研究生科技英语翻译与写作第四章课后题答案.doc

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1、翻译实践 分析语篇的衔接手段，并运用恰当的方法翻译。1.Los Alamos National Laboratory scientists are using a new technique to see fingerprints on surfaces that typically make them invisible. The method uses a technology called mini-X-ray fluorescence to detect chemical elements in fingerprints without altering them, said Chri

2、stopher Worley, a scientist on the project.“The conventional methods are meant to bring out fingerprint patterns with regular light and they have to treat those with powder, which alters them,” Worley said.“With this you dont have to alter it or treat it at all. We can determine the elements in a fi

3、ngerprint and get a pattern at the same time.”The technology focuses a tight beam of X-rays on surfaces with fingerprints and creates a computer picture out of those scans. The equipment costs about $175,000. “For big labs, the method could be a great way to bring out prints that cant be seen any ot

4、her way,” said VahidMajidi, another lab scientist. (照应，重复)1.美国洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室的科学家们采用了一种新技术，可以观察到原本很难在物体表面上看见的指纹。参及该科研项目的科学家克里斯托弗沃尔利说，该方法使用了一种“微射线束荧光技术”，可以探测到指纹携带的化学成分，却不会改变指纹的保存状态。沃尔利说：“传统的方法是通过常规光线使指纹显示出来，而且要借助粉末等物质，这会改变指纹保存的状况。有了这种新方法，你根本用不着改变或处理指纹了，我们可以测定指纹所含的化学成分，同时获取指纹图案。”这项技术将一束密集的X光对准留有指纹的物体表面，并根

5、据扫描结果创建出计算机图像。这套设备造价17.5万美元。该实验室的另一位科学家瓦希德马吉德表示，对那些大实验室来说，这是获取用其他方法看不到的印迹的最好方法。2.Finnish scientists have invented a device to make it harder to steal mobile phones and laptops by enabling them to detect changes in their owners walking style and then freeze to prevent unauthorized use. The device is

6、equipped with sensors that measure certain characteristics of the users gait. When the device is used for the first time, these measurements are saved in its memory.Thus, it could prevent millions of portable appliances being stolen every year.The gadget would monitor the users walking style and che

7、ck it against the saved information. If the values differ, the user would have to enter a password. Compared with passwords and traditional bio-identification, the new method is simple: confirmation of identity takes place as a background process without any need for users intervention.（照应或者词汇重复，连接）

8、2.芬兰科学家最近发明了一种用于手机和笔记本电脑等珍贵便携式电子产品的防盗装置。该装置能记忆主人的行走姿势，一旦发现有陌生人盗用就会使机器停止工作。这种防盗装置配有可以准确识别使用者步态特征的传感器。当装置第一次被使用时，它所获得的数据就储存在了记忆库里。因此，这种防盗装置的出现可以使小型电子产品失窃的局面得到控制。这种装置能够检测使用者的步态，并检查是否及所存储的主人的步态一致。一旦发现使用者的步态及原来的不同，防盗装置将会要求使用者输入密码。及常见的密码验证和传统的生物验证方式相比较，这种防盗装置使防盗工作变得更加简单：装有防盗装置的机器可以在工作的同时自动识别使用者的身份，而不需要使用者

9、的附加操作。3.Why arent there more women physicists, and in senior positions? One factor may be unconscious biases that could keep women physicists from advancingand may even prevent women from going into physics in the first place.Amy Bug, a physicist at SwarthmoreCollege, examined the bias question.Her

10、research team trained four actorstwo men, two womento give a 10-minute physics lecture. Real physics classes watched the lecturers. Then the 126 students were surveyed.When it came to questions of physics abilitywhether the lecturer had a good grasp of the material, and knew how to use the equipment

11、male lecturers got higher ratings by both male and female students.But when asked how well the lecturer relates to the students, each gender preferred their own. And while female students gave a slight preference to female lecturers, male students overwhelmingly rated the male lecturers as being sup

12、erior. The research appears in the journal Physics World.Bug says the results may be evidence of inherent biases that could hold women backalong with economic inequalities, such as lower wages and smaller start-up grants, which reduce career acceleration and thus the amount of force available to cra

13、ck the glass ceiling.（照应，词汇重复，连接）3.为何女性物理学家较少，具有高级职称的也不多呢？有一个因素，即无意识的偏见，可能就是影响女性物理学家进步，甚至使女性无法成为物理学翘楚的罪魁祸首。艾米巴格，斯沃斯莫尔学院的一名物理学家，曾研究了这个偏见问题。她的研究团队训练了4名表演者-两男两女-给她们十分钟做物理学讲座，由就读于物理系的学生去听讲座，然后对126名学生进行调查。当学生对物理学科水平评价时，比如演讲者是否熟知讲课内容，是否了解如何使用设备，男性演讲者得到的评价更高。但是当问及演讲者及学生间的互动时，学生更认同及自己同性别的演讲者。不过女学生仅表示出一丝对女性演

14、讲者的偏爱，而大多数男学生则认为男性演讲者更优秀。此研究发表在物理世界这个期刊上。巴格认为此项研究结果指出了对女性物理学家人们所持有的先天性偏见的证据，更别说其他经济上的不平等，比如更低的工资和更少的启动津贴。这些都会降低她们职业上的腾升速度，从而更难以积蓄力量打破升迁瓶颈了。4.We ask that you respect the following rules when using the Computing Lab. These rules are here for a good reason - either to protect you, or to allow you and y

15、our fellow students to use the Lab most effectively.These facilities are for the exclusive use of Department of Computing staff, and students registered on Department of Computing courses. Do not enable anyone else to gain access to the labs, computers or printers. The computers and printers are to

16、be used for academic work only. Anyone found printing for college clubs and societies, or doing personal printing, will be charged at 20p per sheet - please use the College Printing service or the services available in the StudentsUnion instead.Please try to maintain a quiet environment. The student

17、 representatives have asked that Lab 202 be made a “quiet lab”: do not make any unnecessary noise, and please silence mobile phones in this lab. If you need to discuss work, please workin one of the other rooms.The computers are not to be used for playing games.While “reasonable personal use” of lab

18、 workstations is permitted, at busy times please be prepared to give up your workstation to other students needing to do academic work. Timetabled labs have absolute priority, and staff may ask you to leave the labs or move to another room if workstations are required.Eating, drinking and smoking ar

19、e absolutely not allowed. （词汇上下义关系，搭配关系，重复，照应，连接）4.我们要求大家遵守计算机实验室的以下规定。这些规定有利于你的安全，也使你和你的同学能够更有效地利用实验室。实验室的设备只对计算机系的职工和注册的学生开放。不允许其他人员进入，使用电脑和打印机。电脑和打印机只允许用于学术活动。如果发现为大学俱乐部和社团组织，或个人打印材料的行为，则每张按20便士计算收费。（非学术活动需要打印，）请大家到校打印中心，或者学生会提供的服务机构。请保持实验室的安静。学生代表曾经提出要求：建设安静202实验室。不要制造没必要的喧闹，进入实验室请关闭手机。如果需要学术讨论，

20、请到实验室的其他房间。计算机不允许用来打游戏。计算机可以合理地供个人使用，但是在繁忙时间，需要进行学术工作的学生对计算机有优先使用权。（有课程的同学）对安排课程的实验室有绝对的优先权，如果需要此实验室，实验室人员可能会要求其他人员离开，或者到另一个实验室。实验室绝对禁止用餐，喝酒及抽烟。5.Chemical changes take place on the molecular level. A chemical change produces a new substance. Examples of chemical changes include combustion (burning),

21、 cooking an egg, rusting of an iron pan, and mixing hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide to make salt and water.Physical changes are concerned with energy and states of matter. A physical change does not produce a new substance. Changes in state or phase (melting, freezing, vaporization, condensat

22、ion, sublimation) are physical changes. Examples of physical changes include crushing a can, melting an ice cube, and breaking a bottle.A chemical change makes a substance that wasnt there before. There may be clues that a chemical reaction took place, such as light, heat, color change, gas producti

23、on, odor, or sound. The starting and ending materials of a physical change are the same, even though they may look different.（词汇重复，词汇搭配关系）5.化学反应发生在分子水平上。化学反应能够生成新的物质，比如，氧化（燃烧）、煮鸡蛋、铁锅的生锈以及盐酸和氢氧化钠反应生成盐和水。物理反应是及能量和物质状态相关的。一个物理反应不会生成新的物质。发生在形状和相态（熔化、凝固、汽化、液化、升华）的变化是物理反应，比如，罐状容器被压扁、冰块融化、瓶子破碎。化学反应使物质发生质的变

24、化（不同于原物质的性质）。像光、热、颜色变化、气体生成、气味或者声音都是伴随着化学反应发生的。虽然物质形状不同，但是物理反应的起始物质和最终物质的本质是相同的。6.Many believe that science is merely a collection of facts, that it develops by the gathering of these facts and slowly approaches the truth about nature. According to this view, the so-called scientific method is the b

25、asis for scientific development. The scientific method is said to have three steps.The first step is that of careful observation- often involves looking for relationships among different kinds of events. If a specific relationship seems to be true in a number of cases, without any exceptions, then i

26、t may be hypothesized that the relationship holds in general.The second step of the scientific method may be the formulation of such a general hypothesis. Or it may be an attempt to explain phenomena by theorizing the existence of a deeper reality. Examples of the 3-latter are the atomic theory of m

27、atter and the wave theory of light. No one has over actually seen an atom with the eye nor seen light travel as a wave; that is why we call them theories or hypotheses rather than facts. The value of such theories is that they can be used to explain many unobservable phenomena. A good theory then, r

28、esults in a more unified view of nature. When a theory brings together many phenomena under a single concept, the hypothesized relationship is called a natural law.The third step, the testing of the theory, may involve further experimental testing of hypothesized relationships. Or it may be experime

29、ntal verification of new phenomena predicted by a new theory. For example, Einsteins theory of relativity predicted that mass could be changed into energy; and energy into mass (this is the meaning for the famous equation E=mc2). That this change might be possible had not previously been thought of,

30、 but a few years after Einsteins prediction it was experimentally verified. （重复，连接：时间关系）6.很多人认为,科学只是事实的积累，科学通过收集这些事实而获得发展，并慢慢地接近自然真理。根据这一观点，所谓科学的研究方法正是科学发展的基础。科学的研究方法可以包括三个阶段。第一阶段-仔细观察阶段，常常需要寻找各种事件之间的关系。如果某一特定关系在很多情况下看来都正确而无一例外，则可以假设这种关系是普遍存在的。科学研究方法的第二阶段可能是将这种一般的假设公式化，也可能是试图通过对更深刻的现实存在进行推理来解释各种现象。物

31、质的原子理论和光的波动理论就属于后一种情况。从未有人亲眼看到过原子，也没有人看到光以波浪形式传播，这就是为什么我们把它们称作理论或假设，而不称作事实。这种理论的价值就在于，他们可以用来解释许多无法观测的现象。因此，一个好的理论能够使人们在对自然的认识方面达成更好的共识。如果某种理论能够通过一个概念把许多现象划归为一类，那么这个假设关系就成为自然定律。第三阶段，即检验真理阶段，可能需要对所假设的关系通过实验进一步加以检验，也可能通过实验来证明新理论所预言的新现象。爱因斯坦的相对论预言，质量可以转变为能量，能量也可以转变为质量（这就是著名的方程式E=mc2的含义）。以前从未想到够这一转变是可能的，

32、但是在爱因斯坦提出这个预言几年后，这一点就被实验所证明了。7.Patents and InnovationPatents play a central role in empirical research on innovation, despite their limitations as measures of the introduction of new products, processes, and services. They identify the inventors, assignees (i.e., patent holders), location, date, and

33、 innovative characteristics of every filed invention over long periods of time.Although previous patent-based studies sought to examine determinants of national innovative capacity, economic growth and government policy, and the impact of geographic localization of knowledge exchange and diffusion,

34、they focused primarily on developed North American and European nations. The few studies that sought to understand the technological development of China and East Asian countries were constrained to the limited number of patents awarded by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to Chinese enti

35、ties. These studies were hindered by (i) selection bias, as the sample of Chinese firms willing and able to file a patent with the USPTO is severely restricted compared with the entire population of Chinese firms, particularly start-ups; and (ii) underrepresentation of government-related organizatio

36、ns, regulatory agencies, universities, or research institutes, because these organizations largely within China.The present analysis provides an overview of Chinas overall innovative activities using more than 1.1 million SIPO-granted invention and utility model patents from grant years 1986 to 2006

37、. These patents are awarded from over 2 million SIPO patent applications, which include all 129 classes of the International Patent Classification (IPC) of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and all eight assignee sectors from application year 1985, when the Chinese patent system st

38、arted to process patent applications, to2006. The assignee sectors are private enterprise, individual, university, state-owned (or -run) enterprise, public research institute, state-owned (or -run) institute, state, and hospital.The analysis then focuses on over 200 thousand granted patents in 12 ma

39、jor science and technology classes, also across all eight assignee sectors. These important classes are drawn from a large body of literature, based on the IPC. They range from chemical and life sciences (i.e., organic chemistry, organic macromolecular compounds, biochemistry, microbiology, and gene

40、tics) and medical and pharmaceutical sciences to optics, computing, information and communication technology, electronics, semiconductors, microstructural technology, and nanotechnology. (词汇重复，搭配关系，照应，连接)7.专利及创新尽管在推行新产品、新的生产流程及新服务方面，专利的作用有限，但是在创新性实践研究方面，专利仍然扮演着重要的角色。专利注明在很长一段时间内，每一个申请专利发明的相关信息，如发明者、

41、受托人（也就是专利持有人）、地点、日期以及创新的特性。虽然之前基于专利的研究也试图研究什么是美国创新能力、经济增长及政府政策的决定因素，以及地域的局限对知识交流及传播的影响，但是这些研究的研究对象主要是发达的北美洲及欧洲国家。只有少量的研究试图了解中国及东亚国家技术发展的状况，这些研究都被局限在美国专利及商标局（USPTO）所授予的中国各种实体的专利研究。这势必会受到这些专利有限数量的局限。这些研究一方面受到选择偏向性的影响，因为被选为抽样调查的，并且愿意，有能力申请美国专利及商标局专利的中国公司，及中国所有公司的总数目相比是非常有限的，尤其是加上新创立的公司这种对比就更为悬殊；另一方面对政府

42、相关机构、负责协调的代理部门、大学或者研究机构专利数目的低估也干扰了这些研究，因为这些机构主要在中国申请专利（而非美国）。通过对中国国家知识产权局在1986年至2006年间所批准的超过110万个发明及实用新型专利的研究，本文分析了整个中国创新性研究活动的概况。这些专利是中国国家知识产权局从超过200万份专利申请中挑选并批准的，而这些专利申请包括了世界知识产权组织（WIPO）所提供的国际专利类型（IPC）中所有的129个类型，并且涉及了自1985年开始中国接受专利申请以来到2006年之间所有的8个专利受托部门。 这些专利受托部门（专利持有者）包括民营企业、个人、大学、国有（或国营）企业、公共研究

43、机构、国有（国营）研究机构、政府以及医院。进而，本文的分析主要关注涉及所有8个专利受托部门，12个重要的科技类型、超过20万份的专利。这些重要的科技类型根据国际专利类型，从大量文献著作挑选出来的。这些科技类型的范围从化学、生命科学（也就是有机化学、有机大分子化合物、生物化学、微生物学以及遗传学）、医学、制药学到光学、计算机技术、信息通讯技术、电子学、半导体技术、微结构技术以及纳米技术。8.Thanks to its simplicity and scalability, electromagnetic induction is still the technology of choice am

44、ong many of the remaining companies in the wireless-charging arena. But, as Splashpower found, turning the theory into profitable practice is not straightforward. One of the main difficulties for companies has been persuading manufacturers to incorporate charging modules into their devices. But late

45、ly there have been some promising developments.The first is the formation in December 2008 of the Wireless Power Consortium, a body dedicated to establishing a common standard for inductive wireless charging, and thus promoting its adoption. The new consortiums members include big consumer-electroni

46、cs firms, such as Philips and Sanyo, as well as Texas Instruments (TI), a chipmaker.Menno Treffers, chairman of the consortium and director of standardization at Philips, says universal standards are the single most important requirement for the adoption of wireless charging. Philips is one of the f

47、ew companies to have commercialized wirelessly charged devicesnotably, electric toothbrushes and something it calls an “intimate dual massager”. Meanwhile, Mr. Treffers acknowledges that a more 5collaborative approach is needed to ensure that different devices, such as mobile phones, laptops and dig

48、ital cameras, can share the same charging equipment. (照应，连接，搭配关系，词汇重复)8.由于电磁感应的简易性和扩展性，电磁感应仍然是许多涉足无线充电领域公司的首选技术。但是，就像斯比力公司认为的那样，要把理论转化为可盈利的实际产品并非易事。虽然其中一个最主要的困难就是公司要说服设备制造商在他们的设备中加入充电模块，但是最近的一些进展让人看到了一线希望。首先就是无线电源协会于2008年12月成立。该协会致力于建立一个统一的无线充电行业标准，并推动其实践应用。该协会成员包括大的电子消费品生产厂商，比如飞利浦和三洋，以及芯片制造商德州仪器（TI

49、）。无线电源协会主席门诺，同时也是飞利浦公司标准化部门主任，认为统一标准是无线充电得以应用的关键。飞利浦公司是少数几家生产商用无线充电产品的厂商之一,特别是电动牙刷和一款称之为“贴身双面按摩器”的产品非常引人注目。同时，门诺也认为应该寻求一种方法，使众多的设备（比如手机、笔记本电脑和数码相机）的充电设备能够通用。9.If you are looking for information, library shelves are a good place to start. But if you need up-to-the-minute data or have specialized needs, you may find a computerized database more useful, less expensive, and less time consuming. A database, a information on one subject