上海市2022届高三英语二轮复习阅读主旨题专项练习（含答案）.docx

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1、阅读主旨题 【课堂精讲】I. Types of Paragraph Structures:typeThe position of the topicat the beginningat the endin the middleno clear topic sentenceII. Exercise. AAutomation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and

2、 physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the Second Industrial Revolution.Labours concern over automation arises from uncertainty about the effects on employment, an

3、d fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labour has taken the view that resistance to technical change is unfruitful. Eventually, the result of automation may well be an increase in employment, since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repair

4、ing automation equipment. The interest of labour lies in bringing about the transition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to the workers involved. Also, union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared by wo

5、rkers in the form of higher wages, more leisure, and improved living standards. To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the

6、 employer involved in such a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong drive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible problems in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiring that perman

7、ently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approach is the idea of the improvement factor, which calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labour will rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a

8、 full share in the fruits of automation.1. Which of the following can best sum up the passage? A. Advantages and disadvantages of automation. B. Labour and the effects of automation. C. Unemployment benefit plans and automation. D. Social benefits of automation. BIt is natural for young people to be

9、 critical of their parents at times and to blame them for most of the misunderstandings between them. They have always complained, more or less justly, that their parents are out of touch with modern ways; that they are possessive and dominant that they do not trust their children to deal with crise

10、s; that they talk too much about certain problems and that they have no sense of humor, at least in parent-child relationships. I think it is true that parents often underestimate their teenage children and also forget how they themselves felt when young. Young people often irritate their parents wi

11、th their choices in clothes and hairstyles, in entertainers and music. This is not their motive. They feel cut off from the adult world into which they have not yet been accepted. So they create a culture and society of their own. Then, if it turns out that their music or entertainers or vocabulary

12、or clothes or hairstyles irritate their parents, this gives them additional enjoyment. They feel they are superior, at least in a small way, and that they are leaders in style and taste.2. The first paragraph is mainly about _. A. the teenagers criticism of their parents B. misunderstandings between

13、 teenagers and their parents C. the dominance of the parents over their children D. the teenagers ability to deal with crisesCGreenspace facilities are contributing to an important extent to the quality of the urban environment. Fortunately it is no longer necessary that every lecture or every book

14、about this subject has to start with the proof of this idea. At present, it is generally accepted, although more as a self-evident statement than on the base of a closely-reasoned scientific proof. The recognition of the importance of greenspaces in the urban environment is a first step on the right

15、 way, this does not mean, however, that sufficient details are known about the functions of greenspace in towns and about the way in which the inhabitants are using these spaces. As to this rather complex subject I shall, within the scope of this lecture, enter into one aspect only, namely the recre

16、ative function of greenspace facilities.The theoretical separation of living, working, traffic and recreation which for many years has been used in town-and-country planning, has in my opinion resulted in disproportionate attention for forms of recreation far from home, whereas there was relatively

17、little attention for improvement of recreative possibilities in the direct neighbourhood of the home. We have come to the conclusion that this is not right, because an important part of the time which we do not pass in sleeping or working, is used for activities at and around home. So it is obvious

18、that recreation in the open air has to begin at the street-door of the house. The urban environment has to offer as many recreation activities as possible, and the design of these has to be such that more obligatory activities can also have a recreative aspect. The very best standard of living is no

19、thing if it is not possible to take a pleasant walk in the district, if the children cannot be allowed to play in the streets, because the risks of traffic are too great, if during shopping you can nowhere find a spot for enjoying for a moment the nice weather, in short, if you only feel yourself at

20、 home after the street-door of your house is closed after you.3. The main idea of this passage is that _. A. attention must be directed to the improvement of recreative possibilities B. better use of greenspace facilities should be made so as to improve the quality of our life C. the urban environme

21、nt is providing more recreation activities than it did many years ago D. priority must（灭绝） be given to the development of obligatory activitiesDThere are desert plants which survive the dry season in the form of inactive seeds. There are also desert insects which survive as inactive larvae (幼虫). In

22、addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which can survive through years of drought (干旱) in the form of inactive eggs. These are the shrimps (小虾) that live in the Mojave Desert, an intensely dry region in the south-west of the United States where shade temperatures of over 50C

23、are often recorded.The eggs of the Mojave shrimps are the size and have the appearance of grains of sand. When sufficient spring rain falls to form a lake, once every two to five years, these eggs hatch (孵化). Then the water is soon filled with millions of tiny shrimps about a millimetre long which f

24、eed on tiny plant and animal organisms which also grow in the temporary desert lake. Within a week, the shrimps grow from their original 1 millimetre to a length of about 1.5 centimetres. Throughout the time that the shrimps are rapidly maturing, the water in the lake equally rapidly evaporates. The

25、refore, for the shrimps it is a race against time. By the twelfth day, however, when they are about 3 centimetre long, hundreds of tiny eggs form on the underbodies of the females. Usually by this time, all that remains of the lake is a large, muddy patch of wet soil. On the thirteenth day and the n

26、ext, during the final hours of their brief lives, the shrimps lay their eggs in the mud. Then, having ensured that their species will survive, the shrimps die as the last of the water evaporates. If sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and once again the shrimps

27、pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood, egg-laying, and death. Some years there is insufficient rain to form a lake: in this case, the eggs will remain dormant for another year, or even longer if necessary. Very, very occasionally, perhaps twice in a hundred years, sufficient rain fal

28、ls to form a deep lake that lasts a month or more. In this case, the species passes through two cycles of growth, egg-laying, and death. Thus, on such occasions, the species multiplies considerably, which further ensures its survival.4. The passage mainly deals with _. A. the life span of the Mojave

29、 shrimps B. the survival of desert shrimps C. the importance of water to lifeD. life in the Mojave DesertEIn our culture, the sources of what we call a sense of mastery -feeling important and worth-while-and the sources of what we call a sense pleasure-finding life enjoyable-are not always identical

30、. Women often are told You cant have it all. Sometimes what the speaker really is saying is : You chose a career, so you cant expect to have closer relationships or a happy family life. or You have a wonderful husband and children-Whats all this about wanting a career? But women need to understand a

31、nd develop both aspects of well-being, if they are to feel good about themselves. Our study shows that, for women, well-being（幸福，being *的状态） has two dimensions. One is mastery, which includes self-esteem (自尊), a sense of control over your life, and low levels of anxiety and depression. Mastery is cl

32、osely related to the doing side of life, to work and activity. Pleasure is the other dimensions, and it is composed of happiness, satisfaction and optimism (乐观). It is tied more closely to the feeling side of life. The two are independent of each other. A woman could be high in mastery and low in pl

33、easure, and vice versa. For example, a woman who has a good job, but whose mother has just died, might be feeling very good about herself and in control of her work life, but the pleasure side could be damaged for a time.The concepts of mastery and pleasure can help us identify the sources of well-b

34、eing for women, and remedy past mistakes. In the past, women were encouraged to look only at the feeling side of life as the source of all well-being. But we know that both mastery and pleasure are critical. And mastery seems to be achieved largely through work. In our study, all the groups of emplo

35、yed women rated significantly higher in mastery than did women who were not employed. A womans well-being is enhanced (增进) when she takes on multiple roles. At least by middle adulthood, the women who were involved in a combination of roles-marriages, motherhood, and employment were the highest in w

36、ell-being, despite warnings about stress and strain.5. The most appropriate title for the passage would be _.A. The well-being of Career WomenB. Sources of Mastery and PleasureC. Two Aspects of Womens Well-BeingD. Freedom Roles Women in Society阅读主旨题 【课堂精讲】I. Types of Paragraph Structures:typeThe pos

37、ition of the topicat the beginningat the endin the middleno clear topic sentenceII. Exercise. AAutomation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possib

38、le the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the Second Industrial Revolution.Labours concern over automation arises from uncertainty about the effects on employment, and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labour ha

39、s taken the view that resistance to technical change is unfruitful. Eventually, the result of automation may well be an increase in employment, since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repairing automation equipment. The interest of labour lies in

40、 bringing about the transition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to the workers involved. Also, union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, more leisure, and imp

41、roved living standards. To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such a plan has a direct financial

42、 interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong drive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible problems in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on

43、length of service. Another approach is the idea of the improvement factor, which calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labour will rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of automation.1. Which of the

44、following can best sum up the passage? A. Advantages and disadvantages of automation. B. Labour and the effects of automation. C. Unemployment benefit plans and automation. D. Social benefits of automation. 【Keys】: B【解析】：通过阅读文章每段的中心句（首句），我们观察到“automation”和“labour”这两个词在文中反复出现，再根据每段中心句所突出的主题，可以推断得知答案选

45、B。BIt is natural for young people to be critical of their parents at times and to blame them for most of the misunderstandings between them. They have always complained, more or less justly, that their parents are out of touch with modern ways; that they are possessive and dominant that they do not

46、trust their children to deal with crises; that they talk too much about certain problems and that they have no sense of humor, at least in parent-child relationships. I think it is true that parents often underestimate their teenage children and also forget how they themselves felt when young. Young

47、 people often irritate their parents with their choices in clothes and hairstyles, in entertainers and music. This is not their motive. They feel cut off from the adult world into which they have not yet been accepted. So they create a culture and society of their own. Then, if it turns out that the

48、ir music or entertainers or vocabulary or clothes or hairstyles irritate their parents, this gives them additional enjoyment. They feel they are superior, at least in a small way, and that they are leaders in style and taste.2. The first paragraph is mainly about _. A. the teenagers criticism of their parents B. misunderstandings between teenagers and their parents C. the dominance of the parents over their children D. the teenagers ability to deal with crises【Keys】: A【解析】：全文只一段，且通过文章结构分析得知该段为总-分结构，主题句为首句，故答案选A。本题误选B的同学较多。CGreenspace facilities are contributing to an importan