2022届北京海淀区高三英语一模D篇阅读分析 讲义.docx

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1、2022届北京海淀区高三英语一模D篇阅读分析讲义1In over 25 years, DeSimonehas spun his research findings into commercial gold by launching several businesses. As a faculty member at the University of North Carolina； he provided scientific advice and held equity in the businesses. But he has never actually managed his comp

2、anies. His employers bar him from simultaneously holding an academic post and an executive position. The dual roles can present huge conflicts.举例多是为了引出文章亟待说明或论证的话题或主题。该段借用 DeSimone,a faculty member at the University of North Carolina 的 hasspun his research findings into commercial gold by launching

3、several businesses经历，也即，通过创立几家公司加速自己的研究成果得以变现的经历，以此说 明 Simultaneously holding an academic post and an executive position can present huge conflicts 的话题。2Conflicts of interest ( COIs ) occur when an individuaT s personal interests一family, friendships, financial, or social factors一could compromise his

4、 or herjudgment, decisions, or actions in the workplace, and it makes sound career sense to think about how to manage them. Researchers should disclose potentialor existing conflicts across all aspects of academic life.当间杂着家庭友情经济或社会因素的个人利益，可能危及到该个体在职场中的判断， 决定或行为时，便会出现利益冲突(Conflicts of interest)。思考且理

5、顺这些利益冲突(COIs ) 则有利于职业生涯的完美。因此/应该researchers或investigators理应disclose potential or existing conflicts across all aspects of academic life ,以更好地应对瓜田 李下的嫌疑。In most places, COI management runs on an honor system. Researchers decide which financial holdings and relationships to disclose to university admi

6、nistrators. Journals and funders adopt a similar system when they ask authors and peer reviewers about potential conflicts related to manuscript or grant approvals.该段交代当前的COI management是建立在诚信制度an honor system涯础之上。 分另!J从 researchers 方之于 university administrators 方，还有 Journals and funders 之于 authors a

7、nd peer reviewers 两个方面谈及 COI management 问题。4Most research institutions offer training to help faculty members tounderstand what constitutes a potential or existing conflict. Administrators then decide whether the interest presents a conflict, and whether that conflict can be handled. If so, they cre

8、ate a management plan to address it. If not, researchers must abandon the work； partner with researchers at other institutions, or leave their university.该段针对 COI management 问题,谈及 most research institutions 的所作所为：一 方面 offer training to help faculty members to understand what constitutes a potential

9、or existing conflict;再者，由管理者来决定该利益是否存在冲突，以及冲突能 否得以解决。有冲突，便可create a management plan to address it ;没有，则 researchers must abandon the work, partner with researchers at other institutions, or leave their universityo5Perception plays a part in defining a potential conflict, warns Walt, a chemist at Tuf

10、ts University. Investigators who develop a technology in the laboratory and then transfer it to their company could create a conflict of interest in the eyes of their students, Walt says. But the potential conflict can be avoided by drafting a licensing agreement that bars discoveries from automatic

11、ally being transferred to the investigators company. Walt created such an arrangement to assure his students that they werent actually working for his private companies.此段借用Walt的警告，用以表述对于a potential conflict的洞察在定义潜在（利益） 冲突中起重要作用。在学生看来，研究者在实验室研发一项科技并把该科技转移至本人公 司便可能产生 a conflict of interesto 而 Walt 的做

12、法是 by drafting a licensing agreement that bars discoveries from automatically being transferred to the investigators company ,从而避免the potential conflicto此举确保让他的学生知道他 们不是为他个人公司效力。此举可谓清者自清。6Relationships can pose conflicts when conference organizers are choosing speakers. Members of the American Socie

13、ty for Human Genetics program committee, which selects abstracts and talks for their annual meeting, must recuse （要求回避）themselves from considering talks by, for example, researchers at their current and past institutions, close collaborators and those with whom they have personal or familial ties.如果

14、说上段两段旨在说明研究者个人和大学以及科研院所学生之间的COIs ,而本段则 从 conference organizers 选择 speakers 角度，言及 relationships can pose conflicts , 也即，关系一样可以导致（利益）冲突。最好的做法便是recuse themselves from considering talks ,无论是 researchers at their current and past institutions ,还是 close collaborators and those with whom they have personal

15、 or familial tieso7Even differing points of view can play a part. Scacheri, a geneticist who chairs the committee, says that members who have disagreed personally withpotential speakers might also be obliged to recuse themselves: If youfeel you cant be an impartial （公正的）reviewer, that is considered

16、a COL”作者更进一步对COI问题加以表述。在COI问题上even differing points of view can play a part,也即，甚至是发表异己的观点也会涉及到利益冲突问题。本段借用Scacheri 的话语 members who have disagreed personally with potential speakers might also be obliged to recuse themselves ,用于说明在COI问题上，异见者也应遵从回避原则。8Handling COIs can beburdensome. COI managers emphas

17、ize that the goal is not to suppress innovation, butto expose potential conflicts so that they can be managed. Nothing aboutthe process is meant to be prohibitive/7 says Grewal, a COI officer at MIT. Her institution wants to enable good science and the betterment of humanity. During that process/ sh

18、e says, “if you make some money, that s good as well.”The goal of handling COIs is not to suppress or prohibit innovation, but to expose potential conflicts so that they can be managed ,处理并解决利益冲突的目的 不在于压制或禁止创新，而在于暴露潜在冲突使之便于管理。此段借用Grewal, a COI officer at MIT 的话语加以论述。此举既可 enable good science and the

19、betterment of humanity ,当然,如能在此过程中挣钱,thats good as well01. 31. The example of DeSimone in Paragraph 1 is used mainly to .A. raise a questionB. report a findingC. introduce a topicD. present a theory 解析：原文赏析中已做解析。1. 32. To better deal with COIs,.A. researchers have to quit their job at the university

20、B. researchers should report the conflicts that possibly existC. institutions need to monitor the staffs career and relationshipsD. institutions should train researchers to create management plans解析：此类题属于细节题。既要找到答案区间，又要找到对应信息，以回避张冠李戴。正 确答案B来源于第二自然段的末尾句，Researchers should disclose potential or existi

21、ng conflicts across all aspects of academic lifeo 注意答案和该句所表信息的语言 切换。33. What can we learn from the passage?A. Grewal considers COI management exhausting and costly.B. Walt arranged to transfer discoveries at his lab to his companies.C. Conference organizers should avoid inviting unqualified speakers

22、.D. Scacheri believes personal viewpoints may impact a reviewer s decision.解析：此题仍属于细节题，且需在关键词对应下的信息基础上加以推理。A答案极具迷惑 性。该选项信息来源于最后一段，但COI management exhausting的表述，超出Grewal 话语所表述内容。B选项信息来源于第五自然段信息。排除较易。C选项信息判断取自于 第六自然段。inviting unqualified speakers非原文所表述。D答案难度较大。信息取自 于第七自然段。从 that members who have disag

23、reed personally with potential speakers might also be obliged to recuse themselves: If you feel you cant be an impartial （公正的）reviewer, that is considered a COL”一句可以推出，作为异见者亦 应回避。个人观点极易影响审稿人或评审员不公正地审稿或评审，这也是COIo34. What can we infer from the passage?A. COIs can be defined depending on interpretation

24、s.B. COIs benefit scientific innovation and better humanity.C. COIs arise primarily due to the pursuit offinancial gains.D. COIs can be got rid of by promoting fairness in workplaces.解析：此题为推理题。答案C和答案D为主语表达错误。理应加上handling 一词,才可 成立。再看A和C。C答案干扰性极大。排除信息可以参考第六和第七自然段的第一句。 也艮| , Relationships can pose conflicts when conference organizers are choosing speakers 和 Even differing points of view can play a part。可以推出 COIs 不都基于 the pursuit of financial gains z 还有 relationships 和 differing points ofviewo A 答案的解 析应建立在全文之上，特别是第三，第四，第五，第六和第七自然段。define 一词，在此 可理解为界定。