科技论文英文的规范表达-句法.pptx

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1、第十一章 科技论文英文的规范表达-句法,1,一 、插入语、否定、时态、语态、形容词和副词的比较级,具有主谓结构的插入语,位于主句中一般处于主语或连系动词之后，有逗号分开。 This book is, we hope, a concise introduction to communications systems.,2,The rules must be few, and, what is more important, simple.,位于从句中一般跟在从句主语后，有时有逗号分开，但一般没有逗号分开。 Ohms law has a few forms which it will be fou

2、nd are very useful. 欧姆定律具有几种形式，我们将会发现这些形式是非常有用的,3,思考如何写这个句子 1.人们将会注意到，这个像是个实像（real image）。,4,否定 1)一定要使用no，none，neither等词来表示全否定 所有这些问题均不能立即得到解决。 None of these problems can be solved at once 没有哪本书是十全十美的。 No book is perfect,5,2) 使用every，both，all等与not连用采表示部分否定而并不能表示全否定 这些值并非都正确。 All these values are not

3、 correct 这两本书并非都适用。 Both books are not suitable,6,3分钟练习 1.现有的教科书（textbooks）都没有提到这一点。 available have mentioned this point. 2. 这些x值（x values）并非都能满足（satisfy）方程。 these x values can not satisfy this equation.,7,1.No textbooks available OR: None of the textbooks available have mentioned this point. 2.All

4、these x values can not satisfy this equation.,8,时态 1在有“by+时间的句中应该使用完成时态(表示状态的动词不用完成时) 到1980年，该公司已生产了1000台雷达。 By 1980 the corporation had produced 1000 radars 2用现在完成进行时来强调“一直在进行某项工作”的含义 这些年来他们一直在研制一种新型飞机。 In recent years，they have been developing a new type of aircraft,9,3句中有具体的过去时间时只能用一般过去时，而不能用过去(或

5、现在)完成时 在20世纪40年代他们设计出了第一代电子计算机。 In the 1940s，they designed the first generation of electronic computers 4在写论文摘要时，表达“本文讨论了”等的句型中一般都应使用一般现在时而不应使用一般过去时。如： 本文论述了调制信号的特点。 This paper deals with the features of modulated signals,10,语态 1，没有被动语态的几种情况 不及物动词、不及物短语动词(如take place)、具有被动含义的不及物短语动词(如consist of)以及具有

6、被动含义的动宾结构的短语动词(如find use (application) in)和有些表示状态、特征的及物动词(如have)均没有被动语态形式。,11,2，一种常用的表示法 在科技文中表示“人们”时一般应使用被动语态句或用one作主语的主动句。 早在19世纪20年代人们就认识到这种金属可用在工业上。 As early as the 1820s，it had been realized that this metal could be used in industry. 当时人们发现电流能产生热效应。 At that time it was found that an electric cu

7、rrent can produce the heating effect,12,形容词和副词的比较等级 （1）“得多”的表示方法 much far well considerably +比较级 greatly significantly a great deal,13,太阳比其它星星亮得多。 The sun is much brighter than other stars 这道题比那道复杂得多。 This problem is much more complicated than that one,14,（2）“达”的表达方法 As+形容词as表示数量的短语 该终端离计算中心的距离远达三公里

8、。 The distance of the terminal from the computing center is as great as three kilometers.,15,1.月球距地球远达24万英里。,The distance of the moon from the earth is as great as 240000 miles.,思考如何写作如下句子,16,（3）“越来越”的表示方法 1)对于单音节的形容词或副词来说，采用“er ander”形式或“everer”形式。 计算机的应用越来越广泛。 The applications of computers are wid

9、er and wider. (或：The applications of computers are ever wider) 2)对于多音节的形容词或副词来说，采用“more and more”或“increasingly”的形式。 电子设备变得越来越复杂了。 Electronic devices have become more and more complicated. (或：Electronic devices have become increasingly complicated. ),17,（4）The+比较级the+比较级 越越,频率越高，容抗越小。 The higher the

10、 frequency (is) the smaller the capacitive reactance (will be),18,3分钟 练习： 物体运动得越快，其具有（posse）的动能（kinetic energy）越大。 the body moves，kinetic energy it will possess,The faster the body moves，the greater kinetic energy it will possess,19,（5）表示“有多少个B就有多少个A”的句型 As many +A名词 as there are +B名词 These energy b

11、ands are actually composed of a lot of individual energy levels, as many as there are atoms in the crystal. 这些能带实际上是由许多单个能级构成的，而晶体中有多少个原子就有多少个能级。,20,二 从句,1、状语从句 写状语从句时一般只要注意正确选择从属连词即可。另外，尚需了解以下几点： 1）表示原因的连词 常见的有下面几个，其表示原因的语气由强至弱的排列如下：,21,(1)because(in that)：它表示的原因构成了句子的最主要部分，从句往往放在主句后。 A rotating bo

12、dy possesses kinetic energy because its constituent particles are in motion 旋转的物体具有动能，因为其所有的组成微粒都处于运动状态。 (2)since(in that)：它表示的原因已为人们所知，或不如句子的其余部分重要；它比as 稍微更正式一些，从句一般放在主句前(科技文中也常放在主句后)。 Since k and m are both constants，the ratio km is constant 既然是k和m均为常数，所以km比值是恒定的。,22,(3)as(now that)：其用法与since类同，从句

13、一般处在主句前。 As air has weight，it exerts force on any object immersed in it 由于空气具有重量，所以它对处于其中的任何物体都要施加一个力。 Now that we have discussed the meaning of a graphical solution of a system of simultaneous equations and the method of plotting a line，we are in a position to find graphical solutions of systems of

14、 linear equations 由于我们已讨论了联立方程组的图解的含义及画线的方法，我们现在能求出线性方程组的图解了。,23,(4)for：由它引出的句子使人觉得所述的理由只是一种补充说明而已，它是一个等立连词，引出的句子为并列句而不是状语从句，它只能放在前一句的后面。偶尔也有单独成为一句的。 In previous chapters we did not use the trigonometric，inverse trigonometric，exponential，or logarithmic functions，for the derivative of each of these i

15、s a special form. 在前面几章我们并没有使用三角函数、反三角函数、指数或对数函数，因为其各自的导数均为一种特殊的形式。,24,2)，表示“当时候”的连词 以下三个词在科技文中使用时常见有如下的基本区别(虽然它们时常可相互换用)： (1)when：它引出的从句表示的动作往往为一点，而这时主句的动作也多表示为一点。 When a rocket is launched from the earths surface，the thrust of its engines must exceed its weight for it to rise from the ground 当火箭从地

16、球表面发射时，其发动机的推力必须超过其重量以使它升离地面。,25,（ 2）while：它引出的从句往往采用进行时态，从句中的动作一般持续一段时间，而主句的动作则多表示一点或一种状态。 It is possible for a body to remain in one place while it is rotating 物体转动时能够固定在某一地点。 While the transistor is off，the ac load line is horizontal 当晶体管截止时，交流负载线是水平的。,26,（ 3） as：它引导的从句中的动作一般与主句的动作均表示持续一段时间，它们同时发

17、生。 As radio waves travel along the surface of the earth，part of its energy will be lost. 当无线电波沿地球表面传播时，要损失掉一部分能量。,27,3）表示“虽然”的连词 在科技文中常用的有以下几个： (1)although；它一般用于正式的场合，同时可用于各种文体。 The foregoing provides a basis for this theorem，although it cannot be considered as a proof 前面所讲的内容为这个定理提供了基础，虽然不能当作为一种证明。

18、 (2)though；它一般用于非正式的口语或书面语中。该从句可采用特殊词序(在科技文中一般是作表语的形容词放在though之前)。 Important though this law is，it is seldom used in practice 该定律虽然重要，但在实践中很少使用。,28,(3)as；用于正式的文体中，从句一定要采用特殊词序(在科技文中主要是作表语的形容词放在as之前)。 Small as electrons are，they play an important role in the formation of electric current 电子虽小，但它们在形成电流

19、方面起了重要的作用。 (4)while；它引导的从句侧重于对比；当主句和从句的句型相同时，一般把while译成“而”字(若这时while从句放在主句前的话，则把“而”字译在主句之前)。 While x can only lie between-1 and+1，there are an infinite number of values of y for every value of x. 虽然x只能处于-1和+1之间，但对应于每个x值却有无限个y值。,29,4） such that, so that “以至于”,该物体处于这样的状态（state）以至于它能做功。,The body is in

20、such a state that it can do work.,30,such that的特殊用法 If a fault develops such that the main heater winding is always on, the temperature inside the oven will rise. 如果出现了故障以致于加热器的主绕组总是处于导通状态，那么炉内的温度就会升高。,31,so that 的特殊用法 “得（使）”,这两个电阻应该选择得使该晶体管能正常工作。 These two resistors should be selected _ the transis

21、tor can operate normally.,32,II. 同位语从句 1. 句型 两个常用的固定句型 (1)毫无疑问there is no doubt (question) that-。 (2)有证据表明there is evidence that,33,在这种情况下并不保证该级数(series)是收敛的（convergent）。,In this case there is no guarantee that the series is convergent.,34,2. 介词和及物动词后不能直接跟由that引导的宾语从句，需要在that之前加上the fact 一词充当同位语从句修饰

22、的先行词,35,3. question, problem, doubt, idea, clue, guarantee, speculation 之后用疑问副词引导的同位语从句,The question arises whether this result applies to all cases.,1分钟练习 现在出现了这么个问题：该算法是否实用呢？ The question now arises is of practical use.,The question now arises whether the algorithm is of practical use.,36,3 定语从句 1

23、）基本定语从句(即关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语和定语以及关系副词在从句中作状语的情况) 关系代词(who，whom, that, which, whose)在从句中作主语、宾语、定语、表语 关系副词(where, when, why)在从句中作状语 A body whose velocity is not constant is said to be accelerated. This is the information that we get in our everyday life.,37,1分钟练习 现在这种病不再是原来那样严重的问题了。 Now this disease is no

24、longer the serious problem ,Now this disease is no longer the serious problem (that) it was.,38,2） 先行词为不定代词（anything, all, little等）或被序数词、形容词最高级或only, no, very等修饰时只能用that This is the largest aircraft that has ever been manufactured in China.,39,练习 计算机是人类(man)所曾有过的最有效(efficient)的助手。 Computers are the

25、most efficient assistants .,Computers are the most efficient assistants (that) man has ever had.,40,3. 介词which引导定语从句 选择介词应从三个方面加以考虑： 与被定名词的搭配要求； 从句中动词、名词或形容词所需的搭配要求； 由整个句子所要表达的概念来确定。 A magnet can cause an electric current in a wire near which it is moved.,41,1分钟练习 1.该圆切割实轴(the axis of reals)的点处于a=b处

26、。,The point at which the circle cuts the axis of reals is where a=b.,The point _ which the circle cuts the axis of reals is where a=b.,42,4. As引导的定语从句 (1)As引导非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句 As we shall see, acids and bases play an important role in the functioning of the human organism.,顾名思义”的表示方法 As the (its, their

27、) name shows/ indicates/ implies/suggests,43,1分钟练习 如标题所示(indicate)，本章将讨论非线性方程。,_, this chapter will discuss nonlinear equations.,As the title indicates, this chapter will discuss nonlinear equations.,44,(2)先行词前有such或the same时用as引导定语从句 Such meters as we use to measure current are called ammeters.,45,

28、This single force produces the same effect as is produced by those forces together.,1分钟练习 这单个力(single force)产生的效应(effect)与那几个力一起(those forces together)产生的效应相同。 This single force produces the same effect _.,46,(3)定语从句as it is called/known/referred to, 常与or连用,These flaws, or “bugs” as they are often c

29、alled, must be found out and corrected.,47,(4)特殊结构 As+过去分词/ 介词短语/ 副词 The basic organization of such a system is as shown in Fig. 6. As before, F1 and F2 have different lines of action.,1分钟练习 这个电流正如预计（predict）的那样十分小。 This current is, _, very small,This current is, as predicted, very small.,48,6. 特殊定语

30、从句 （1）But引导的状语从句充当名词修饰语 There is no man but errs. 没有任何人能够不犯错误。（从句意中可以发现，but带有一层否定的意思，相当于“who not”） There is no man who does not err.,49,（2）Than 引导的状语从句充当定语 Parents had better not give kids more money than is needed. Than = than what Parents had better not give kids more money than what is needed.,50

31、,三 虚拟语气、强调 虚拟语气,表示“与事实相反的”，“不可能实现的”，“难以实现的”内容，应使用虚拟语气。,It would have taken them a long time to solve the complicated problem if electronic computers had not been used.,51,II. 强调 1）采用强调句型It is (was)that (which，who)”来强调主语、宾语、状语和状语从句 当被强调的句子属于现在(或将来)的任一时态时，本句型应当使用“is”(将来时也有用will be的；完成时也有用has been的)，当属

32、于过去的任一时态时本句型应当使用“was”；另外，that可用于强调任一情况；which只能用来强调作主语或宾语的事物，而who只能用来强调作主语的人。 这个句型一般可译成“正是；是”,52,正是(作用)在物体上的净力引起了加速度。 It is the net force on an object that (which) causes acceleration 我们必须力图克服由摩擦引起的各种损耗。 It is the losses caused by friction that (which) we must try to overcome 正是当物体受热时，分子的平均速度提高了。 It

33、is when an object is heated that the average speed of molecules is increased,53,2） 用助动词do表示强调 这个方法确实管用。 This method _.,does work,54,3.采用very来强调某个名词 这时形容词very意为“就；一，最”，例如： 交流电就是使无线电成为可能的那种电流。 The alternating current is the very current that makes radio possible。 就在我们闭合电路的那一瞬间电流就开始流动。 The current star

34、ts to flow at the very moment we close the circuit,55,四、省略 1. 并列分句中的省略(后一分句中与前一分句相同的东西可以省去) The earth attracts the moon and the moon the earth.,The meter is the standard for length, _.,米是长度的标准，而克（gram）是重量的标准。,The meter is the standard for length, and the gram for weight.,56,练习 空气阻力的影响在15章讨论，而加速度随高度(

35、altitude)增加而降低则在第17章讨论。 The effect of air resistance is discussed in Chapter 15, and _.,The effect of air resistance is discussed in Chapter 15, and the decrease in acceleration with altitude in Chapter 17.,57,五. 分隔修饰 主语谓语(及物/不及物)主语修饰语 这一结构的主要目的是为了避免句子发生“头重脚轻”的现象，其句型为： 主语+谓语（不及物动词，及物动词被动态，系动词+表语）+主语

36、修饰语（定语从句，介词短语，同为语从句，现在分词短语，不定时短语） The problem often arises of dividing one polynomial by another.,往往出现这样的问题：如何才能确定这些未知数（unknown）来。,The problem often arises how to determine these unknowns.,58,1分钟练习 本文对该设备的性能作了初步分析（initial analysis）。 An initial analysis is made _.,An initial analysis is made of the p

37、erformance of the device.,59,名词+of A+介词 B（若“of A ”长于“介词 B” ，需要调换顺序） 这条曲线图表示了电阻器（resistor）的电阻(resistance)随频率变化的情况。 This graph shows the _.,This graph shows the variation with frequency of the resistance of the resistor.,60,2分钟练习 必须确定改变环境温度（ambient temperature）对该设备的影响。 It is necessary to determine _.,It is necessary to determine the effect on the device of changing the ambient temperature.,61,