英语句子成分讲解.ppt

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1、一、介绍与其重要性,句子是写作的基本单位，只有写好句子才有可能写好文章。英语的句子成分有八种：,主语、谓语动词、表语、宾语、 定语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语。,学会判断句子成分对以后学习难句奠定了基础。 英语句子的构成也有其特定的规律，掌握了句子 的基本句型、常见句式和词语的习惯搭配， 就能写出完整、正确的句子。,句子成分与结构,英语的句子成分：,一） 主语： Walls have ears. He will take you to the hospital. Three plus four equals seven. To see is to believe. Smoking is no

2、t allowed in public places. Whether or not they will come depends on the weather. 二）谓语由_担任。助动词或情态动词加其他动词的适当形式也构成谓语动词。 Action speaks louder than words. The chance may never come again. Mary has been working at the dress shop since 1994.,动词/动词短语,名词,代词,数词,to do不定式,doing动名词,句子,当不定式、动名词或从句在某个句子中作主语时，为保持句

3、子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，因此常用it作形式主语置于句首，而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。,什么情况下用it作形式主语？,你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗?你懂得翻译下列句子吗？ 1) It is wrong to tell a lie. ( ) 2) It is no use arguing about it. ( ) 3) It is uncertain who will come. ( ),说谎是错误的。,争吵是没用的。,谁要来还不确定。,1. We love China. 2. She seems tired. 3. He can speak Engli

4、sh 4. We have finished reading this book.,谓语,谓语:说明主语做什么或怎么样。通常由 _ 充当.动词常分为实义动词,连系动词,情态动词和助动词.,动词,实义动词 连系动词 情态动词 助动词,（V.）,情态动词和助动词不能单独充当谓语,必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语.,They can speak English well. They are playing over there.,1）状态系动词，用来表示主语状态，只有be （am,is ,are,was,were,been,being）一词 He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词，用来表

5、示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。,系动词,3）表像系动词，用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如： He looks tired. He seems (to be) very sad. 4）感官系动词，主要有feel, smell, sound, taste This flower smells very sweet.,5）变化系动词，表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go

6、, come He became mad after that. 6）终止系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。 His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。,My father is a professor. Whos that? Its me. Everything here is expensive. The match became very exciting. The story of my life may be of help to others. T

7、hree times five is fifteen. His plan is to seek work in the city. My first idea was that you should hide your feelings.,三）表语 它的位置在_之后。是用来说明主语的_,_, _的.,系动词、连系动词,性质,特征,状态,名词 n,代词 pron,形容词 adj,adj,介词短语,数词,to do不定式,句子,（四）宾语 表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。宾语一般放在_之后。_词后也会跟宾语。,She covered her face with her hands. We have

8、nt seen her for a long time. Do you mind opening the window? Give me four please. He wants to dream a nice dream. We need know what others are doing. We should care more about our friends. She felt it her duty to take good care of them. It作形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语,动词/动词短语,介,名词 n,代词 pron,动名词,代词和数词,to do不定式,句子,

9、介词+名词,（五）定语 是修饰_词.单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之_；短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之_。,They are woman workers. Toms father didnt write home until yesterday. Mary is a beautiful girl. The play has three acts. This is her first trip to Europe. China is a developing country. I have nothing to eat. Those who want to go to Tibet

10、are to sign their names here.,名,前,后,名词,名词所有格,形容词 adj,数词,形容词 /序数词 /介词短语,现在分词 doing,to do 不定式,从句,六）状语 状语表示地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、伴随情况等。,The best fish swim near the bottom. I left the village five years ago. I arrived late because of the traffic jam . Well send a car to fetch you. The fish can eat a pers

11、on in two minutes , leaving only bones The students came into the classroom, singing and dancing. If he goes, so will I . Though he is a child, he knows a lot.,地点状语,时间状语,原因状语,目的状语,结果状语,伴随状语,条件状语,让步状语,七）宾语补足语。英语有些及物动词，除了要有宾语之外，还要加上宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。,They elected me captain of the team. We try to make

12、our country strong. We found everything in good order there. I should advise you to get the chance. I saw him going upstairs. They found the house broken in.,名词,形容词,介词短语,to do 不定式,现在分词 doing,done 过去分词,宾语和宾语补足语一起构成动词的复合结构,八）主语补足语 如果上述结构变成被动语态，原宾语成为主语，原宾语补足语相应地变为主语补足语,I was elected captain of the team

13、. Our country will be made strong.,He died young. 他死时很年轻。（此句不是原宾补变过来的） She was called Lucy. 她名叫露西。 He was seen to go upstairs.有人看见他上楼了。,同位语是位于名词或代词后面的个别名词或名词词组，对前者进行补充说明 The Great Wall, one of the wonders in the world, attracts a large number of foreign friends. This is my cousin, Helen. 这是我的表妹，海伦 W

14、e students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生） We all are students. / (all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们）,九、同位语,十. 独立成分,感叹词、应答词、呼语、插入语 等，在句中可作独立成分，用逗号与 其他成分隔开。,Oh, my god!,Come in, Mr Green.,This , I think, is the best way to help them.,感叹词,呼语,插入语,分词独立主格结构： 分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构。 例：

15、 错句：Studying hard,your score will go up. 正确：(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up. 或 (2)If you study hard,your score will go up. 解析：错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语，则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，既your score . 显然做study的应是人，不应是your score（分数）. 正确句(1)更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致( 同为you );正确句(2)则使用条件分句带出study的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了). 分

16、词独立结构常省略being,having been.不过There being.的场合不能省略. 如：,Hesatinfrontofthem,hisdustyfacemaskinghisage. Allthingsconsidered,thetripwillhavetobecalledoff. Game (being) over,he went home. He stands there,book (being) in hand. 独立结构还可用with、without引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。 如： With nothing

17、to do,he fell asleep soon./无事可做，他很快就睡着了。 The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose./老师进来了，戴着一付眼镜。（注意，此句on his nose不可省略！）,二.五种简单句基本句型,主语+谓语+宾语 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语,动词,系动词,不及物动词,及物动词,主语+系+表语,主语+谓语,1）Our city is at the crossing of some important railways. 主语 系动词 表语 2）The city will become r

18、ich. 主语 系动词 表语 在这类结构中最常用的系动词是： “变化”类：_. “感官”类: _. “持续”类：_. 其他：（似乎）_ _ (证明是)_,get/ become/ turn/grow/go,taste/ smell/ feel/look/sound,stay/ keep/remain,Seem appear,turn out/ prove(to be),1主语 + 系动词 + 表语,Exercises,你的故事听起来很有趣。_. 把鱼放在冰箱里，否则它会变坏的。_. 这种炎热的天气将会保持几天。_. 这个计划证明是可行的。_.,Your story sounded very i

19、nteresting.,Put the fish into fridge, or they will go bad.,The hot day will remain/stay/ keep a few days.,The plan turned out/proved （to be) practical.,一.纵观历年的高考题，对系动词的考查一直是高考中非常重要的热点之一，对于考生来说也是难点所在。 高考对系动词考查的覆盖面广，涉及的系动词较多，重点考查的是 get ，其次是 feel 和 remain ，考查的难度在逐年增大。 二 . 对表示状态变化的系动词的考查 英语中常见的表示状态变化的系动

20、词有 get ， turn ， turn out （结果是）， go ， come （成为）， fall ， become 等。,1. 对 get 的考查 get 表示状态的改变，意为“变成，变得，做成”，它后面可以接形容词、 v-ing 形式、过去分词等。 Sarah, hurry up. Im afraid you wont have time to _ before the party. A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change, Be careful when you cross this very bu

21、sy street, if not, you may _ run over by a car. A. have B. get C. become D. turn As we joined the big crowd I got _ from my friends. A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed,分析：例中考查的是“ get 过去分词”构成的系表结构。例 get changed 意为“换衣服”，例 get run over 意为“碾过，压过”，例 get separated 意思是“冲散，分离”，所以正确答案分别是 A 、 B 、 A 。,2.

22、 对 go 的考查 系动词 go 的意义是“变成，成为”，后多跟形容词，如 go bad, go mad, go wrong, go hungry, go sour 等。例如： On hearing the news of the accident in coal mine, she _ pale. A. got B. changed C. went D. appeared,分析：该题考查的是“ go+adj. ”系表结构。 got 和 changed 不能与 pale 搭配起来表达这一状态的变化，而 appeared 是表示状态存在的系动词。所以正确答案是 C 。,3. 对 fall 的考查

23、 系动词 fall 表示“（不知不觉地或突然地）进入状态”，后常跟形容词、副词或介词短语等，如： fall ill （生病）， fall apart （散开）， fall asleep, fall into a deep sleep （睡熟）。例如： As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. A.read; was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read; fell,分析：该题第二空考查的是系动词“ fall+adj. ”结构， fall asleep 是短暂性动词

24、短语，不能用于进行时态，故正确答案是 B 。句意是“她读报时，奶奶睡着了。”,三 . 对表示状态存在的系动词的考查 常见的有 be, seem, appear, look, feel, smell, sound, keep, taste, remain, prove, stay, lie （处于某种状态）， stand （处于某种状态）等。 1. 对 remain 的考查 系动词 remain 的意思是“保持，继续，依然不变”，后常接名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式等。 Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, b

25、ut it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C.seeing D. seen, Although he has taken a lot of medicine, his health _ poor. A. proves B. remains C. maintains D. continues,分析：例中的 remain 是个半系动词，“有待被看，证实”，所以应用不定式的被动式，故答案是 B 。例中 remain poor 意为“仍然很差”， maintain 意为“维持，保持，继续”，不与形容词 poo

26、r 连用，所以正确答案是 B 。,2. 对 stay 的考查 stay 意为“保持原状，维持”，后面可以接形容词、副词、介词短语、名词等。 The weather has stayed warm all week. Why dont you put the meat in the fridge? It will _ fresh for several days. A. be stayed B. stay C. be staying D. have stayed,分析：该题考查的是系动词 stay 后接形容词（ fresh ）的系表结构，它表示一种存在的状态，主动形式表示被动意义，这种结构一般不

27、能用于进行时态，所以正确答案是 B 。,3. 对 appear 的考查 appear 的含义是“似乎，好像，看来（如关于某人的性格、感情或意图）”，此时不用进行式，后接形容词、名词、动词不定式等。 She appeared rather upset about something. 看来有些什么事使她心烦。 Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears _ everything. （上海 2001 ） A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told,分析：句意是

28、“一定要把一切真相告诉你妈妈。她看上去已经知道一切事情。”句中 tell 后面没有宾语，故用不定式的被动式，又因为“知道一切”发生在“告诉真相”之前，要用完成式。所以正确答案是 D 。,4. 对 feel 的考查 feel 的意思是“感觉是，似乎”，后常接形容词、副词、介词短语等。 I love to go to the seaside in summer. It _ good to lie in the sun or swim in the cool sea. A. does B. feels C. gets D. makes, - Do you like the material? - Y

29、es, it _ very soft. A.is feeling B.felt C.feels D.is felt,分析：这两道考题考查的是“ fell+adj. ”的系表结构。例中 feel good 意为“感觉舒服”；例 feel soft 意为“摸上去软和”，此时，主动结构表示被动的含义。所以正确答案分别是 B 和 C 。,5. 对系动词 look 的考查 look 有“看来，显得”等意，后面常接形容词、介词短语、不定式短语、从句等。 The plan looks good on paper, but will it work? 这个计划从表面上看来不错，但能行得通吗？ -You don

30、t look very _. Are you ill? - No,Im just a bit tired. A. good B. well C. strong D. healthy,分析：尽管提供的四个备选项都是形容词，但 look well 的意思是“看上去气色好”，符合对话的语境，故正确答案是 B 。,6. 对 sound 的考查 sound 有“听起来，令人觉得，似乎”等含义，后面可以接形容词、名词短语、介词短语、不定式等。 She sounds to be a very strange woman. 听起来她似乎是一个非常古怪的女人。 What he said sounds _ . A

31、. nicely B. pleasantly C. friendly D. wonderfully,分析：四个选项中只有 friendly 是形容词，可以和 sound 连用构成系表结构，其他三项都是副词，只能作状语不能作表语，所以正确答案是 C 。,7. 对 taste 的考查 taste 在使用时不用进行时态，含义是“尝起来，有某种特殊的味道”，一般接形容词构成系表结构。 These oranges taste nice. 这些橙子味道很好。 These oranges taste _ . A.good B. well C. to be good D. to be well,分析： tas

32、te 是系动词，所以要用形容词 good 作其表语。 well 作形容词时，意思是“健康的”，只能形容人，不能形容物。故正确答案是 A 。,8. 对 smell 的考查 smell 经常与形容词连用，意思是“闻起来，有气味，发出的气味”。 This book smells old. 这本书有一股霉味。 We dont care if a hunting dog smells _, but we really dont want him to smell _ . A. well; well B. bad; bad C. well; badly D. badly; bad,分析：第一空前的 sme

33、ll 是不及物动词，意为“嗅，闻，有嗅觉”，副词 badly 修饰 smells ；而第二空前的 smell 是系动词，与形容词 bad 构成系表结构。 答案为D,2主语 + 谓语,1）Building has started. 主语 谓语 2）The train leaves at 7:40. 主语 谓语 _搭配：The teacher teaches well. The child walks very slowly. _搭配： The girl looked at the picture. The children ran to the forest.,动词副词,动词介词,Exercis

34、e,我每天起的很早，走到小花园，坐在凳子上。 小鸟在树上欢快的歌唱，鱼儿在池塘 里自由的嬉戏，我玩得也高兴. _ _.,Every day I get up early, walk to the park and sit on the bench.,The birds sings happily in the tree, the fish plays freely in the pool and I also enjoys myself.,主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语。,如: 1. The red sun rises in the east. 2. So they had to

35、travel by air or boat. 3.We got up early so as to catch the first bus. 4. She sat there alone, reading a novel. 5. He came back when we were eating. 6.Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake, but strong ones may stay up.,3主语 + 谓语 + 宾语,1）The boss employed five more workers. 主语 谓语 宾语 2）My broth

36、er takes care of the vegetable garden. 3）Few students like taking exams. 4）He forgot to close the door. 5）I hope I can speak English fluently.,Exercise,他车子开得如此快以至于违反了交通规则。_. 他拿出一瓶啤酒，很快将其喝光。_. 他许诺给我一个礼物。_.,He drove his car so fast that he broke the traffic rules.,He took out a beer and drank it up qu

37、ickly.,He promised to give me a gift.,4主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语,1）He has fetched us some new textbooks. 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语 2）Grandma cooked us a nice meal. 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语 3）The man told the girl that he wants to test her the subject. 4）The boy asked me if I could speak Chinese.,顺便问一下，她把钱付给你了吗？_. 下学期谁教你们生

38、物？_. Mr. White告诉我为什么他要出国。_.,By the way, has she paid you money?,Who will teach you biology next term?,Mr. White told me why he went abroad.,但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。如： He brings cookies to me every day. She made a beautiful dress for me.,用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。 用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，

39、替某人。 常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等； （需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。,巩固练习： 1Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。 2奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 3请把那本字典递给我好吗？ 4他把车票给列车员看。,Mr Johnson taught us G

40、erman last year.,Grandma told me an interesting story last night.,Would you please pass me the dictionary?,He showed the ticket to the conductor.,巩固练习： 5我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？ 6新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动。 7他用他的第一个月工资给他妈妈买了一件毛衣。,Shall I call you a taxi?,The new machine will save you a lot of labour.,7.He bought a new coat

41、 for his mother with his first months salary.,5主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语,1）The villagers didnt allow them to do this. 主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语 2）I will keep the box in the shade. 3）We found him a very good pupil. 4）She let me stay in the company. 参看第15张,Exercise,他总是把他的卧室收拾得干干净净。_. 我建议他多读点书。_. 他修了机器。_. 我们选他当班长。_.,H

42、e always keeps his room clean,I suggest him reading more books.,He had his machine repaired.,We made him monitor.,用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如： I found it very pleasant to be with your family.,巩固练习： 1我们叫她Alice. 2我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 3他们已经把小偷释放了。 4我要你把真相告诉我。 5 .卫兵命

43、令我们立即离开。 6. 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。 7他每个月理一次发 8我们不会让她在晚上外出的。,We call her Alice.,All of us considered him honest.,They have set the thief free.,I want you to tell me the truth.,The guards ordered us to leave at once.,Every morning we hear him read English aloud.,He has his hair cut every month.,We wont let

44、 her go out at night.,9那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了 10她正在听人家讲故事。 11我从来没看见这个字这样用过。 12他感到很难跟你交谈。 13我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。 14学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。,The terrible sound made the children frightened.,She is listening to someone telling stories.,I have never seen the word used that way before.,He felt it very difficult to talk wi

45、th you.,I consider it possible to work out the problem in another way.,The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins.,There be 句型 说明： 此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“有”。 它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。 此句型有时不用be动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等。如： There stands a hill in the middle of the park. Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.,Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如： 现在有 there is/are 过去有 there was/were 将来有 there will be；there is /are going to be. 现在已经有 there has/have been 可能有 there might be. 肯定有 ther