good health. During this time, the body recovers from the activities of the day. The rest that you get while sleeping makes it possible for your body to prepare itself for the next day. 中Sleep is necessary for good h

6、ealth.去理解。利用逆向思维，我们很容易推断出这一结论：一个人睡眠不足会对他的健康有害(suffer from poor health), 所以答案为。 2. 整合全文（段）信息进行推断 做推理题时，有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论。 例NMET1998 D篇 65 Which of the following is the immediate cause of the sinking of the Bismarck？ A The British air strikes B The damage done by the Hood C

7、 Gunfire from the British warships D Luetjens decision to run for France 解析 德国军舰Bismarck号素有“不沉舰”的美称，然而最后还是“葬身海底”。造成这种下沉的直接原因是什么？短文中未直接陈述。这就需要我们利用短文中的信息综合起来去推断。 德军舰第一次与英军舰交火后，But in the fight，the Bismarck was slightly damaged可见，英军舰Hood号给德军舰Bismarck号造成的损坏不足以使它下沉。故B不对。第一次交火后，德军舰Bismarck号上的指挥官Luetjens命令

8、军舰驶向法国进行维修（Her commander decided to run for repairs to France，which had at that time been taken by the Germans），这更不是使它下沉的直接原因。D也不对。5月26日，英国空军发现 Bismarck并向Bismarck开火（Trying to slow the Bismarck down so that their ships could catch up with her，the British fired at her from the airThe Bismarck was hit）

9、，Bismarck被击中。正如文中所讲，英国空军主要是想拦截Bismarck号，使它减速，以便后面的英舰赶上。这表明英空军对Bismarck开火也不足以使Bismarck下沉，A也不对。On the morning of May 27，the last battle was foughtFour British ships fired on the Bismarck，and she was finally sunk 5月27日四艘英国战舰赶到并一齐向Bismarck开火（Four British ships fired on the Bismarck），最后使她下沉（She was final

10、ly sunk）。这就是直接原因，故正确选项为C。 3. 利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断 几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态及作者的写作意图，因此利用好文章的语境褒贬性就能在把握主旨文意的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。认真阅读原文并找出反映语境褒贬性及变化的标志性词汇或句子，对我们掌握文章主旨文意，了解主人公的心理特点及发展变化，从而正确地进行逻辑推断很有好处。 例 NMET2000年阅读理解B篇 59 The writers purpose in writing this story is _ A to tell an interesting exp

11、erience B to show the easiest way out of difficulty C to describe the trouble facing a newly married woman D to explain the difficulty of learning to cook from books 从原文中 As I was not experienced in cooking , I thought if a dozen was good , two dozen would be better , so I doubled everything .I had

12、been defeated , I put the dough in the rubbish bin outside so I wouldnt have to face Doug laughing at my work , I dont know who was more embarrassed(尴尬)by the whole thing Doug or me. 可看出文章叙述了一位新婚主妇按烹调书做发面失败的尴尬经历。 但是全文充满了一种讽刺幽默的笔调, 文章最后一句带俏皮感，说明主人公心情并不沉重，而是感到有点好笑，所以答案应选A。作者写作目的是自述一次有趣的经历。选项B肯定为错误答案，因

13、为它与本文首句(The easy way out isnt always easiest)不合; D反映作者写作目的是解释从书本上学烹饪的困难，也不对，因为作者并未详细介绍主人公从书本上学烹饪是如何力不从心的; 主人公并不会天天面对这种烦恼，选项C为错误答案。 虽然全文语境含贬义，但文章的言外之意需要读者对作者写作意图做深层挖掘,若不然就会被误导而作出错误判断。 4. 根据文章的结论推断作者的态度 作者态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中

14、。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。 例 Why isnt your newspaper reporting any good news？All I read about is murder， bribery（行贿），and deathFrankly，Im sick of all this bad news This authors attitude towards the newspaper reporting is to _ A complain B apologize C amuse D inform 解析 作者一是向读者说明这份报纸上只登载坏新闻

15、，如凶杀、行贿受贿和死亡等；二是在字里行间流露出自己的抱怨情绪 （对坏新闻厌恶透了），故应选A。 5. 根据上下文的逻辑得出结论 逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。做这类题时，应把握作者的写作思路，预测下文可能发展的内容。文章可按事件发展的经过描写，也可按因果关系, 对比关系来描写。 例 We are in the computer ageWe often see computers at workThey are especially useful in automati

16、c control，data processing（数据处理）and solving complicated problemsAnd they are finding their way into the homeThe part played by computers is becoming even more important with each passing day More and cleverer computers will continue to appearThey will run faster，have more functions and work much more

17、 skillfullyThey will take over more tasks from us，helping to change the face of our worldSome people even think that sooner or later computers will replace us However Which of the following statements will best continue the third paragraph？ A Computers will soon stop developing B Many people like co

18、mputers very much C Computers are as clever as man D I do not think computers will replace us completely 解析 本文采用了对比关系法来描写，前面描写了计算机的长处，但作者用However一词预示着将引出相反的观点，故答案为D。 6. 结合已有的知识进行推断 知识推断是根据文章中所阐述的细节，运用自己 掌握的基础知识进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原义的结论的一种推断方法。知识推断题一般都是针对细节。解答此类题，不仅需要我们有一定的社会基础知识，而且还需要对细节以及有关背景知识有一个充分的理解

19、。 例 NMET1996 A篇 53. After reading the story what can we infer about the hospital? A. It is a childrens hospital. B. It has strict rules about visiting hours. C. The conditions there arent very good. D. The nurses and doctors there dont work hard. 解析 本文讲述了一位母亲采用拖地计谋混进病房探视女儿的故事。由常识可知医院内拖地并非医生护士的工作，选项D

20、不对。C项与文中的Its a fine hospital意思相矛盾。A项依据不充分，女儿未必都是儿童。正确答案是B。文中I told her about the hospital rules, and she will not expect us until tomorrow. 则暗示此规章在探视时间上是严格规定的，而且在实际生活中我们都知道医院探视病人是有严格的制度的。如何做高考英语阅读理解推断题高考英语阅读理解中的推断题，要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题，做这类题目时，同学们要严格依据作者

21、所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措词、态度和语气，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词句，然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。根据近几年高考英语推断题的考查情况，本文拟就对隐含意义的推断、作者观点的推断、写作目的推断以及材料出处的推断等四种典型的推断题类型进行分析，以帮助同学们熟练应对。一、如何推断隐含意义1推断隐含意义的提问方式It can be inferred from the text that. According to, we can infer that .From the text we know that is most likely .When

22、the writer talks about , what the writer really means is .The writer suggests that .The story implies that .We can infer conclude from the passage that .这类题干中通常常含有infer, suggest, imply, conclude, intend, purpose, be likely to等标志性词语。2. 干扰项的设置特点在通常情况下，这类试题的干扰项具有以下特点：或是文章中直接用于表达细节的信息，或是文章中无关紧要或片面推出的结论，

23、或是与文章内容完全相反的结论，或是不合常理或不合逻辑的结论等。3. 答题误区同学们在做类题目时，很容易误选文段中直接用于表达信息的选项或表示片面结论的选项。4. 技巧点拨一是要全面分析所有相关信息，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。二是要忠实原文，切忌脱离原文，凭空臆断。三是注意不要选择表层信息答案，应该立足由已知推断未知。实例分析（江西卷）A stronger argument comes from research into school results. Girls grow up earlier than boys, tend to be more orderly and are likel

24、y to be better at languages. In a mixed class, boys who might do well in a single-sex class become discouraged and take on the rule of troublemaker. Certainly in the UK this situation has greatly alarmed(惊动) the government for it to be encouraging co-educational schools to have some single-sex class

25、es. In the UK the best schools are all single-sex, strongly suggesting that co-education is not the best answer. This may, however, not be as simple as it looks. It may simply be that the famous old schools that attract the best students happen to be single-sex, rather than that being single-sex mak

26、es them better schools.At the end of the passage the writer suggests that _. A. single-sex schools are the best schools in the UKB. being single-sex does not necessarily make a school betterC. co-educational schools are better for both sexes in personal developmentD. because boys cannot compete with

27、 girls in study, they go to single-sex schools【解题思路分析】答案选 B。作者在罗列In a mixed class, boys who might do well in a single-sex class become discouraged and take on the rule of troublemaker和In the UK the best schools are all single-sex等事实后，得出了It may simply be that the famous old schools that attract the b

28、est students happen to be single-sex, rather than that being single-sex makes them better schools这个结论。要做对上面这道题，正确理解文章末尾这句结论性的句子至关重要。这里尤其要注意句中的rather than这个关键性词语，它的意思是“而不是”，用于否定或排除其后引出的内容。故只有选项B最合适。 二、如何推断作者观点1. 提问方式The writers attitude toward is_.The writer thought that_.The writer According to the

29、author _.2. 干扰选项此类试题的干扰项通常具有以下特点：或是自己的某种看法或观点，或是社会的一种普遍种倾向，或是与本文无关或与作者相反的观点或看法等。3. 答题误区：容易误选与自己的看法相吻合的选项。4. 技巧点拨： 注意作者在文中的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子，才能推断出作者的弦外之音。实例分析（江西卷）Just as crying can be healthy, not cryingholding back tears of anger, pain or sufferingcan be bad for physical(身体的) health. Stu

30、dies have shown that too much control of emotions can lead to high blood pressure, heart problems and some other illnesses. If you have a health problem, doctors will certainly not ask you to cry. But when you feel like crying, dont fight it. Its a naturaland healthyemotional response(反应).According

31、to the author, which of the following statements is true?A. Crying is the best way to get help from others.B. Fighting back tears may cause some health problems.C. We will never know our deep feelings unless we cry.D. We must cry if we want to reduce pressure.【解题思路分析】答案选B。作者在文章中说Studies show that to

32、o much control can lead to high blood press, heart problems and other illnesses，即过多地忍住情感（如忍住不哭等ch control can lead to high blood press, ）有可能会导致健康问题。这里虽然用了Studies show (研究表明)这样的字眼，但作者在此显然是为增加说服力而特意采用的一种表现手法，也就是说，研究所表明的结果就是作者的观点，故最佳答案为B。 三、如何推断写作目的 1. 提问方式(1) 考查整篇文章The writer writes this passage in or

33、der to _.The writers purpose of writing this passage is to _.What is the purpose of writing this article? In writing the passage, the author intends to _.(2) 考查某处细节的写作意图The writer uses the example ofto show that _.The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to _.are mentioned i

34、n the first paragraph to _.常见的写作目的归纳不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的, 但写作目的通常有以下三种：(1)to entertain readers（娱乐读者，让人发笑）(2) to persuade readers（说服读者接受某种观点）(3) to inform readers（告知读者某些信息）。技巧点拨 (1) 根据文体类别推断写作目的这就要求我们了解在历年高考阅读题中，不同文体与三种目的的大致对应关系，这有助于做好此类试题。第一种写作目的（to entertain readers）常见于故事类的文章。如全国卷曾有一篇阅读文章，作者虚构了两个宇航员在太空工

35、作的情形，一个宇航员Joe做完了修理工作后要回到飞船上，用力敲了多次飞船的门，但门都没开，最后才传来这样一句话“Whos there ?” “Its me ! Who else could it be ?”Joe生气地大喊。在这一问一答中作者的写作目的就跃然纸上：因为太空处于真空状态，不能传播声音，因此本文纯属虚构，写作目的是想令人发笑（to make people laugh）。而全国卷的另一篇阅读文章，则更多地选择那些可以显示两个主人公的笨拙的细节，目的是为了表现事情的有趣（to tell an interesting experience），从而达到娱乐读者的目的。第二种写作目的（to

36、persuade readers to sell a product or a service），或是要通过对旅游景点报刊杂志影片电视节目等的介绍来达到他的写作目的：吸引更多的游客读者或订户观众等（to attract more visitors / readers / audience）。如广东卷曾有篇阅读理解文章介绍了四种杂志的内容和价格，其目的是to get more readers to subscribe。另一篇全国卷的阅读理解文章则介绍了一种被称为“篮子里的聚会”的家庭服务计划，文章内容包括服务的创意服务的内容以及服务的价格和联系方式，由此我们可以推断出作者的写作目的是：to se

37、ll a service。第三种写作目的（to inform readers）多见于科普类新闻报道类文化类或社会类的文章，了解这类文章的写作目的有赖于对文章主题的正确把握，阅读时有必要找准文章的主题句，或较好地对主题加以归纳如全国卷有篇阅读文章，一开始我们就读到了这样的一个问题：“Excused from recycling because you live in a high rise with a rubbish chute?” 这是介绍新产品或新思路的一种常见手法，可由此初步推断写作意图，作者在接下来的两个段落对这种废物回收装置作了具体的描述，并在最后一段告诉了我们这种装置的最大优点，把

38、握了这些关键信息，我们也就明白了作者的意图：to introduce a recycling system for high rises上海卷的一篇阅读文章，一开始给出了文章的主题句In toy stores, what is old is new again之后从generational effect , economic factors 和marketing techniques三个方面分析了20世纪80年代的玩具又再重新热销的原因，这就是作者写本文的目的：to analyze the reappearance of toys popular in the 1980从写用手法来推断写作目的

39、请看一个实例（广东卷）“Have you ever been out on a boat and felt it lifted up by a wave? Or have you jumped in the water and felt the rush of energy as waves came over you?” asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group at the University of Edinburgh.“There is certainly a lot of energy in waves,” he said.The wri

40、ter uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to _.A. test the readersknowledge about waves B. draw the readers attention to the topicC. show Jamie Taylors importance D. invite the readers to answer them【分析】作者在文章开头提出问题让读者思考，或是简单介绍与主题有关的其他事物，目的往往是为了引出主题（to draw the readers attention to t

41、he topic / to serve as an introduction to the discussion），故选B），故选。 四、如何推断文章出处 1. 提问方式 推断文章出处的设题形式有：The passage is most likely to be taken from_. Where would this passage most probably appear? The passage is most likely a part of_. 2. 解题技巧 这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处：(1)报纸：前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。(2)广告：因其格式特殊，容易辨认

42、。(3)产品说明：器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等。实例分析（全国卷）实例分析（全国卷）Do you always understand the directions on a bottle of medicine? Do you know what is meant by “Take only as directed?” Read the following directions and see if you understand them. To reduce pain, take two tablets(药片) with water

43、, followed by one tablet every eight hours, as required. For night-time and early morning relief (缓解疼痛) take two tablets at bedtime. Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours. For children six to twelve years old, give half the amount (量). For children under six years old, ask your doct

44、ors advice. Reduce the amount if you suffer from rest lessness or sleeplessness after taking the medicine.This text is most probably taken from a _.A. textbook B. newsreel C. doctors notebook D. bottle of medicine【解题思路分析】此题极易误选D。的确，人们常在药瓶上的说明中看到文章直接引语部分的文字内容，但是像第一段这样的内容不可能出现在药瓶上。由此可见，这一段文章应选自教科书中有关如

45、何读服药说明的课文，故选A。 五、一点特别说明 阅读理解中的推断题通常涉及的是作者的看法、意图与态度，即作者本人在文章字里行间所表达的观点或看法，此时千万不要误认为是在问“你”(考生)的想法。请看一个例子（全国卷）：Maybe ten-year-old Elizabeth put it best when she said to her father. “But, Dad, you cant be healthy if youre dead.” Dad, in a hurry to get home before dark so he could go for a run, had forgo

46、tten to wear his safety belta mistake 75% of the US population make every day. The big question is why.Why did Elizabeth say to her father, “But, Dad, you cant be healthy if youre dead?A. He was driving at great speed. B. He was running across the street. C. He didnt wear his safety belt【解题思路分析】10岁的女儿对父亲说：“爸爸，你若死了，也就不可能健康了。”女儿为什么这样说呢？下文告诉我们：父亲匆匆忙忙在天黑之前开车赶回家，以便跑步锻炼身体，但却在开车回家时忘记系安全带。显