2018考研英语阅读理解真题及参考答案.docx

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1、2018考研英语阅读理解真题及参考答案Text 1Its true that high-school coding classes arent essential for learning computer science in college. Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellons School of Computer Science.However, Cortina

2、said, early exposure is beneficial. When younger kids learn computer science, they learn that its not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses. Its not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for ol

3、der students. Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal. Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap, Cortina said.Students also benefit from learning something about coding

4、before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or-determined students away.The Flatiron School, where people pay to learn programming, started as one of the many coding bootcamps thats become popular for adults loo

5、king for a career change. The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but “we try to gear lessons toward things theyre interested in,” said Victoria Friedman, an instructor. For instance, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood.The students in the Flatiron clas

6、s probably wont drop out of high school and build the next Facebook. Programming languages have a quick turnover, so the “Ruby on Rails” language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market. But the skills they learn how to think logically through a problem andorganiz

7、e the results apply to any coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.Indeed, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all. But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes. These kids are going to be surrounded by c

8、omputers in their pockets, in their offices, in their homes for the rest of their lives. The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax the machine into producing what they want the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that the better.1. Cortina holds that early exposure to com

9、puter science makes it easier to_.A. complete future job trainingB. remodel the way of thinkingC. formulate logical hypothesesD. perfect artwork production2. In delivering lessons for high-schoolers, Flatiron has considered their_.A. experienceB. academic backgroundsC. career prospectsD. interest3.

10、Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will_.A. help students learn other computer languagesB. have to be upgraded when new technologies comeC. need improving when students look for jobsD. enable students to make big quick money4. According to the last paragraph, Flatiron stude

11、nts are expected to_.A. compete with a future army of programmersB. stay longer in the information technology industryC. become better prepared for the digitalized worldD. bring forth innovative computer technologies5. The word “coax” (Line4, Para.6) is closest in meaning to_.A. challengeB. persuade

12、C. frightenD. misguideText 1答案1.B remodel the way of thinking.Reshape 重塑 remold 重塑Mold 名词-模型 模子 动词-形成塑造解析：此题是文中人物观点题。根据Cortina定位到第二段前三句。Cortina认为尽早接触计算机科学是有益的。第三句Its not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students. 译为在转变思维程序方面小孩不像年龄较大的学生一样困难，即B remodel the way o

13、f thinking 转变思维方式即为同义替换。2 .D . interest解析：此题是细节题。根据关键词Friedman定位到第四段第二句but之后引号里面内容“我们试图让课程符合学生兴趣”，故而D interest为正确答案。3 .A help students learn other computer languages解析：文中人物观点题。题干问的是Deborah Seehorn认为在Flatiron这里所学到的技能将能怎么样，据此定位到第五段But处，和题干基本一致，该句指出“But the skills they learnappl to any coding language”

14、，意思是他们学到的技能可以应用于任何编码语言。对比答案选项，A选项的意思是“帮助学生学习其他的计算机语言”属于原文定位处的同义替换。4 .C become better prepared for the digitalized world解析：细节题。题干指出：根据最后一段，Flatiron的学生被期望去干什么。据此定位到最后一段的These kids are going to be处，是题干的同义复现。定位句“These kids arebe surrounded by computers for the rest of their lives. The younger they learn

15、 how computers think.the better.”，意思是学生们越早学越好。C选项“为数字化的未来做更好的准备”是同义概述。5 .B persuade解析：词义句意题，结合上下文来解题。根据coax此单词，定位到最后一段最后一句“how to coax the machine into producing what they want”，考察固定搭配“persuadeinto”。A选项挑战，B选项劝服，C选项使恐慌，D选项误导。考生做题时一定要注意结合上下文来推测生词的词义，这是命题人的出题 规律。Text 2For the first time in history, mor

16、e people live in towns than in the county. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate “the countryside” alongside the royal firmly, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A centur

17、y ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever.” It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air.” Hills pressure later led to the creation o

18、f national parks and green belts. They dont make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The conservatives planning reform explicitly gives rural development

19、priori over conservation, even authorizing “off-plan” building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, s

20、ensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are.in cities and towns where in

21、frastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone, no intrusion on green belt. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby

22、talk. The issue is not the need for more house but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against. high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns an

23、d villages have growl and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned .not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europes most crowded country. Half

24、 a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. there is no doubt of the alternative - the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal Spain or Ireland avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite lef

25、t and right of the political spectrum.6. Britains public sentiment about the countrysideA didnt start till the Shakespearean age.B has brought much benefit to the NHS.C is fully backed by the royal family.D is not well reflected in politics.【答案】 D is not well reflected in politics【解析】细节题。根据题干回到原文精确定

26、位到首段最后一句：“然而民意调查显示英国人把乡村及皇室家族、莎士比亚和国家医疗服务体系一起视为使他们为自己国家感到最自豪的事物，这拥有有限的政治支持”，该句中的polls“民意调查“对应题干中的public sentiment，“this has limited political support”对应D项“is not well reflected in politics”，意为“在政治上没有得到很好的反响”，是对原文的同义替换。B项“给国家医疗服务体系带了了很多益处”，A项“直到莎士比亚时期才开始”，C项“得到了皇室家族的全力支持”，文章均未提及，属于“无中生有”。7. According

27、 to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now beingA gradually destroyed.B effectively reinforced.C properly protected.D largely overshadowed.【答案】 D largely overshadowed【解析】细节题。根据题干中的the National Trust定位到第二段首句。第二段首句提到这一项目的目的是为每个人永久保存自然地区的美丽。再根据第二段的第三句“Hill的项目创造出国家公园和绿地。他们不再制造乡村了，而且

28、每年钢筋混凝土消耗的乡村越来越多。乡村需要持久的保护”。可知当时的项目取得的成就已经不再发挥影响，D项“被大大夺去了光辉（即失去了影响力）”为正确选项。A项“被渐渐破坏”，B项“被有效地加强了”，C项“被合理地保护”，均不符合题意。8. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3?A Labour is under attack for opposing developmentB The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building.C The Liberal Democrats

29、are losing political influence.D Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.【答案】 D Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation【解析】推断题。根据题干定位到第三段。第二段提到乡村亟待保护，第三段首句提到在接下来的选举中似乎没有一个大的政党支持这种（公众）情绪。第六七句提到：只有Ukip意识到其机会，支持那些恳求在使用绿地上有更周全的方法的人，它发起的“保护英国乡村”的运动使许多当地的保守党感到恐惧。可见Ukip的做法符合大众情绪

30、，会因此获益。A项的“Ukip可能因支持保护乡村而获益”是对原文的同义替换。9. The author holds that George Osbornes preferenceA reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.B shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.C stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis.D highlights his firm stand i against lobby Pressure.

31、【答案】B shows his disregard for the character of rural areas【解析】 细节题。根据关键词George Osborne定位至第五段，第五段第二句提到Osborne支持乡村新建住宅反对城市改造和重建，支持郊区购物场所反对城市商业街。由此可知Osborne的是支持城市保护，反对乡村保护。接下来几句作者表达了自己的观点：这不是一个自由的市场而是一个有偏见的市场。接着提到：乡村的小镇和农村已经得到发展并将继续发展，它们在建筑坚持界线和尊重它们的特点方面做的非常好，我们没有破坏城市受保护的区域，为什么要破坏乡村的呢？可见Osborne的观点只强调城市

32、，忽视了乡村，B项“表明他对乡村区域特色的忽视”符合文意，为正确选项。A项“揭示出对城市区域的强烈偏见”，Osborne重视城市反对乡村，及文意相悖；C项“强调了缓解住房压力的必要性”，D项“突出了他反对游说团压力的坚定立场”，文中并未提及，属于“无中生有”。10. In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation ofA the size of population in Britain.B the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.C the town-and-country planni

33、ng in Britain.Dthe political life in todays Britain.【答案】 C the town-and-country planning in Britain【解析】 细节题。根据题干定位到最后一段第二句：“Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living.”，C项的“the town-and-country pla

34、nning in Britain”是对原文的同义替换，为正确选项。A项“英国人口的规模”，B项“英国令人羡慕的都市生活方式”，D项“当今英国的政治生活”，均不符合题意。Text3Biologists estimate that as many as 2 million lesser prairie chickens-a kind of bird living on stretching grasslandsonce lent red to the often gray landscape of the midwestern and southwestern United States. But

35、 just some 22,000 birds remain today, occupying about 16% of the species historic range.The crash was a major reason the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service （USFWS）decided to formally list the bird as threatened. “The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation,” said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe. So

36、me environmentalists, however, were disappointed. They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as “endangered,” a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats. But Ashe and others argued that the“threatened” tag gave the federal government flexibility to

37、try out new, potentially less confrontational conservations approaches. In particular, they called for forging closer collaborations with western state governments, which are often uneasy with federal action and with the private landowners who control an estimated 95% of the prairie chickens habitat

38、.Under the plan, for example, the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses that unintentionally kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as long as they had signed a rangewide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat. Negotiated by USFWS and the states, the plan requires individu

39、als and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat. The fund will also be used to compensate landowners who set aside habitat, USFWS also set an interim goal of restoring prairie chicken populatio

40、ns to an annual average of 67,000 birds over the next 10 years. And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA), a coalition of state agencies, the job of monitoring progress. Overall, the idea is to let “states” remain in the drivers seat for managing the species，” Ashe s

41、aid.Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric Some Congress members are trying to block the plan, and at least a dozen industry groups, four states, and three environmental groups are challenging it in federal court Not surprisingly, doesnt go far enough “The federal government is giving responsibility

42、 for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction,” says biologist Jay Lininger.11. The major reason for listing the lesser prairie as threatened is_Aits drastically decreased populationBthe underestimate of the grassland acreageCa desperate appeal from some biologistsD

43、the insistence of private landowners12.The “threatened” tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it_Awas a give-in to governmental pressureBwould involve fewer agencies in actionCgranted less federal regulatory powerDwent against conservation policies13.It can be learned from Paragraph3 that

44、unintentional harm-doers will not be prosecuted if they_Aagree to pay a sum for compensationBvolunteer to set up an equally big habitatCoffer to support the WAFWA monitoring jobDpromise to raise funds for USFWS operations14.According to Ashe， the leading role in managing the species in_Athe federal

45、governmentBthe wildlife agenciesCthe landownersDthe states15.Jay Lininger would most likely support_Aindustry groupsBthe win-win rhetoricCenvironmental groupsDthe plan under challengeText 3答案11 .A its drastically decreased population解析：此题是原因细节题。根据关键词定位到第一段But前后关于lesser prairie chickens 数量2million和22

46、,000的强烈对比。此外第二段第二句“the lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation”都可以得知A its drastically decreased population 数量的急剧下降为正确答案。12 .C granted less federal regulatory powersGrant 动词-同意允许；授予赋予名词-补贴解析：此题是原因细节题。根据关键词定位到第二段第四句，They had , a state that gives federal officials greater regulatory power. 而

47、But 之后是截然相反的事实，即政府授予了更少的管理权。故而C granted less federal regulatory powers为正确答案。13 .A agree to pay a sum for compensation赔偿补偿 薪酬解析：推断题。题干问的是从第三段推出来：无意伤害的那些人是不会被检举的如果怎么样。根据题干定位到第三段首句“it would not prosecute.as long as .”，题干中问的if即原文的as long as的同意替换，原文as long as的意思是：只要他们签署了计划。下一句说道，该计划要求个体和企业去支付基金。对应选项A选项“赞同支付赔偿”属于同义替换。14 .D the states解析：此题是细节题。根据关键词定位到第三段最后一句the idea is to let the“states”remain in the drivers seat for managing the species, Ashe said. 其中in the drivers seat对应题干中的the leading role, 故而D states为正确答案。15 .C env