高中英语语法总结-名词性从句(10页).doc

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1、-高中英语语法总结-名词性从句-第 10 页 名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses）。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。根据从句在句子中的功能分根据从句的性质分定语从句形容词性从句主语从句名词性从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句状语从句副词性从句高中英语定语从句和名词性从句综合训练名词从句名词从句有四类：宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。例如：宾语从句：I dont know where he will

2、go.主语从句：Where he will go is unknown.表语从句：The problem is how we can get so much money.同位语从句：We all feel sorry about the news that he failed in the game.下面几点是学习名词从句要加以注意的：1 whether和if都可以引导宾语从句表达“是否”意，（即引导宾语从句时if和whether 可以互换）但以下几种名词从句要用whether（不用if）引导：（1） 引导主语从句，且在句首时。例：Whether he has won the tennis i

3、s not known.(但It is not known whether/if he has won the tennis). （2） 引导表语从句时。例The problem is whether he can get a job. （3） 引导同位语从句时。例：I have no idea whether he will come.（4） 介词后的whether从句。例：I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.2 位于句首引导主语从句的that不可忘。例如：That he got the first place in the competiti

4、on surprised all of us.3 在“It is suggested/proposed/ordered/a pity/no wonder/necessary/strange/that从句”结构中，that从句谓语有时用（should）do这样的虚拟语气形式。例如：It is suggested that we(should) improve the relations between us.It is a pity that one(should) stay in one place all ones life.It is strange that she should hav

5、e failed to see her own shortcomings（缺点）.4 在“The reason whyis that”句式中that不要误为because.例如：The reason why he didnt go to school yesterday is that he was ill.5 名词从句中that,what用法比较：引导名词从句的that是连词，在句中无成份，无意义，而what是连接代词，whatthe thing(s) that. 例如：It was told in yesterdays newspaper that what the students ha

6、d done was praised by the factory. I know that he will study.I know what he will study.That he works hard at his lessons is known to us all.What he works hard at is known to us all.All I ask is that you should tell the truth./He is not what(the person that)he used to be. 他和以前大不相同了。6 where在名词从句中的使用特点

7、：where在名词从句中有时可以变为“the place where”,有时可以变为“介词the place where” 形式。例如：主从：Where(The place where)she has gone is still unknown.宾从：Would you please tell me where(the place where) Mr Smith lives?表从：Your dictionary remains where(in/at the place where)you put.同位从：Have you any idea where(of the place where)

8、she is spending her holidays?7 无论是哪种名词从句都是陈述语序。例如：I know where he lives./Please tell me what her name is.当一个特殊疑问句本身就是陈述语序（即“主谓（宾）”或“主系表”结构），将其变为间接引语（即宾语从句）时，无需改变语序。例如：Whats the matter with him? She asked me what was the matter with him.Who looks after your grandfather? He asked me who looked after m

9、y grandfather. 第一节 知识点讲解一【主语从句】顾名思义，主语从句在句子中作主语。有时本身出现在主语的位置上，也有时出于句子结构的考虑退到句子的尾部，前面用形式主语it代替。从句作主语时，谓语动词一般为单数形式。如: What I saw was beyond any verbal description. That his hair was turning grey worried him a bit. Why the company denied the contract is still unknown. When and where the government will

10、 build a city square is under discussion. It is pretty annoying that a small part of the machine is missing. It remains to be seen whether the new novel will be well received. Tips: 主语从句的that绝对不能省去。因为句子是不能做主语的，故用that引导。若去掉则没有了主语，而宾语从句的that可省。：That he is right is known to all of us.宾语从句：We all know (

11、that) he is right. 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较为了防止句子，通常把it放在主语位置，真正主语搁置于句末 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如： a) It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。 b) It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not. 我对你成功

12、与否不感兴趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place. 谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型） d) It is John that broke the window. 是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型）2. 用it 作形式主语的结构(1) It is 名词 从句 It is a fact that 事实是 It is an honor that 非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that 是常识(2) It is 形容词 从句 It is natural that 很自然 It is strange that

13、奇怪的是(3) It is 不及物动词 从句 It seems that 似乎 It happened that 碰巧 It appears that 似乎(4) It 过去分词 从句 It is reported that 据报道 It has been proved that 已证实 It is said that 据说3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：（1）if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。（2）It is said /reported结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our sch

14、ool next week. 错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （3）It happens/occurs结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. 错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him. （4）It doesnt matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It doesnt ma

15、tter whether he is wrong or not. 错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter. （5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? 错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely?4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语宾语表语，而that 则不然。例如： a) What you said y

16、esterday is right. b) That she is still alive is a consolation二【宾语从句】 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。 We assumed that there would be more than 100 guests. He told the police in detail what he saw and heard. Nobody is sure what humans will look like in a million years. That will depend

17、on whether they can get the chance. Whether I will have the time I am not sure at the moment. The conductor complained that we were not gifted in singing and that he would never come again.1. 作动词的宾语 (1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如： I heard that be joined the army. 我听说他参军了。 (2) 由what, whether (if)

18、引导的宾语从句，例如： a) She did not know what had happened. 她不知道发生了什么。 b) I wonder whether you can change this note for me. 我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记。 (3) 动词间接宾语宾语从句。例如： She told me that she would accept my invitation. 她对我说她会接受我的邀请。2. 作介词的宾语，例如： Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 我们的成

19、功取决于我们之间的合作。3. 作形容词的宾语，例如： I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake. 我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看

20、作原因状语从句。4. it 可以作为形式宾语 it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如： We heard it that she would get married next month. 我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词 这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以

21、用that引导的宾语从句。如： 正确表达：I admire their winning the match. 错误表达：I admire that they won the match.6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词 有些动词不可用于“动词间接宾语that从句“结构中，常见的有envy, order(命令), accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce（公开指责）, advise, congratulate等。例如： 正确表达：He impressed the manager as an honest man. 错误表达：He

22、impressed the manager that he was an honest man.7. 否定的转移 若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy（想象）, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如： I dont think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。三【表语从句】 表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语连系动词表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be,

23、 look, remain（留下、保持、依然）, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that 和It is because 等结构。例如：1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2) This is why we cant get the support of the people.3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4) The reason

24、 he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四【同位语从句】 同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。1. 同位语从句的功能 同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如： 1) The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. 2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the genera

25、l.2. 同位语在句子中的位置 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如： He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别（1）. 同位语从句和定语从句相似，二者都有先行词。同位语从句是对先行词的进一步陈述，和先行词是同等的关系，含义相同。定语从句是对先行词的修饰或限制。（2）. 同位语从句表示先行词的内容是什么，进一步说明先行词。定语从句与先行词之间是所属关系，表示“ 的 ” ，起修饰作用。（3）. 同位语从句的“ that ” 不能省略。定语从句的关系代

26、词“ that ” 在从句中作宾语时可以省略。（4） 同位语从句的先行词是一个含有概念的抽象名词，从句对这一概念进行展开或说明。同位语从句和定语从句的异同与辨析。 1.正确使用同位语从句的关连词； 2.正确运用同位语从句的先行词； 3.能正确认识并正确翻译同位语从句。同位语从句和定语从句比较练习1. I heard about the news that he got a full mark in this examination.（同位语从句）2. This is good news that I heard from Mary. （定语从句）3. He cant answer the qu

27、estion how he got the money. （同位语从句）4. This is an easy question that he answered in class. （定语从句）五【连接代词、连接副词和连接词】 通过以上介绍，我们可以看出，四种名词性从句都需要有一个连接性词在从句的开头。这个词是什么性质，要看它在从句中作作的成分，如果作的是主语、宾语、表语的话，这个词就是连接代词；如果作的是各种状语，就叫连接副词；如果不作任何成分，就叫连接词。引导名词性从句的连接词 ：连接词 that, if, whether连 连接代词： who, whom, what, whose, wh

28、ich, whichever, whatever, whoever连接副词 when, where, how, why第二节 考点分类解析【考点一：语序问题】名词性从句的语序：永远陈述语气。即名词性从句中不会出现助动词提前的现象。如：Who he is doesnt matter much.When and where we shall have the sports meet is a question.I dont know what his name is.I dont know what is wrong with him. = I dont know what is the matt

29、er with him.You cant imagine how excited I was at that time.Can you tell me what size shoes you wear? No one can be sure _ in a million years. （MET1991） A. what will man look likeB. what man will look likeC. man will look like whatD. what look will man like【考点二：that和what的区别问题】能引导名词性从句的关系代词有who, whom

30、, what, whose, which, whichever, whatever, whoever八个。为何单独讲what的用法呢？重要！在考试中出现的频率高！在本书第一章定语从句中，我们提到过，what是不能引导定语从句的。定语从句中如果缺少的成分是主语、宾语、表语，我们选择的是关系代词that或其他。现在山头换了，到了名词性从句的知识范围了。What在名词性从句中就很有用武之地了。还是分析成分，what 在从句中作的主语、宾语、表语。而that只是一个“连接词”，既不作什么成分，也没有什么意义。如: What you did doesnt agree with what you prom

31、ised. What he couldnt understand was why his teacher was never satisfied with him. The matter of salary is what I care most if I decide to change my profession. What we cant get always seems better than what we have already got. I think that your composition is no better than his. That you dont love

32、 her is not my business. What we have seen is different from _. A. we heardB. we have heardC. what we heardD. what we have heard答案：D。我们应该可以看出这是个宾语从句。从句中hear是个及物动词，缺少宾语。所以，应该选有what引导的从句。而不能是that或者省略了that的情况。 I couldnt agree with _ at the meeting. A. that you saidB. which you saidC. all what you saidD

33、. what you said答案：。与上一题相同，这也是一个考查宾语从句的题目。从句中的say是个及物动词，缺少宾语。所以，应该选择what引导的宾语从句。但是，这个题目最容易错的选项是。 因为有些同学会认为all是先行词，而后面时what引导的定语从句。但是，what是不引导定语从句的。所以，根本就是不存在的。【考点三：that和whether的区别问题】 有时候，它们两个比较难以区别，因为，它们都是连接词，都在从句中不作成分。但是，它们之间最大的区别在于“意义”。即that在从句中既不作成分，也没有自己的意义；而whether就不同了。它虽然不在从句中作什么成分，但是它又意义，即“是否”

34、。这就能够左右从句的意思，使从句所表达的意思变成一个还没有确定的因素。如：I dont know whether he can join us or not. Im sure that he can join us. It is none of your business whether I love her. It is none of your business that I dont love her. 综上所述，区分that还是whether，重要一点就是看主句需要从句表达一个什么意思，是确定的，还是不确定的；是事实还是疑问。前者选that，后者选whether。如：I have no

35、 doubt _ Mr. Johnson will make it here on time. A. that B. whether C. why D. when No one can be sure _ the board will accept our conditions. A. that B. whether C. why D. what 【考点四：if和whether的区别问题】二者在引导宾语从句时都有“是否”之意。但并不是永远可以互换。一般认为，二者可以互换的环境也只有在宾语从句中。如：He didnt give us explicit reply whether/if he wi

36、ll attend our wedding ceremony. 而在介词的宾语从句中，在主语从句中，在表语从句中，在同位语从句中，在和不定式搭配的结构中等等，习惯上只能用whether。如： 1. _ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. （1996） A. IfB. WhetherC. ThatD. Where 2. The question of _ they are old or young is not important. A. whichB. whetherC. howD. if 3. The question is _

37、the film is worth seeing. A. ifB. whatC. whetherD. how 4. He doesnt know _ to stay or not. A. ifB. whenC. whetherD. how 5. The news _ our team has won the match is unknown. A. whichB. ifC. whetherD. then值得注意的是：有些资料依然强调if不能与or not搭配的问题。过去有过这样的规定，只是在现代英语中，已经不再强调了而已。现在认为if or not也可以接受。【考点五：wh-词和wh-ever

38、的区别问题】一般认为，wh-词在引导从句时，依然保留了很大部分的疑问词的本色，所以，它们引导的从句在意思上应该表达的是一个“问题”，如：“谁？什么？何时？何地？为何？怎么？”等。而wh-ever已经没有这层色彩，不再关心这样的“问题”，而是充满了让步的意味，多有“无论”之意。如：The police wanted to know who will benefit most from the old mans death. 警方想知道谁将从老人的去世中受益最多。Whoever will benefit from the old mans death will be questioned by t

39、he police. 能从老人的去世之中受益的所有人都将受到警方的盘问。Who will be sent to help the people in the flooded areas hasnt been announced. 谁将被派往洪灾区去救援还没有宣布。Whoever will be sent to work in the flooded areas will spare no effort to help the people in need. 不管是谁被派往灾区救援都会全力以赴地帮助灾民。【考点六：no matter wh-和wh-ever的区别问题】二者都有“无论”之意。在引导

40、让步状语从句时确实可以互换，没有什么区别。但是，no matter wh-只能引导状语从句，不能引导名词性从句。Wh-ever则二者兼收，来去自由。由此包含与被包含的关系决定，二者同时出现而必选其一时，答案肯定是wh-ever。如：Whoever breaks the rules will be punished. (主语从句)Whoever/ No matter who breaks the rules, he/she will be punished. (状语从句)Dont believe whatever he tells you. (宾语从句)Dont believe him, wha

41、tever/ no matter what he tells you. (状语从句)【考点七：名词性从句中的虚拟语气问题】 先看宾语从句的虚拟语气。一般说来，如果从句作的是表示说话人某种观点、态度或要求等语气的动词的宾语时，从句中要求用should动词原形的虚拟语气（should经常可以省略）。这些动词常见的有：desire, demand, require, request, order, propose, command, advise, suggest等。如：例：He insisted that she （should）spend more time studying. He deman

42、ded that we （should）be on time. The boss required that all waiters (should) keep standing all day long. The publishing house suggested that I (should) type my book out. 有两个特例是suggest和insist。它们俩后面的宾语从句是否用虚拟语气还要看具体语境来定。如： The doctor suggested that I had a cold。 (这个suggest的意思是“解释，说明”。后面不用虚拟语气) The big

43、smiles on her face suggested that she had passed the test. (这个suggest的意思是“表明”。后面不用虚拟语气) The doctor suggested that I (should) stay in bed for a few day. (这个suggest的意思是“建议”。后面用虚拟语气) The young man insisted that he was well enough to serve in the army. (这个insist坚持的是一个事实不是一种观点。后面不用虚拟语气)That young man ins

44、isted that he should be sent to the front. (这个insist坚持的是一种观点，即“他应该被派往前线”。后面用虚拟语气)以上是宾语从句中的虚拟语气现象。如果是其他三种名词性从句，只要和上述动词有关，也享受同样的待遇。如： The headquarters suggestion is that we (should) wait for another few days. (表语从句) His order that all the soldiers (should) swim across the river was refused. (同位语从句) It is strongly recommended that you (should) take a taxi. (主语从句) 另外，在下面这几个特殊的句型中，后面的主语从句也用虚拟语气。a. It is important/ necessary/ natural/ a wonder/ essential（必要的）/suggested thatshould do 如： It is important that you （should）be on time. It is necessary that you (should) exercise regularly. b. I