菲律宾增加获得清洁烹饪的机会：挑战和前景.docx

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1、ContentsTables, Figures, and BoxesivForewordviAcknowledgmentsviiAbbreviationsviiiWeights and MeasuresixExecutive SummaryxIntroduction11. Typical Filipino Cooking Practices and Access to Clean Cooking51.1. The Study Sites71.2. Cooking Habits and Practices91.3. Kitchen Ventilation101.4. Cookstoves and

2、 Fuel Preferences13Field Emissions Tests on Household Cooking Fuel161.5. Linking Cooking Fuel Use to Indoor Air Quality181.6. Indoor Air Quality and Health20Controlling External Factors in Laboratory Tests261.7. Emission Concentration of Fuels271.8. Cookstove and Cooking Fuel Efficiencies281.9. Esti

3、mating Stove and Fuel Costs29The Outlook on Shifting to Modern Technology341.10. Emission and Cost Reduction Outlook with Shifting341.11. Barriers to Shifting to Modern Cooking Technologies38Conclusion421.12. Summary of Study Results421.13. Key Takeaways and Recommendations46Appendixes501. Descripti

4、on, Diagram, and Illustrations on the Filipino Kitchen Ventilation Categories 502. Survey Details515353ReferencesI XIII XIIIncreasing Access to Clean Cooking in the Philippines fuel, to modern cookstoves, can decrease PM25 emission by at least 84.38% (for a shift to butane) to as much as 99.74% (for

5、 a shift to electricity). Of the households exclusively using traditional cookstoves, 54% in San Jose City and 73% in Iloilo City indicated their willingness to shift to clean cooking. The main barriers that hold back these households from switching to clean cooking solutions include: (i) the up-fro

6、nt costs of stoves, and the recurring costs of fuel, either LPG or additional electricity charge; and (ii) the perception that cooking using traditional cookstoves is more convenient, faster, and are safer than the unfamiliar modern cookstoves.The findings and key takeaways point to policy, informat

7、ion, technology and financing gaps as well as prospects to foster access to clean cooking in the country. With additional facts and learnings gained from the study, energy policymakers, local government units, clean cooking investors, and other stakeholders may be encouraged and moved to formulate,

8、design and implement country- or situation - specific policies and programs to fast-track market expansion and the switching to more efficient, cleaner cooking technologies. A better understanding of the issues and challenges in the access to clean cooking space would also enable the Asian Developme

9、nt Bank to assess where it could contribute knowledge and resources in support of clean cooking access efforts not only in the Philippines but also in other developing member countries across The Asia and Pacific region.1. IntroductionAccording to the World Health Organization (WHO), household air p

10、ollution (HAP) is the “single most important environmental health risk factor worldwide/WHO. 2016. Burning Opportunity: Clean Household Energy for Health, Sustainable Development, and Wellbeing of Women and Children. Geneva, p. 130. HAP is often caused by the still pervasive use of polluting fuels s

11、uch as charcoal, cokes, fuelwood, or agricultural wastes for cooking, lighting and heating. These inefficient cooking practices produce high levels of air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM25), Carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)exposure to which have been a

12、ssociated with various health concerns.1It is estimated that 4.3 m川ion of the 7 million premature deaths due to air pollution each year are from illnesses attributable to HAP, which include noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as stroke, ischemic heart disease, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive p

13、ulmonary disease (COPD). Furthermore, HAP disproportionately affects the worlds most vulnerableputting women, children, the elderly, the displaced and the extremely impoverished population at a higher risk of disease from exposure (footnote 1). In 2020, ESMAP and the World Bank estimated that the co

14、sts to the global economy of meeting the 2030 targets of universal access to clean cooking amounts to $2.4 trillion annually, with the health impact alone accounting for $1.4 trillion or 58.3% of this cost. Also included in this cost estimate are the costs to climate ($0.2 trillion) and gender ($0.8

15、 trillion).Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). 2020. The State of Access to Modern Energy Cooking Services. Washington, DC: World Bank. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGOIt is estimated that 4.3 m川ion of the 7 million premature deaths due to air pollution each year

16、are from illnesses attributable to HAP, which include noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as stroke, ischemic heart disease, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Furthermore, HAP disproportionately affects the worlds most vulnerableputting women, children, the elderly, the

17、 displaced and the extremely impoverished population at a higher risk of disease from exposure (footnote 1). In 2020, ESMAP and the World Bank estimated that the costs to the global economy of meeting the 2030 targets of universal access to clean cooking amounts to $2.4 trillion annually, with the h

18、ealth impact alone accounting for $1.4 trillion or 58.3% of this cost. Also included in this cost estimate are the costs to climate ($0.2 trillion) and gender ($0.8 trillion).Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). 2020. The State of Access to Modern Energy Cooking Services. Washington,

19、 DC: World Bank. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGOThe ultimate goal of the United Nations (UN) is to end all forms of poverty and hunger, protect the planet from degradation, ensure prosperous and fulfilling lives for human beings, and foster peaceful, just, and inclusive societies

20、.UN General Assembly. 2015. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. 21 October.A/RES/70/1.The ultimate goal of the United Nations (UN) is to end all forms of poverty and hunger, protect the planet from degradation, ensure prosperous and fulfilling lives for human beings,

21、 and foster peaceful, just, and inclusive societies.UN General Assembly. 2015. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. 21 October.A/RES/70/1. One of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), i.e., SDG 7, is to “ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and mo

22、dern energy for all. This goal has five major targets, namely: (i) universal access to modern technology; (ii) increase global percentage of renewable energy; (iii) double the improvement in energy efficiency; (iv) promote access, technology and investments in clean energy; and (v) expand and upgrad

23、e energy services for developing countries (footnote 3).Universal access to clean cooking, along with universal access to electricity, is an integral element of the SDG7 target of universal access to modern technology to be achieved by 2030. ESMAP, in 2020, identified these clean cooking solutions f

24、rom the health perspective; among these are liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), electricity, improved cookstoves (ICS) such as best-in-class gasifiers, biogas digesters, and solar cookers (footnote 2).The importance of universal access to clean cooking cannot be overemphasized. HAP, brought about by the

25、use of inefficient cooking, not only impacts health but also affects other factors of development such as poverty, gender inequality, environmental degradation, air pollution, and climate change. Increasing access to clean fuels and technologies can therefore greatly contribute to the achievement of

26、 10 out of the 17 SDG Goals.In the latest Tracking SDG 7: Energy Progress Report, 2020, global access to clean cooking is reported to have increased from 56% in 2010 to 63% in 2018 leaving an estimated 2.8 billion people worldwide without access to cooking systems. International Energy Agency (IEA),

27、 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), World Bank, WHO. 2020. Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report. Washington, DC. Of these, 1.8 billion or 64% live in Asia and the Pacific. IEA. 2019. Clean cooking access database. Accessed 28 April 2020. W

28、hile there has been some progress, the pace is not sufficient to achieve the universal access target by 2030. It is also apparent that this reported increase in access to clean cooking has not cascaded evenly across all countries worldwide. As reported, the top 20 countries with the largest populati

29、ons lacking access to clean cooking fuel and technologies accounted for 82% of the global population without access between 2014 and 2018. The Philippines is listed among these 20 countries.Access to clean cooking in the Philippines is at 46% of its population in 2018 with rural areas lagging at 27%

30、 (Table 1). This leaves some 54% or around 57.6 million people relying on traditional cement cookstoves and utilizing charcoal or fuelwood as cooking fuel. Compared with other countries in Southeast Asia such as Indonesia and Viet Nam, the pace of increase in clean cooking access in the Philippines

31、has been much slower. The lack of information on the extent of HAP and its impact on health and environment of communities in the Philippines could be a reason for the apparent inattention given to the ensuing health and environmental issues from traditional cooking practices, resulting to this rela

32、tively lackluster performance.Table 1: Comparison of Clean Cooking Access of Southeast Asian Countries, 2018a International Energy Agency, International Renewable Energy Agency, United Nations Statistics Division, World Bank, World Health Organization. 2020. Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Repor

33、t. Washington DC.Percent ofPercent ofPercent Increase2018 PopulationPopulationPopulationin Access to CleanSoutheast Asianwith Access inwith Access inCooking (2000-Without AccessCountries2000a2018a2018)b(million)0Brunei Darussalam9595no change9595no change9595no change1Thailand63791614.6Viet Nam13645

34、134.4Indonesia6807453.5Philippines3846857.6Myanmar15282438.7Cambodiad5221812.7Lao Peoples Democratic5636.6Republicb Values are computed from % of population with access in 2000 and 2008.c Computed from percent of population without access in 2018 against World Bank 2018 population data from World Ba

35、nk. 2020. World Development Indicators (Population, total). Last updated 1 July 2020. Accessed 6 August 2020.d Percent of population with access in 2000 were approximate values so percent increase was also approximated.IntroductionA policy brief released by UN in 2018 identified three major barriers

36、 or challenges to efforts of transitioning toward universal access to clean cooking. These include: (i) supply issues or the lack of clean, affordable, and available supply of clean fuel and energy sources; (ii) demand issues which include cost of clean fuel and/or device, consumer preference and pr

37、actices, and overall awareness; and, (iii) enabling environment or the existing monetary and fiscal policies that restrict or inhibit sector growth and sustainability whether due to lack of funding, poor implementation, or poor cross-sectoral coordination.UN. 2018. Accelerating SDG 7 Achievement: Po

38、licy Briefs in Support of the First SDG 7 Review at the UN High-Level Political Forum. Policy Brief #2: Achieving Universal Access to Clean and Modern Cooking Fuels, Technologies and Services.A policy brief released by UN in 2018 identified three major barriers or challenges to efforts of transition

39、ing toward universal access to clean cooking. These include: (i) supply issues or the lack of clean, affordable, and available supply of clean fuel and energy sources; (ii) demand issues which include cost of clean fuel and/or device, consumer preference and practices, and overall awareness; and, (i

40、ii) enabling environment or the existing monetary and fiscal policies that restrict or inhibit sector growth and sustainability whether due to lack of funding, poor implementation, or poor cross-sectoral coordination.UN. 2018. Accelerating SDG 7 Achievement: Policy Briefs in Support of the First SDG

41、 7 Review at the UN High-Level Political Forum. Policy Brief #2: Achieving Universal Access to Clean and Modern Cooking Fuels, Technologies and Services.With energy policymakers, clean cooking technology investors, and other stakeholders as the intended audience; this report aims to provide, through

42、 the Philippines context, a perspective oncurrent fuel-technology combinations that households employ, their efficiency and the effect on indoor air quality;(I) the costs involved in the utilization of current fuel-technology combinations and the impact of switching to clean cooking on these costs;

43、and,the barriers and possible solutions to switching from traditional, inefficient stoves and fuel to clean cooking.The study will also augment available information and foster understanding of the extent of HAP and the prevailing barriers and issues that hinder deployment of clean cooking technolog

44、ies and serve as invaluable inputs to finding viable solution to increasing access to clean cooking. From the output of the study, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) can assess where it could contribute knowledge and resources in support of clean cooking access efforts not only in the Philippines but

45、also in its other developing member countries (DMCs) across the Asia and Pacific region.The first three chapters provide the Philippine context on cooking practices and preferences that define prevailing fuel-technology combinations and how these affect indoor air quality and household health. It in

46、vestigates the degree of pollution that household members are exposed to. This information is vital in order to generate more appreciation of the issue of indoor air pollution by local governments and their constituents. The next chapters focus on the barriers, including the costs, and the prospects

47、 in switching to clean cooking. The report proceeds as follows:Chapter 2 situates the reader to the Philippines5 context. A broader context on fuel use and cookstove preferences are initially presented. This is followed by the results of household surveys that shows current and site-specific cooking

48、 practices and local preferences that influence prevailing fuel-technology combinations.Chapter 3 discusses the results of field emission tests, done in conjunction with the household surveys. The water boiling test (WBT) method was adopted for field emission testing to provide actual field measurements of the amount of air pollutants (PM25, CO, NO2, SO2) emitted by the various fuel-technology combinations employed by households in the study sites. These emission rate measurements for PM25 and CO were compared with the WHO Guidelines for indoor air quality: household fuel combustion, whi