2022年年考研英语一真题及参考答案解析 .pdf

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1、2010年考研英语一Section I Use of English Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank.and markA，B，CorDon ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the H

2、awthorne Plant near Chicago.It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting _1_ workers productivity.Instead，the studies ended_2_ giving their name to the“Hawthorne effect”the extremely influential idea the very_3_to being experimented upon changed subjects behaviorThe idea arose because of the_4_

3、behavior of the women in the plant.According to _5_of the experiments their hourly output rose when lighting was increased,but also when it was dimmed.It did not _6_what was done in the experiment._7_something was changed productivity rose.A(n)_8_ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be

4、_9_to alter workers behavior _10_ itself After several decades，the same data were _11_to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions on record，no systematic _13_was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting It turns out th

5、at peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to _14_interpretation of what happened._15_，lighting was always changed on a Sunday When work started again on Monday,output _16_ rose compared with the previous Saturday and _17_ to rise for the next couple of days _18_，a comparison with

6、 data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday,workers _19_to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case，before _20_a plateau and then slackening off.This suggests that the alleged“Hawthorne effect”is hard to pin down1.A affected Bachiev

7、ed Cextracted Drestored 2.Aat Bup Cwith Doff 3.Atruth Bsight Cact Dproof 4.Acontroversial Bperplexing Cmischievous Dambiguous 5.Arequirements Bexplanations Caccounts Dassessments 6.Aconclude Bmatter Cindicate Dwork 7.Aas far as Bfor fear that Cin case that Dso long as 8.Aawareness Bexpectation Csent

8、iment Dillusion 9.Asuitable Bexcessive Cenough Dabundant 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 1 页，共 25 页 -10.Aabout Bfor Con Dby 11.Acompared Bshown Csubjected Dconveyed 12.Acontrary to Bconsistent with Cparallel with Dpeculiar to 13.Aevidence Bguidance Cimplication Dsource 14.Adisputable Benlightening Creliabl

9、e Dmisleading 15.AIn contrast BFor example CIn consequence DAs usual 16.Aduly Baccidentally Cunpredictably Dsuddenly 17.Afailed Bceased Cstarted Dcontinued 20.Abreaking Bclimbing Csurpassing Dhitting Section Reading Comprehension Part A Directions：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions b

10、elow each text by choosingA，B，CorD.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1 Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century,perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts co

11、verage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century co

12、nsisted in large part of newspaper reviews.To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of

13、the 20th century and the eve of World War II,at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.In those far-off days,it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length abou

14、t the events they covered.Theirs was a serious business,and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly,like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman,could be trusted to know what they were about.These men believed in journalism as a calling,and were proud to be published in the daily press.“S

15、o few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,”Newman wrote,“that I am tempted to define journalism as a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.”Unfortunately,these critics are virtually forgotten.Neville Cardus,who w

16、rote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975,is now 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 2 页，共 25 页 -known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket.During his lifetime,though,he was also one of Englands foremost classical-music critics,a stylist so widely admired

17、that his Autobiography(1947)became a best-seller.He was knighted in 1967,the first music critic to be so honored.Yet only one of his books is now in print,and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Carduss criticism will enjoy a revival?The prospec

18、t seems remote.Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death,and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized.Moreover,the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21.It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that

19、 A arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.B English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.C high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.D young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22.Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were cha

20、racterized by A free themes.B casual style.C elaborate layout.D radical viewpoints.23.Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?A It is writers duty to fulfill journalistic goals.B It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.C Writers are likely to be tempted into jour

21、nalism.D Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24.What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?A His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.B His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.C His style caters largely to modern specialists.D H

22、is writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25.What would be the best title for the text?A Newspapers of the Good Old Days B The Lost Horizon in Newspapers C Mournful Decline of Journalism D Prominent Critics in Memory Text 2 Over the past decade,thousands of patents have seen granted for what

23、are called business methods.Amazon com received one for its“one-click”online payment system 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 3 页，共 25 页 -Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.One inventor patented a technique for lying a box。Now the nations top patent court appears completely r

24、eady to scale hack on business-method patents,which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago.In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use particular case to conduct a broad review of busine

25、ss-method patents.In re Bilski,as the case is known,is“a very big deal”，says DermisD,Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law.It“has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face because it was the federal circuit itsel

26、f that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case,approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets.That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings,initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pints to s

27、pecific types of online transactions.Later,move established companies raced to add such patents to their files,if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch.In 2005,IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fa

28、ct that it questioned the legal basis for granting them.Similarly,some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products,even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice。The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the ener

29、gy market.The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the courts judges,rather than a typical panel of three,and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should“reconsider”its state street Bank ruling。The Federal Circuits action comes in the

30、 wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme.Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders.Last April,for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for“inventions”that are obvious.The judges on the Federal circuit are“reaction to the anti-pat

31、ent trend at the supreme court”says Harole C Wegner,a par tend attorney and professor at Washington University Law School。26.Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of A their limited value to business B their connection with asset allocation C the possible restriction on their

32、 granting D the controversy over authorization 27.Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?A Its ruling complies with the court decisions B It involves a very big business transaction 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 4 页，共 25 页 -C It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit D It may change the leg

33、al practices in the U.S。28.The word“about-face”(Line 1,Paro 3)most probably meansA loss of good will Bincrease of hostility Cchange of attitude D enhancement of disunity 29.We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents A are immune to legal challenges B are of ten unnecessarily

34、issued C lower the esteem for patent holders D increase the incidence of risks 30.Which of the following would be the subject of the text?AA looming threat to business-method patents BProtection for business-method patent holders CA legal case regarding business-method patents D A prevailing tread a

35、gainst business-method patents Text 3 In his book The Tipping Point Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals,often called influentials who are unusual informed,persuasive,or we connect.The idea is intuitively compe

36、lling but it doesnt explain how ideas actually spread。The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the tow-step flow of communication.Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else.Marketers have emb

37、raced the two-step flow became it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials,those select people will do most of the work for them.The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of people was wearing,promoting or developing whatever it is before anyone

38、else paid attention.Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people call drive trends。In their recent work,however,some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.In fact,t

39、hey dont seem to be required of all.The researchers argument stems from a simple observation about social influence,with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media,not interpersonal influence-even the most influential members of a po

40、pulation simply dont interact with that many others.Yet it is precisely these non-celebrating influentials who according to the two-step-flow theory are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly.For a social epidemic to occur however each person so affec

41、ted must then influence his or her own acquaintances,who must in turn influence theirs and so on and just how many others 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 5 页，共 25 页 -pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.If people in the network just two degrees removed from th

42、e initial influential prove resistant,for example from the initial influential,prove resistant,for example the cascade of change wont propagate very far or affect many people。Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence,the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a

43、number of variables relating of populations,manipulating a number of variables relating to peoples ability to influence others and their tendency to be。31.By citing the book The Tipping Point the author intends to A analyze the consequences of social epidemics B discuss influentials function in spre

44、ading ideas C exemplify peoples intuitive response to social epidemicsD describe the essential characteristics of influentials 32.The author suggests that the“two-step-flow theory”A serves as a solution to marketing problems B has helped explain certain prevalent trends C has won support from influe

45、ntials D requires solid evidence for its validity 33.What the researchers have observed recently shows that A the power of influence goes with social interactions B interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media C influentials have more channels to reach the public Dmost celebritiea enjoy wid

46、e media attention 34.The underlined phrase“these people”in paragraph 4 refers to the ones whoAstay outside the network of social influence Bhave little contact with the source of influence Care influenced and then influence others D are influenced by the initial influential 35.What is the essential

47、element in the dynamics of social influence?AThe eagerness to be accepted BThe impulse to influence others CThe readiness to be influenced DThe inclination to rely on others Text 4 Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public.Behind the scenes,they have been taking aim at someon

48、e else the accounting standard-setters.Their rules,moan the banks,have forced them to report enormous losses,and its just not fair.These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay,not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch。名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第

49、6 页，共 25 页 -Unfortunately,banks lobbying now seems to be working.The details may be unknowable,but the independence of standard-setters,essential to the proper functioning of capital markets,is being compromised.And,unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers,reviving the banking s

50、ystem will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress,Americas Financial Accounting Standards Board(FASB)rushed through rule changes.These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long0term assets in their income statemen