牛津上海版八上chapter 4《numbers everyone's language》word学习辅导材料.doc

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1、 中小学教育资源站（http:/)，百万资源免费下载，无须注册！上海版牛津英语 8A 第四章 学习辅导材料（11.10）学 习 新 词 语nearly adv. 几乎；将近；差不多 例如：I nearly forgot him. 我几乎忘记了他。Im nearly 16 its my birthday next Friday. 我快十六岁了，下周五是我的生日。 词义辨析：almost 和nearly 都是“几乎；差不多；将近”的意思，并且在与动词、副词、形容词及名词连用时含义相近，可以互换。例如： Its nearly lunchtime. = Its almost lunchtime. 快到

2、吃午饭的时间了。 Dinner is almost ready. = Dinner is nearly ready. 晚餐快做好了。但是，almost 可与no, none, never 以及nothing 等不定代词连用来表示否定，而不能用在含有not的否定句中；nearly 则常用在含有not 的否定句中，而不能与no, none, never 以及nothing 等不定代词连用来表示否定（两者应用范围正好相反，使用时应多加注意）。例如： There is almost no water left in the bottle. 瓶子里快没有水了。（这儿不能用nearly） It is no

3、t nearly so pretty as it was before. 它远不如以前漂亮了。（这儿不能用almost）develop v. 发展；开发；壮大 例如： Some children developed more slowly than others. 有的儿童比其他儿童发育得慢。John developed his reading skills. 约翰开发了他的阅读技巧。词义辨析：discover; invent; 和developdiscover 是“发现”的意思，指客观存在的事物经人类努力后被找到。例如： Columbus discovered the new land No

4、rth America. 哥伦布发现了北美新大陆。 They discovered a new coal mine. 他们发现一处新煤矿。invent 是“发明”的意思，指原本不存在的事物经过科学的创造后得以诞生。例如： The ancient Chinese people invented the compass. 古代中国人发明了指南针。develop是“发展;壮大;开发”的意思，指在原有的基础上进一步提高或改进。例如： The Indians invented the number 0, and developed the 1 to 9 number system. 印度人发明了数字0，

5、从而发展了1 至9这个数字系统。develop 的同根词：developed; developing; development developed 是形容词，意思是“发达的”，有“已经发展起来了”的意思。例如：The United States is a developed country. 美国是一个发达国家。 developing 是形容词，意思是“发展中的”，有“正在发展着的”的意思。例如：China is the largest developing country in the world. 中国是世界上最大的发展中国家。 development 是名词，意思是“发展”。例如：The

6、 development of his bussiness is very fast recently. 近来他的业务发展得很快。against prep. 与相比 例如：You must weigh the benefits against the cost. 你一定要权衡利益与成本。注意：against的用法比较广泛,有如下多种意义,但都是围绕着“对着；反对”的中心词义： （1）对着；对立 例如：They played a football match against a team from another village. （2）不喜欢；反对 例如：Many people are aga

7、inst the plan. 许多人都反对这个计划。（3）防止；预防 例如： Have you had an injection against the disease? 你注射过这种疾病的预防针了吗？ （4）靠着；倚着 例如：Put the cupboard against the wall. 把这个橱柜挨着墙摆放。living adj. 活着的，活的 例如：Some people say he is the greatest living writer. 有人说他是健在的最伟大的作家。 词义辨析：alive; live; living alive 通常与be 动词连用作表语，而living

8、一般放在名词前作定语。比较： The great man is still alive. 哪个伟人依然健在。 All the living things need air and water. 所有的生物都需要空气和水。 live 作形容词的时候意思是“有生命的；活着的”,但都指动物,如：a live fish(一条活鱼)。此外,live 作形容词时还可以是“现场直播的”的意思，如：a live show (现场直播的表演)。following adj. 下述的；下列的 例如：Please answer the following questions. 请回答下列问题。 following 还

9、有“接着的；下一个”的意思，相当于next。例如：I came back from holiday on Sunday and went to work on the following day. 我星期天度假回来，第二天就上班了。 同根词：follow v. 跟着；接着；跟着发生 例如：Spring follows winter. 冬去春来。follow 还有一个意思是“理解；明白”,相当于understand 例如： I dont quite follow you. 我不太明白你的意思。amazing adj. 相当于surprising , 令人惊奇的；令人惊喜的 例如：What an

10、amazing painting! 多么了不起的一幅画！ 同根词：amaze v. 使吃惊 例如： Your letter amazed me. 你的信令我惊讶。 amazed adj.吃惊的;惊奇的 例如:He was amazed at what he saw.对看到的情形,他惊诧不已。complete v. 使完整 例如：Can you complete the story by yourself? 你能够独立把这个故事写完整吗？ complete 又可以是动词“完成”的意思。例如： He has completed his homework. 他已经完成了家庭作业。（相当于finish

11、） complete 还可以作形容词，是“完整的”的意思。例如： Is this a complete list? 这是一份完整的清单吗？ complete 的反义词是： incomplete 意思是“不完整的”。例如： She gave an incomplete account of the incident. 她对那件事作了不完整的叙述。常 用 词 组 及 短 语degree Celsius (C) 摄氏度 an official language 官方语言the railway system 铁路系统 the solar system 太阳系an electronic typewrit

12、er 电子打字机 an electronic watch 电子表square root 平方根 as a whole 作为一个整体on the whole 总的说来 a human being 一个人the human race 人类 work out 解答出；解决like lightning 闪电般地；飞快地 divide A from B 把A和B分开divide into 把分成 play a part 起作用do ones part 尽自己的责任 take part in 参加body language 形体语言 living room 起居室the cost of living 生活

13、费用 语法知识 祈使句 （Imperative Sentence）一.定义：用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句，祈使句最常用于表达命令，因此在学校文法中也常称为命令句。祈使句因对象（即主语）是第二人称，所以通常都省略。祈使句的动词都为一般现在时，句末则使用句号来表示结束。例：Go and wash your hands.去洗你的手。 Be quiet, please.（Please be quiet.） 请安静。Be kind to our sister. 对姊妹要和善。（劝告） Watch your steps. 走路小心。（警告） Look out！Danger！小心！

14、危险！（强烈警告，已如感叹句） Keep off the grass. 勿践踏草坪。（禁止） No parking. 禁止停车。（禁止） 祈使句也常把主语“You”表达出来，使对方听起来觉得柔和些，例如： You go and tell him, Chris. 克立斯，你去告诉他。二.表现形式肯定结构:1. Do型(即:动词原形(+宾语)+其它成分)。如:Please have a seat here.请这边坐。有的祈使句在意思明确的情况下,动词可省略。如:This way, please. = Go this way, please. 请这边走。2. Be型(即:Be + 表语(名词或形容词

15、)+其它成分)。如:Be a good boy! 要做一个好孩子!3. Let型(即:Let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分)。如:Let me help you. 让我来帮你。否定结构:1. Do型和Be型的否定式都是在句首加dont构成。如:Dont forget me! 不要忘记我! Dont be late for school! 上学不要迟到!2. Let型的否定式有两种:“Dont + let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分”和“Let + 宾语 + not + 动词原形 + 其它成分”。如:Dont let him go. / Let him not go. 别让他走

16、。3. 有些可用no开头,用来表示禁止性的祈使句。如:No smoking! 禁止吸烟!No fishing! 禁止钓鱼!练习：将下列汉语翻译成英语。1. 请照看好您的包。 2. 让我们去学校吧! 3. 亲爱的,高兴点儿! 4. 不要把书放这儿。 5. 不要让猫进来。let带头的祈使句由let带头的祈使句(Imperative Sentences)是个常见的动词句型，它的主要用法有下列三种： 1.表示“建议”。 这个句型里的let后头紧跟着一个第一人称的代词宾语，如： (1) Let me try. (2) Lets do it. (3) Let me go and look for it.

17、这个句型语气委婉，比直接的祈使句客气。试比较(4)a和(4)b: (4) a. Dont disturb him. b. Lets not disturb him. (a)是直接命令,语气强烈,不如 (b)温柔悦耳。2.表示“间接命令”或“愿望”。 这句型里的动词宾语是第三人称名词或代词，如： (5) Let Robert take charge of the marketing department. (6) Let her join our choir(合唱团).3.表示“警告”、“蔑视”、“威胁”等。 这种祈使句里的宾语也是第三人称为主。除了口气凶悍之外，有时还语带讽刺，如： (7) L

18、et him try and he will expose（暴露）his inability（无能）to work on his own.(8) Let the invaders（侵略者） come and our armed forces will wipe them out in no time.用let的祈使句时，必须注意下列几点：一、let 的否定句有二。如果宾语是第三人称用Dont let.（见例(9)）；如果宾语是第一人称，则用Let.not （见例(10)）： (9) Dont let this type of things happen again. (10) Its rain

19、ing now. Lets not go out until after the rain.二、Let只适用于现在时态，可以有被动语态 (the passive voice)，如： (11) Let the recalcitrant criminals（反抗的罪犯） be sent to prison. (12) Let all the dedicated（贡献） capable（能力） staff（职员） be promoted.（提升）三、Let后头除了是不带to的不定式动词之外，还可以是某些适当的副词，如out, in, down, alone等： (13) Let the puppy

20、out. (14) Open the windows and let the fresh air in. (15) The room is too sunny. Let the blinds（窗帘）down. (16) Let me alone, please.四、用Lets时，把谈话者的对象包括在内；用Let us时，并不包括对方，如： (17) Lets try it, shall we? (18) Let us do it by ourselves, will you?从(17)里的shall we和(18)里的will you，不难知道前者包括说话人，后者并没有。数 词 (numera

21、l)(一)基数词 在英语中表示数目的词称为基数词。 1基数词的构成 (1)1-20 one，two，three，four，five，six，seven，eight，nine，ten，eleven，twelve，thirteen，fourteen，fifteen，sixteen，seventeen，eighteen，nineteen，twenty (2)21-99 先说“几十”，再说“几”，中间加连字符。23twenty-three，34thirty-four，45fortyfive，56fifty-six，67sixty-seven，78seventy-eight，89eighty-nine，

22、91ninety-one(3)101999先说“几百”，再加and，再加末两位数或末位数；586five hundred and eighty-six，803eight hundred and three(4)l,000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“”,第一个“”前为thousand第二个“”前为 million，第三个“”前为billion(美式)或thousand million(英式)，然后一节一节地表示。1，001one thousand and one9,785nine thousand，seven hundred and eighty-five18,423eighteen t

23、housand，four hundred and twenty-three6,260,309six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine750,000,000,000seven hundred and fifty, billion(美式) seven hundred and fifty thousand million(英式)2基数词的用法(1)作主语 egFour of them come from Paris(2)作宾语 eg- How many books would you like? -I woul

24、d like two (3)作表语 egSeven minus two is five(4)作定语 egThere are three people in my family(5)作同位语 eg. You two will go swimming with us(6)表示具体数字时，hundred，thousand，million用单数。eg. There are six hundred students in our grade (7)表不确定的数字时，数词用复数。若带名词，再加of hundreds of(数百，成百上千的)，thousands of(数干，成千上万的)，millions

25、of(数百万)eg. They arrived in twos and threes他们三三两两地来了。(8)表示“十”的数词的复数可以表示人的岁数或年代。eg. He is in his early thirties他有三十来岁(3134岁)：This took place in the 1930s这事发生在二十世纪三十年代；(9)表示时刻 egI watch CCTV News at seven oclock every evening.(二)序数词 在英语中表示顺序、次序的词称为序数词。1，序数词的构成(1)一般在基数词后加th egfourfourth，thirteenthirteen

26、th(2)不规则变化 onefirst，twosecond，threethird，five fifth，eighteighth，nineninth，twelvetwelfth(3)以y结尾的十位整数，变y为ie再加th twentytwentieth， fortyfortieth， ninetyninetieth(4)从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。 twenty-first，two hundred and forty-fifth2序数词的用法(1)序数词作定语时，一般要与定冠词或物主代词连用。egTom is their second

27、son He is the first one to come here(2)序数词有时可与不定冠词连用，表示数量上又，“再”eg: He tried a second time他又试了次.Shall l ask him a third time?还要我再问他次吗? （3）序数词的缩写形式为：阿拉伯数字加上这个词的末尾两个字母。1st 2nd，3rd，4th，20th，21st，22nd，23rd(4)表示年、月、日时，年用基数词，日用序数词。2005年8月15日： (英)15，8，2005=15th，August，2005；(美)8，15，2005=August 15th，2005(三)基数

28、词和序数词都可以用来给数字编号。No1(1号)，No3bus(3路公共汽车)，Room 103，(103号房间)The first lesson=Lesson One(第一课)(四)分数词的表达分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时，分母加seg13 one-third；25 two-fifths(五)数学运算的表达eg3+5=8 Three plusand five is eight9-2=7 Nine minus two is seven6x5=30 Five times six is thirty six unutilized five is thirty82=4 Eight ridd

29、ed by two is four语法知识相关练习题：1. _ sleep too late. Its bad for your health.A. Do B. Not C. Dont D. Please not2. _ you books, Tom. Dont leave your things here and there. A. Put on B. Put off C. Put away D. Put down3. _ late. Its your first day to work. You see, well begun is half done.A. Dont to be B. D

30、ont be C. Not be D. Be not 4. _ me the truth, or I am not going to leave the room. A. Telling B. To tell C. If you dont tell D. Tell5. The road is over _ metres long. A. six hundred and fiftytwo B. six hundreds and fifty-two C. six hundred, fifty-two D. six hundred, fifty and two6. How much does it

31、cost to build the school library? Four _ yuan.A. million B. millions C. millions of D. million of7. Kate lives in _. Mine is next to hers. A. the room five B. Room Five C. five room D. Five Room8. _ the students in the primary school is about three thousand, _ of them are girls.A. A number of, two t

32、hird B. The number of, two thirds C. A number of, two thirds D. The number of, two-third9. The low temperature will be minus 5, The underlined part means _.A. 5 B. 5 C. 0.5 D. 5 10. Mr. and Mrs. Brown get 2,000 dollars in all from their work every month. They spend _ on clothing and food every month

33、. (45%)A. $ 800 B. $ 900 C. $ 1,000 D. $ 70011. Whats 1/9 and 2/3? _. A. Seven-ninths B. Five-sixths C. Seven-ninth D. Five-ninths 12. February 28 should be read as _.A. February of the 28th B. February of 28 C. 28 of February D. the 28th of February课 文 译 文数字：每个人的语言你懂几种语言？每个人至少懂两种语言他/她的母语和“数字”这一国际语言

34、。古代的数字古时候，人们用各种不同的方法书写数字，正如这些图片中的“6”所示。然而，他们几乎都用相同的方法来计数十进制。零我们中的大多数人使用1到9和0的数字系统。有了这10个数字以后，我们可以写出从最大到最小的任何一个数字。印度人最早发明并完善了1到9的数字系统。之后他们又发明了0。这是一个伟大的发明。因为它使得人们书写大的数字和计算更为容易。计算工具算盘是最早的计算工具之一。用算盘计算快且正确，以致于人们今天仍然在使用它们。现代化的电子计算器可以做加、减、乘、除运算。它还可以计算百分数和平方根。电脑是十分强大的计算工具。一瞬间，电脑就可以完成一道你可能花一辈子的时间也未必能做完的计算题。人

35、脑对决电脑有人把人脑称作“活电脑”，人脑真的是比电脑还要强大的计算器吗？下面这个故事也许可以给出一个答案。夏琨塔拉黛维是一位有惊人大脑的印度女士。夏琨塔拉和一台非常强大的电脑同时被要求解出下面这道题求哪个数的23次方是下面这个数：91674867692003915809866092758538016248310668014430862407126516427934657040867096593279205767480806790022783016354924852380335745316935111903596577547340075681688305620821016129132845546

36、805780158806771 （201位译者注）夏琨塔拉的大脑运算速度就像闪电一般，仅花了50秒就得出了答案。电脑则花了一分钟。然而，人们必须事先用指令给电脑编制程序，这得花上好几个小时。但是夏琨塔拉却不需要谁给她事先编程。用你的“活电脑”来计算一下上面这道题目。如果它还不够强大，你可以在教材的第67页上找到答案。(546372891)综合能力测评一.选择最恰当的答案：1. _ equals four. A. The square root of twenty-four. B. Ten plus four C. Four-fifths multiplied by four D. Ten mi

37、nus six2. We may use _ to draw circles. A. a protractor B. a pair of scissors C. a pair of compasses D. a camera3. None of the two: 13.5%, 0.23, is _. A. an odd number B. a fraction C. a percentage D. a decimal number4. - How much is 90 _3? -Its 30. A. multiplied B. divided C. multiplied by D. divid

38、ed by5. They always tell us _. A. what to do it B. what not to do C. to do what D. not to do what6. In 2005, the number of traffic accidents _ to 3,748. A. falls B. rose C. will rise D. were7. Machines make _ easier for us to calculate. A. that B. it C. / D. this8. We count in _ because we have _ fi

39、ngers. A. ten, ten B. tens, tens C. tens , ten D. ten , tens9. Yesterday morning, Alice _ off her bike and hurt herself. A. feel B. falls C. felt D. fell10._ is it? Its eight thirty. A. How many B. How old C. What time D. What11. 2,036.36 is read as _. A. two thousands and thirty-six point three six

40、 B. two thousands thirty-six point thirty-six C. two thousand and thirty-six point thirty-six D. two thousand and thirty-six point three six12. There is a number, we call it “x”. First , add 10. Next, multiply the answer by 2 . Then add 7 . After that, multiply by 2 again. Finally, subtract 10 and w

41、e can get the answer 64. Which is the number? A. 5 B. 15 C. 50 D. 30 13. Youd better _ the information in the encyclopedia. A. look up B. to look it up C. look it up D. to look up14. Eiffel Tower is one of _ architectures in France. A. more famous B. famous C. the most famous D. less famous 15. The

42、boy, together with his family, _ dinner when the telephone rang. A. were having B. is having C. are having D. was having16. The hut is too small for the whole family to _. A. live in B. live C. live with D. live on 17. You can give me _ you can. A. as much example as B. as many example as C. such fe

43、w example as D. so many example 18. After making many films, he became _. A. rich and rich B. famous and famous C. richer and richer D. unknown19. _ he was to read such an interesting story! A. How happily B. What happy C. How great D. How happy20. Dont _ the used cans. It can be kept for recycling. A. throw to B. throw away C. throw at D. threw 21. Mary was born _ the morning _ July 12. A. on, in B. in, on C on, of d. of, on22. I prefer _ to _. A. read b