2021届上海市虹口区高三英语二模概要写作指导学案.docx

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1、2021虹口二模 New Testing Method in Era of Online Learning在线学习时代的新测试方法In research published today in Science of Learning, engineers from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute demonstrate how a testing strategy they call “distanced online testing” can effectively reduce students ability to receive help from on

2、e another in order to score higher on a test taken at individual homes during social distancing.在今天发表在学习科学上的研究中，伦斯勒理工学院的工程师展示了一种他们称之为“远程在线测试”的测试策略如何有效地降低学生接受彼此帮助的能力，以便在个别家庭进行的测试中获得更高的分数在社交疏远期间。 “Often in remote online exams, students can talk over the phone or internet to discuss answers,” said Ge W

3、ang, a chair professor of biomedical engineering at Rensselaer and the corresponding author on this paper. “The key idea of our method is to minimize this chance via discrete optimization(离散优化) aided by knowledge of a students competencies.”“通常在远程在线考试中，学生可以通过电话或互联网讨论答案，”伦斯勒生物医学工程讲座教授、本文的通讯作者葛王说。 “我们

4、方法的关键思想是通过在学生能力知识的帮助下通过离散优化最小化这种机会。” When a distanced online test is performed, students receive the same questions, but at varying times depending on their skill level. For instance, students of highest mastery levels receive each question after other groups of students have already answered those

5、questions. This approach, Wang said, reduces the motivator for students to receive help from those who have more mastery of the material. In order to determine the order of each students questions, their competence levels are estimated using their grade point averages, SAT scores, or midterm scores,

6、 depending on what is available at a specific point in the semester.进行远程在线测试时，学生会收到相同的问题，但时间不同，具体取决于他们的技能水平。 例如，掌握程度最高的学生会在其他学生组已经回答了这些问题之后收到每个问题。 王说，这种方法降低了学生从对材料掌握程度更高的人那里获得帮助的动力。 为了确定每个学生问题的顺序，他们的能力水平是使用他们的平均绩点、SAT 分数或期中分数来估计的，具体取决于学期中特定时间点的可用情况。 According to statistical tests and post-exam surve

7、ys, this method reduced the points gained through cheating by orders of magnitude(数量级) when compared to conventional exam methods. As an added benefit, Wang said, when students knew collusion would not be possible, they were more motivated to study class material. Wang and his colleagues hope to sha

8、re this innovation of teaching methods and theory beyond the Rensselaer campus.根据统计测试和考后调查，该方法与传统考试方法相比，通过作弊获得的分数降低了数量级。 王说，另外一个好处是，当学生知道串通是不可能的时，他们会更有动力学习课堂材料。 王和他的同事希望在伦斯勒校区之外分享这种教学方法和理论的创新。 “We plan to develop a good platform so that others can easily use this method,” said Wang, a member of the

9、Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies at Rensselaer.“我们计划开发一个很好的平台，以便其他人可以轻松使用这种方法，”伦斯勒生物技术和跨学科研究中心成员王说。 【参考答案】To reduce cheating in remote online tests, distanced online testing is introduced in todays Science of Learning. It minimizes online cheating through discrete optimization

10、based on students abilities. Namely, students at various levels get the same paper, but at different times. It reduced cheating and encouraged learning, so researchers expect to build a platform to share it.(58 words) 为了减少远程在线测试中的作弊，今天的学习科学引入了远程在线测试。 它通过基于学生能力的离散优化来最大限度地减少在线作弊。 也就是说，不同级别的学生得到相同的论文，但

11、在不同的时间。 它减少了作弊并鼓励了学习，因此研究人员希望建立一个平台来分享它。 (58 字) 概要写作的写作步骤第一步：阅读A. 认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。B.该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。C. 简要地记下主要观点主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。第二步：动手写作A. 摘要应尽量用自己的话完成。不要直接引用原文的句子。B. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。C. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意

12、。D. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例：“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”可以概括为：”He was very

13、brave in battle.”“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：”He was in financial difficulties.”6) 还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays wit

14、h pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”可以概括为：Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid ho

15、lidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during t

16、he vocation.”8）使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul its not go

17、od for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned: “Why on earth not! If you didnt have salt on your food it would taste awful like eating cardboard or sand just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didnt want to quarrel with Paul. She wan

18、ted to persuade him. She said firmly: But too much salt is bad for you. It causes high blood pressure and later on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”可以用第三人称概括为：Kate

19、 suggested Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Pauls health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.第三步：修改成文首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果摘要中出现了不必要的词

20、汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，保持语言简单明了。另外，可以通过以下五个方面来核对(checklist)写好的摘要。1. Does the summary include the main points?2. Are words or sentences copied or your own words?3. Are there any ideas outside the passage?4. Are transitional words used to make writing coherent?5. Are all the sentences, spelling, and punctuation marks correct?