南开大学865专业英语2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题.docx

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1、 南开大学865专业英语2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题南开大学2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题学院：100 外国语学院考试科目：865 专业英语专业： 英语英语文学注意：请将所有答案写在专用答题纸上，答在此试题上无效！Linguistics (共50分). Define the following terms and explain with examples where necessary. (共10分，每小题2分)linguistic determinismassimilationallophoneanaphoramorphophonemics. Specify the differen

2、ce between each pair of sounds using distinctive features. (共10分，每小题2分)1 l 2 php-3. lr4. td5. iu. Draw a tree diagram for each of the sentences below. (共10分，每小题5分)I read a review of the new book by Chomsky.He said that he would finish the book on Sunday. Answer the following questions. (共20分，每小题5分)W

3、hat is the difference between modern linguistics and traditional grammar?How is the description of consonants different from vowels?To what extent can we say the constituent analysis is more informative than traditional linear structure analysis? Explain with examples.What is the Cooperative Princip

4、le? What would happen if one violates the CP and its maxims?二 Literature (共50分). Define briefly the following terms. （共20分，每小题4分）Metaphysical poetryDenotation and connotationEzra Pound and The CantosBritish neoclassicismImagism. Reading and Interpreting.（共30分，每小题3分）Section 1Questions 1 to 3 are base

5、d on the following passage of The Canterbury Tales.From The Canterbury Tales Speaking of his equipment, he (the knight) possessedFine horses, but he was not gaily dressed.He wore a fustian tunic stained and darkWith smudges where his armour had left markWhat does the fact that the knight owns fine h

6、orses indicate?What does the clothes he wears indicate?What does Geoffrey Chaucer want to show through these details?Section 2Question 4 is based on the following passage of The Canterbury Tales.From The Canterbury TalesNo morsel from her lips did she (the nun) let fall,Nor dipped her fingers in the

7、 sauce too deepAnd she would wipe her upper lip so cleanThat not a trace of grease was to be seenUpon the cup when she had drunk.What does the narrator think of the nun? Why do you think so?Section 3Questions 5 to 10 are based on the following passage.The stars awaken a certain reverence, because th

8、ough always present, they are inaccessible; but all natural objects make a kindred impression when the mind is open to their influence. Nature never wears a mean appearance. Neither does the wisest man extort her secret nor lose his curiosity by finding out all her perfection. Nature never became a

9、toy to a wise spirit. The flowers, the animals, the mountains, reflected the wisdom of his best hour, as much as they had delighted the simplicity of his childhood.When we speak of nature in this manner, we have a distinct but most poetical sense in the mind. We mean the integrity of impression made

10、 by manifold natural objects. It is this which distinguishes the stick of timber of the wood-cutter from the tree of the poet. The charming landscape which I saw this morning is indubitably made up of some twenty or thirty farms. Miller owns this field, Locke that, and Manning the woodland beyond. B

11、ut none of them owns the landscape. There is a property in the horizon which no man ha but he whose eye can integrate all the parts, that is, the poet. This is the best part of these mens farms, yet to this their warranty-deeds give no title.Yet it is certain that the power to produce this delight,

12、does not reside in nature, but in man, or in a harmony of both. It is necessary to use these pleasures with great temperance. For, nature is not always tricked in holiday attire, but the same scene which yesterday breathed perfume and glittered as for the frolic of the nymphs is overspread with mela

13、ncholy today. Nature always wears the colors of the spirit. To a man laboring under calamity, the heat of his own fire has sadness in it. Then there is a kind of contempt of the landscape felt by him who has just lost by death a dear friend. The sky is less grand as it shuts down over less worth in

14、the population.According to paragraph 1, why does the author believe the star awaken a reverence in people?What does the sentence “Nature never became a toy to the wise spirit” mean?What does the author simple when he talks about the difference between farms and landscapes?What do you think is the d

15、ifference between the meaning the author or a poet finds in nature and the meaning a woodcutter, a botanist, a geographer or an engineer finds in nature?Where does the author believe the power to produce a delight in nature comes from, according paragraph 3? What does the phrase “the color of the sp

16、irit” (line 5 in paragraph 3) mean?三Translation (共50分). 英译汉：Translate the following passage into Chinese. (共15分)After years of proclaiming that is understood international politics better than its predecessors, the Bush administration is now trying to undo the damage its first seven years have wroug

17、httrying, in effect, to take U.S. foreign policy back to where is was before President Bush was sworn in. But the world is a very different place today, and much less advantageous to the United States. Square one, administration official are finding, is no longer really square one.In 2001, the admin

18、istration declared a revolution in the practice and substance of U.S. foreign policy. It ridiculed liberal internationalist ideals of multilateral cooperation. It opposed using U.S. military power dressed up as “nationbuilding.” It wrote off global warming as Al Gores obsession, and it said it would

19、nt get bogged down, as its predecessors had, in Israeli Palestinian peacemaking. 汉译英：Translate the following passage into English.(共15分) 东方文明的最大特色是知足。西洋近代文明的最大特色是不知足。知足的东方人自安于简陋的生活，故不求物质享受的提高；自安于愚昧，自安于“不识不知”，故不注意真理的发现与技艺器械的发明；自安于现成的环境与命运，故不想征服自然。西方人大不然。他们说“不知足是神圣的”。物质上的不知足产生了今日钢铁世界，汽机世界，电力世界。理智上的不知足

20、产生了今日的科学世界。社会政治制度上的不知足产生了今日的民权世界。神圣的不知足是一切革新一切进化的动力。. 翻译理论 （共20分）Section 1 :名称解释 （共10分，每小题5分）（In English only）Foreignizing translationLiteral translationSection 2: 论述题 （共10分，每小题5分）（In Chinese only）请在以下题中任选两题，论述他们的代表译作及代表性译论。1、玄奘 2、严复 3、林语堂 4、郭沫若2009年参考答案南开大学2009专业英语答案学院：100 外国语学院考试科目：854 专业英语专业： 英语英

21、语文学注意：请将所有答案写在专用答题纸上，答在此试题上无效！Linguistics (共50分)1. linguistic determinismSapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that our language will mound our view of the world. The hypothesis has two important points, one is linguistic determinism, another is linguistic relativity. linguistic determinism means that lan

22、guage may determine our thinking patterns2. assimilationSapir-Whorf hypothesis Assimilation refers to a linguistic process by which a sound becomes similar to an adjacent sound.3. allophoneAn allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language. For example, p and ph are allophones

23、of the phoneme /p/. 4. anaphoraAnaphora refers to a rhetorical figure of repetition in which the same word or phrase is repeated in (and usually at the beginning of) successive lines, clauses, or sentences.5. morphphonemicsPhoneme is the smallest meaningful unit of sound and morpheme is the smallest

24、 meaningful unit in grammar; then there is any correspondence between the two levels of language, the “joint venture” of the two levels is morphophonemics.lr: l is lateral, r is not lateralph, p: ph is aspirated, p is unaspirated. t, d : t is voiceless, d is voiced. i, u: i is front, unrounded, u is

25、 rounded, back.1. Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence. Then, modern linguistics differs from traditional

26、 grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.For a long time on the European continent it was unquestionably assumed that Latin provides a universal framework into which all languages fit. As a result, other languages were forced to fit into Latin patterns and categ

27、ories, especially its case system and tense divisions of past, present and future.To modern linguists, it is unthinkable to judge one language by standards of another. They are opposed to the notion that any one language can provide an adequate framework for all the others.They are trying to set up

28、a universal framework, but that will be based on the features shared by most of the languages used by mankind.2. Consonants are produced “by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction”. While a vowel is produced withou

29、t such “stricture” so that “air escape in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or nose”.3. As for the constituent analysis, the constituents themselves can be constructions of specific types, for instance, the nominal phrase “the boy” can be further analysed into “The (Determiner)+ boy (Noun

30、)”. Thus, “The boy” is the construction of a nominal phrase, whereas “The” and “boy” are is construction. This structure is more informative.4. Cooperative Principle The Cooperative Principle is proposed by Herbert Paul Grice to explain the course of natural conversation, in which implicated message

31、s are frequently involved. His idea is that in making a conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate, otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. This general principle is called the Cooperative Principle. It goes as follow: Make your conversational

32、 contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. More specifically, there are four maxims under this general principle: the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the ma

33、xim of manner. If one violates the CP, conversational implicature appears.二 Literature (共50分). Define briefly the following terms. （共20分，每小题4分） 1. Metaphysical poetryMetaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2) with

34、a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3)the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4)the imagery is drawn from ac

35、tual life. 2. Denotation and connotationDenotation refers to the literal meaning of a word, the dictionary definition. For example, if you look up the word snake in a dictionary, you will discover that one of its denotative meanings is any of numerous scaly, legless, sometimes venomous reptilesKhavi

36、ng a long, tapering, cylindrical body and found in most tropical and temperate regions. Connotation, on the other hand, refers to the associations that are connected to a certain word or the emotional suggestions related to that word. The connotative meaning of a word exist together with the denotat

37、ive meaning. The connotations for the word snake could include evil or danger. 3. Ezra Pound and The CantosEzra Pound is generally considered the poet most responsible for defining and promoting a modernist aesthetic in poetry. His own significant contributions to poetry begin with his promulgation

38、of Imagism, a movement in poetry which derived its technique from classical Chinese and Japanese poetrystressing clarity, precision, and economy of language and foregoing traditional rhyme and meter in order to, in Pounds words, compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of t

39、he metronome. His later work, for nearly fifty years, focused on the encyclopedic epic poem he entitled The Cantos.The Cantos by Ezra Pound is a long, incomplete poem in 120 sections, each of which is a canto. Most of it was written between 1915 and 1962, although much of the early work was abandone

40、d and the early cantos, as finally published, date from 1922 onward. It is a book-length work, widely considered to present formidable difficulties to the reader. The Cantos are generally considered one of the most significant works of modernist poetry in the 20th century. As in Pounds prose writing

41、, the themes of economics, governance and culture are integral to the works content.4. British neoclassicismIn the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that form

42、s of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged

43、in terms of its service to humanity. 5. Imagism1) Imagism came into being in Britain and U.S around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation.2)the imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to expres

44、s these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image.3)imagism is characterized by the following three poetic principles:A.direct treatment of subject matter;B.economy of expression;C. as regards rhythm ,to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of metro

45、nome. 4) pounds In a Station of the Metro is a well-known imagist poem. Reading and Interpreting.（共30分，每小题3分）Section 1Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following passage of The Canterbury Tales. 1. What does the fact that the knight owns fine horses indicate?Answer： It indicate that the knight has r

46、emarkable merits, he is an outstanding Knight who deserve a fine horse. 2. What does the clothes he wears indicate?Answer： It indicate that the knight is simplicity and genial. Although he has high social status he is still being gentle and kind toward others. 3. What does Geoffrey Chaucer want to s

47、how through these details?Answer： He wants to show that the knight is respectable. Although he has high social status he is still being gentle and kind toward others.Section 2Question 4 is based on the following passage of The Canterbury Tales. 4. What does the narrator think of the nun? Why do you

48、think so?Answer：The nun is well behaved and she tries to pursuit the upper social etiquette. (then express some of your own opinions)Section 3Questions 5 to 10 are based on the following passage. 5. According to paragraph 1, why does the author believe the star awaken a reverence in people?Answer : Because though always present, they are inaccessible; but all natural objects make a kindred impression when the min