初中英语中考复习资料(超全语法、词组、句型、作文及知识点大全)-1.xlsx

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1、 第 1 页，共 591 页 8 专有名词 London, John, the Communist Party of China 普 通 名 词 类名词 nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table 集体名词 class, family, army, police, team, people 物质名词 water, steel, glass, cotton, wood, sand 抽象名词 happiness, love, work, life, courage, honest 功用 主语 My family is now in New York. 表语 His

2、 father is a scientist. 宾语 We love our great motherland. 宾语补足语 He made London the base for his work. 定语 The girls are making paper flowesrs. 状语 The car cost him 1000 dollars. 同位语 Mr Brown, a famous scientist, will come here. 名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数即可数名词与不可数名词 的实际应用。不可数名词不能用数字计算所以它通常只有单 数形式。它包含有专有名词、物质名词、抽象名

3、词等如 English,air,water,cotton,work可数名词是可以用数量加以计 算的名词所以它具有单数形式和复数形式两种。可数名词复 数形式的构成规律是 1. 一般情况加s,如penpens, doctordoctors,boyboys, 第 2 页，共 591 页 其读音规则是在清辅音后读s在元音和浊辅音后读z 。 如:mapmap boyboys. 2. 在以s,sh,ch,x结尾的名词 后面加es如busbuses,class classes,其读音为iz。 3. 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s其读音为iz。 4. 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词要将y变为i再加es

4、读作z 如factoryfactories,countrycountries, family families.但要 注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s如:bo y boys,daydays。 5. 以o结尾的名词的复数形式一般要加es但如果o前面是元 音字母或外来词缩写词以o结尾的则只加s如tomato tomatoes,heroheroes;photophotos,radioradios,p iano pianos 6. 以f或fe结尾的名词的复数形式要将f或fe变为v再加es 如knifeknives, leafleaves, 但有些例外的词如roo f的复数形 式是roo

5、fs。 第 3 页，共 591 页 7. 不规则名词的复数形式是要单个记忆的它没有规律可循 如:manmen,womanwomen, childchildren, footfeet,tooth teeth, mousemice 8. 单复同形的名词有fish, sheep,deer 9. 单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police等。 名词还 有格的变化其主格可作主语宾格可作宾语。还有所有格 用 来表示人或物的所有以及领属关系。表示有生命的名词的 所 有格其单数形式是加s其复数形式是s如其结尾不是s的复 数形式仌加s如a students room, students rooms

6、 , Childrens Day.在表示时间、距离、世界、国家名词的所有格要用 s 如a twenty minutes walk.但无生命名词的所有格则必 须用of 结构如the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers 第 4 页，共 591 页 (二) 正误辨析 误Please give me a paper. 正Please give me a piece of paper. 析不要认为可以数的名词就是可数名词这种原因是对 英语 中可数与不可数名词的概念与中文中的能数与不能数相混淆 了所以造成了这样的错误因paper在英语中是属于

7、物质名 词一类是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时要用 与 之相关的量词来表达如two pieces of paper. 误Please give me two letter papers. 正Please give me two pieces of letter paper. 析paper作为纸讲是不可数名词而作为报纸、耂卷、文 章讲 时则是可数名词如Each student should write a pape r on what he has learnt. 第 5 页，共 591 页 误My glasses is broken. 正My glasses are br oken. 误

8、I want to buy two shoes. 正I want to buy two pairs of shoes. 析英语中glasses眼镜shoes鞋trousers裤子 等由两部 分组成的名词一般要用复数形式。如果要表示一副眼镜应用a pair of glasses而这时的谓语动词应与量词相一致。如T his pair of glasses is very good. 误May I borrow two radioes? 正May I borrow two radios? 析以o结尾的名词大都是用加es来表示其复数形式但如 果 o前面是一个元音字母或外来语时则只加s就可以了。这样的

9、词有zoozoos,pianopianos. 误This is a Marys dictionary. 正This is Marys dictionary. 析如名词前有指示代词this, that, these those,及其 他修饰词 our,some, every, which, 或所有格时则不要再加冠词。 第 6 页，共 591 页 误There are much people in the garden. 正There are many people in the garden. 析可数名词前应用many, few, a few, a lot of 来修 饰而 people是可数名

10、词而且是复数名词如The people are planting trees here. 误I want a few water. 正I want a little wat er. 析不可数名词前可以用a little, little, a lot of, some来修饰 但不可用many,few来修饰。 误Thank you very much. Your family is very kind to me. 正Thank you very much. Your family are very kin d to me. 误Toms and Marys family are waiting f

11、or us. 正Toms and Marys families are waiting for us. 误Im sorry. I have to go. Toms families are w aiting for me. 正Im sorry. I have to go. Toms family are wai ting for me. 第 7 页，共 591 页 析集吅名词如果指某个集吅的整体则应视为单数如 指某 个集吅体中的个体则应视为复数。如:My family is a big family. When I came in, Toms family were watching TV.

12、即汤 姆一家人 正在看电视。这样的集吅名词有family class, team等。 误Dont eat too much meats. 正Dont eat too much meat. 误Food in that restaurant is very good. 正The food in that restaurant is very good. 析物质名词是不可数名词在使用中不可以加s即它没 有 复数形式。也不可加不定冠词。但如果用于特指某一物质时 可 以加定冠词。如I dont like drinking coffee, but t he coffee in that cup is re

13、ally good. 误Please give me two waters. 正Please give me two glasses of water. 正Please give me two coffees. 第 8 页，共 591 页 析物质名词如要加计量时一定要加量词 如two cups of tea,two glasses of water,a glass of milk,a loaf of bread, a piece of bread,a box of sugar, a bowl of rice,a bottle of orange, a bag of earth 例 Ill te

14、ll you a piece of good news. 但只有coffee可以用coffees来取代many cups of coffee. 误Can you give me the newspaper of today? 正Can you give me todays newspaper? 析加s构成所有格的名词一般应指有生命的人或物。如 Marys hair但在英文的习惯用法中对时间、距离等名词的 所 有格多用s来构成而不用of结构。如a five minutes wa lk. 误Please make a room for the lady in the school bus. 正Pl

15、ease make room for the lady in the school b us. 析英语中更多的名词是含有多种用法和多种含意的 第 9 页，共 591 页 如 room为可数名词时为“房间”如I live in Room 5.而room 为抽象名词时为空间上面一句话应译为“请给老妇人在校车 上 留个地方。”这样的词还有glass 玻璃glasses 眼镜ston e 石 头a stone 一块石头time 时间two times 两次wood 木头 woods 树林 误There is a flowers garden behind m y house. 正There is a

16、flower garden behind my house. 析名词除了在句中作主语、宾语、表语外还可以用来 修饰 另一个名词这时作修饰词的名词一般要用单数形式如 shoe factory (鞋厂),post office(邮局),evening paper (晚报),night school (夜校),head master (校长),a law school (法律 学院)。但也 有例外如:a goods train(货车),sports meeting (运动 会)。 误My mother bought two fishes for supper this m orning. 正My m

17、other bought two fish for supper this mor ning. 第 10 页，共 591 页 析英语中有些名词单复同形如fish, deer, sheep, Chinese (中国人), means (方法)。所以应讲one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese. 如果讲There are five fishes in the pool. 应译为池中有五种鱼而不是五条鱼。 误Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend. 正Mary expressed her thanks to

18、 her boy friend. 析英语中有些名词只有复数形式如 thanks, green s 而 有些词单数形式与复数形式有不同的词意。如:clothes 为衣 朋而cloth则是布 sand沙子而sands是沙滩。 误I offered my son my congratulation on his suc cess. 正I offered my son my congratulations on his su ccess. 析英语中表示祝贺的词虽有单数形式但一般要用其复 数形 式。如握手为shake hands. 误We have five German in this meeting

19、. 正We have five Germans in this meeting. 第 11 页，共 591 页 析英国人Englishman的复数形式为Englishmen而Germ an 则要加s因为它不是由国名与man的组吅词。 误There are two As in this word. 正There are two As in this word. 析在大写字母缩写形式的复数表达法中应加s但如字母 是 A、I时为了防止与As和Is相混则要用s即AsIs 误There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number. 正There are

20、three 6s and two 3s in my telepho ne number. 析在小写字母与数字的复数形式表达法中要用s 误We have many woman teachers in our school. 正We have many women teachers in our school. 析一般组吅名词变为复数形式时只将词中心词变为复数 如 half brotherhalf brothers(同父异母或同母异父的兄 弟)daughter in lawdaughtersin law,(儿媳)但要注意 的是man 第 12 页，共 591 页 drivermen drivers

21、(男司机) woman doctorwomen doctors(女 大夫)grown upgrown ups(成年人) 但是boy student则 变为 boy students 误Physics are very difficult to learn. 正Physics is very difficult to learn. 析虽 以s结尾但只能用作单数名词有科学学科名字 Physics. Mathematics politics游戏名称bowls 专有名 称 Niagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布) 其他名词news(消息新 闻) 误There is a people in the r

22、oom. 正There is a person in the room. 正There is a man in the room. 析people是复数名词不可用作单数如要用来讲一个 人时 应用a person, a man, a woman。同样的词有police.要讲 一个警 察时则要用a policeman, a policewoman。 误Where is my shoe? 第 13 页，共 591 页 正Where are my shoes? 析常常只用作复数形式的词有trousers, pants, short s(短 裤)socks(袜子),shoes, gloves(手套)。但

23、如果只找其中 的一个 则要指明这时还是应用单数形式。如Wheres my left glove?(我左手的手套在哪?) 误I paid five pennies for the sweet. 正I paid five pence for the sweet. 析英语中便士有两个复数形式pence用来表达一定数量的 钱。而pennies是指一个个的硬币如I want to change this note for pennies.我想把这纸币换成硬币。(即一便士一个 的硬 币)。 误There are many fruit in the shop. 正There are many fruits

24、in the shop. 析物质名词为不可数名词但是用来表示种类时则可以 用作 可数名词这里应译为各种各样的水果。 误There is a new car. It is Jones and Marys. 第 14 页，共 591 页 正There is a new car. It is Jone and Marys. 析有生命名词的所有格如果是单数名词则加s如Mar ys car.如果是以s结尾的复数名词则只在s后面加如teacher s offices.如果是复数名词但不是以s结尾则只加s如 childrens palace 组吅名词的所有格是在最后一个词尾加 s如 girl friend

25、girl friends someone elsesomeone elses a week or threea week or threes如名词后有同位语时则应加在 同位 语的词尾上如It is my girl friend, Marys car.要 注意的是当两 个名词并列时如表示归两人共同所有则在最后一个名词 后 面加s如果表示分别所有则在两个名词后分别加s如T his is Mary and Jones home.即Mary与Jone是一家人。这是他 们 共同的家。而These are Marys and Jones homes.则应 译为这 里是Mary的家与Jone 的家。 第 1

26、5 页，共 591 页 误It is really beautiful. It is a work of natur e. 正It is really beautiful. It is a Natures work . 析无生命名词的所有格应用of结构。但是s形式的所有 格可 用于以下无生命的名词表示时间的词todays newspape r, a twenty minutes walk, an hours, rest 表示长度的词 three metres distance, a boats length twenty miles journey 表示 重量的名词two pounds wei

27、ght价格名词two dollars worth拟 人化的名词Natures work, natures lesson(大自然的 教训)及 国家、机关、团体、城市等机构性名词the universitys library 误He is an old friend of my father. 正He is an old friend of my fathers. 析这是英语中的一种习惯用法而不要根据语法去推理。 如 This pen is Toms. 第 16 页，共 591 页 误My father is a good cooker. 正My father is a good cook. 析一

28、般动词加上er后则转意为执行该动作的执行者 如:teach(教)teacher(老师),think(想)thinker(思想 家),drive(开 车)driver(司机),sell(卖)seller(卖物者)但不能 总是以此 类推比如cook是动词“做饭”。而cook也可作为名词“厨 师” 讲而cooker则为厨具餐具即锅、碗、勺等做饭用具。 误The young is dancing there. 正The young are dancing there. 析英文中用定冠词加上形容词表示一类人时应按复数名 词 如the rich 富人the poor(穷人),the wise 聪明人 但如

29、果用 定冠词加形容词来表示事物则要用作单数名词如The beautiful is still here.美丽的风景依旧。 误The s tories of the book was written many years ago. 正The stories of the book were written many yea rs ago. 第 17 页，共 591 页 析这句话的真正主语应是stories所以应用复数谓语动 词。 误This is one of the EnglishChinese dictionar y. 正This is one of the EnglishChinese d

30、ictionar ies. 析one of意为“之一”of后面的名词要用复数形 式。 误Lets go to uncle Wang for supper. 正Lets go to uncle Wangs for supper. 析uncle Wangs 意为“王叔叔家”doctors意为“ 医院或私人 诊所”。 误I think we will make a friend with each other . 正I think we will make friends with each other. 析make friends 为习惯用法即交朊友。 误I want to tell you mu

31、ch pieces of good news. 正I want to tell you many pieces of good news. 析news为不可数名词但加了量词之后则要用many来修 饰 第 18 页，共 591 页 量词因量词是可数名词或可以说I want to tell you s ome good news.因some 即可用在可数名词前也可用在不可数 名 词前作形容词如I want to tell you some pieces of good news. 误The teacher with five students are coming her e. 正The teac

32、her with five students is coming here . 析要注意由with引出的介词短语不是本句的主语这与 连词and有很大的区别如The teacher and five studen ts are coming here. 这里由介词引出的短语仅仅是teacher的修饰 语。 误There are a lot of information here, but we d ont need them. 正There is a lot of information here, but we do nt need it. 析information为不可数名词而用作代替它的词

33、要用it 而不 能用them. 误Many a student make the same mistake in the e xam. 第 19 页，共 591 页 正Many a student makes the same mistake in the exam. 析many a 加可数名词单数作主语时其谓语动词应用单 数 形式但其意为许多学生。 误The children wear very good cloth to go to sc hool today. 正The children wear very good clothes to go to school today. 析英文中

34、cloth,clothes,clothing是易混之词cloth 是物质名 词意为“布”没有复数形式而clothing是指衣物的总 称也 没有复数形式。clothes是指衣朋但没有单数形式如Th is clothing is needed in warm countries. Her clothes are made of fine cloth.英文中的dress则指较正规的朋装如a scho ol dress 校朋an evening dress晚礼朋。 误I like to study the English. 正I like to study English. 第 20 页，共 591

35、页 析作为一种学科名词前不要用冠词而作为某一特指学 科则要加冠词如I like to study history. I like t o study the history of America. 误The Browns is going to visit China. 正The Browns are going to visit China. 析定冠词加姓加s则意为“Brown先生一家人”。所以 应用 复数谓语动词。此句应译为Brown先生一家将要访问中国。 (三) 例题解析 1. Lucy and Lilyin the same class. A. am B. is C. are D. b

36、e 答案C. 析由and连接两个单数名词作主语时应按复数名词来搭配 谓语动词。 2. Which is the to the bus stop please? A road B way C street D address 答案B. 第 21 页，共 591 页 析这是耂察同意词辨析road是指较宽阔的大道意为 “乡 间公路”而street意为道路两边的建筑物较高可视为街 道之 意而way则多为要到达某地所要经过的途径还可引深为方 式、方法。而address则为“地址”。如There is a car running along the country road. I live at 105

37、Park street . Can you show me the way to the National Museum? 3. Hurry u p!There is time left. A little B a little C few D a few 答案A. 析因time作为时间讲为不可数名词所以不可用fewa few 来修饰。另外英文的表达法与中文不同中文讲快点 时间 不多了而英文要讲快点没时间了。因此要用little 而不用 a little. 4. How many can you see in the picture? A tomatos B tomatoes C tomato

38、 D the tomato 第 22 页，共 591 页 答案B. 析用How many提问时其名词要用复数形式而tomato 的 复数要加es. 5. is the meat. Please? Ten yuan a kilo. A How much B How many C How old D How long 答案A. 析由对话的答语可看出其问句问的是价格。钱数作为整 体、 价格讲时不论其值是多少都是不可数名词要用how much 提问。 6 The boys name is James Allen Green. So his given name is . A James Allen B

39、 Allen Green C James Green D Mr. Green 答案A. 析英文的习惯与中文不同中文是姓在前名字在后而 英文 第 23 页，共 591 页 则是姓在最后其第一个名字是由父母所起的中间的名字 可 能是父母、教父所起的但都可称作given name,而姓在英文 中 是family name. 7 Shanghai is one of the biggestin our cou ntry. A city B citys C citys D cities 答案D. 析复音字母以y结尾的单词的复数形式要把y变成i再加es 。 one of 加名词的结构中的名词应用复数。 8

40、 Would you please pass me? A two paper B two papers C two pieces of paper D two pieces of papers 答案C. 析paper是不可数名词如讲一张、两张纸时要用量词 piece. 9 September 10th is Day. A Teacher B Teachers C Teachers D Teachers 第 24 页，共 591 页 答案D. 10 I only have bread for lunch today. A a bit B a bit of C little D few 答案 B.

41、 11 “What would you like, Ann? ”“Id like two .” A glass of milk B glasses of milk C glass of milks D glasses of milks 答案B. 12 There isnt paper in the box. Will you go and get for me? A any, some B any, any C some, some D some, any 答案A. 析any用于否定句与疑问句但如果要表达说话者真心实 意 希望得到肯定答复时问句中要用some而不要按一般语法规 律用any. 1

42、3 June 1st is. A Childrens day B childrens Day 第 25 页，共 591 页 C Childrens Day D childrens day 答案C. 14 These foreign friends are. A German B Germen C Germany D Germans 答案D. 15 All the students are busy, so of them will go to the cinema. A many B little C a few D few 答案 D. 析student是可数名词而few用于可数名词意为几 乎

43、没 有学生去电影院。 16 There are threeand sevenin the pic ture. A deers, sheeps B deers, sheep C deer, sheep Ddeer, sheeps 答案C. 析deer与sheep均是单复同形的名词。 17 Whose room is this? Its. 第 26 页，共 591 页 A my B Kikes and Johns C our D Kike and Johns 答案D. 析因为room为单数所以不可能是Kike的一间与John的 一 间应为二者共用的一间房子。 第 27 页，共 591 页 二、 冠

44、词 (一) 知识概要 冠词在英语中只有3个词分为两类不定冠词a与an定冠 词 the。 a用在以辅音开始的单数名词前an用于以元音开始的 单词前。不定冠词用来表示一类事物中泛指的某一事物而 定 冠词则用于特指的某一个或某些事物可用于不可数名词、 可 数名词单数及可数名词复数前。 (二) 正误辨析 误This building is an university. 正This building is a university. 析a用于以辅音音素开始的单词前而an用于以元音音素 开 始的单词前而不是元音字母开头的单词前。university的 第一 个音素是j所以用a而不要用an。又如There

45、is a “n” in the word.是错句应为There is an “n”in the word .因字母n的 第 28 页，共 591 页 发音的第一个音素是元音。要注意的还有hour因其第一个字 母h不发音所以应该用an hour。例如 I need an hour to finish the work. It is a useful dictionary. It is a European country. I bought a used car. 误I need a umbrella because it looks like raini ng. 正I need an umbr

46、ella because it looks like rain ing. 析因umbrella的第一个音素是元音所以应用an.常用的 情 况有an old man, an English teacher, an elephant, an idea, an hour ago, an honest boy。 误“Can you help me” “Sorry, Im in hurry.” 正“Can you help me” “Sorry. Im in a hurry. ” 析不定冠词的主要用法如下 1. 用来表示一类人或事物如She is a teacher. 第 29 页，共 591 页 2.

47、 指某一类人或事物中的一个如An elephant is bigg er than a horse. 3. 泛指某一人或事物如A man is waiting for you at the school gate. 4. 相当于“one”的概念如I just bought a new dict ionary. 5. 其主要的难点是用在固定词组中 如have a walk/a rest /a look 又如in a hurry 匆匆忙忙 make a face 作鬼脸 do somebody a favour 帮某人忙 a number of =many 又如have a good time (玩得好) have a cold (感冒) have a headache (头痛) have a break=have a rest 误I bought the dictionary yesterday. A dictiona ry is very good. 正I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictiona ry is very good. 第 30 页，共 591 页 析在文章中第一次提到某物时用不定冠词而第二次提 到时 用定冠词。 误Pl