学位英语复习资料：阅读讲义及详解.doc

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1、阅读理解【学习内容】1.题型介绍2.解题策略3.答题步骤4.解题技巧一、题型介绍考查的能力题型掌握所读材料的主旨和大意主旨题了解阐述主旨的事实和细节细节题利用上下文猜测某些词汇和短语的意义词汇题根据所读材料进行判断、推论或做出结论推论题领会作者的观点、意图和态度态度题二、解题策略（一）主旨题这类题型主要是用来考查考生是否理解了文章或段落的主旨和大意，也考查考生区别主要信息与次要信息的能力。其提问方式常有以下几种：What is the main idea （subject） of this passage?What does this passage mainly concern?The ma

2、in point of the passage is_.Which of the following is the best title for the passage?The purpose of the writer in writing this passage is _.主旨是一篇文章或一个段落的核心，是作者写作意图的体现。就学士学位英语考试而言，文章或段落的主旨通常以主题句（topic sentence）的形式出现。应试策略1：如果时间紧迫，就略读（skimming）文章的开头、结尾及段落的首句和尾句，因为这些地方最能体现文章的主旨大意。主旨应该是宏观的，但又不能失之空泛。 例1：T

3、he passage is mainly about_.A.the agriculture revolutionB.the invention of labor-saving machineryC.the development of scientific agricultureD.the farming machinery in America【答案】B【解析】根据第一段的前两句：The agriculture revolution in the nineteenth century involved two things: the invention of labor-saving mac

4、hinery and the development of scientific agriculture.Labor-saving machinery naturally appeared first where labor was scarce.可以看出，这里进一步谈论的是关于Labor-saving machinery，所以它应该是文章的主题，故答案为B。原文：The agriculture revolution in the nineteenth century involved two things: the invention of labor-saving machinery an

5、d the development of scientific agriculture.Labor-saving machinery naturally appeared first where labor was scarce.“In Europe”, said Thomas Jefferson, “the object is to make the most of their land,labor being sufficient; here it is to make the most of our labor, land being abundant”.It was in Americ

6、a, therefore, that the great advances in nineteenth-century agricultural machinery first came.At the opening of the century, with the exception of a crude（粗糙的） plow, farmers could have carried practically all of the existing agricultural tools on their backs.By 1860，most of the machinery in use toda

7、y had been designed in an early form.The most important of the early inventions was the iron plow.As early as 1890 Charles Newbolt of New Jersey had been working on the idea of a cast-iron plow and spent his entire fortune in introducing his invention.例2：The best title for this passage may be_.A.Wor

8、ds and FeelingsB.Words, Gestures and FeelingsC.Gestures and FeelingsD.Culture and Understanding【答案】C【解析】本文的第一段提到了words，gestures和feelings，但是接下来的论述是关于gestures和feelings的，如：laughter，crying，fear等都是表达人的feeling的，故本文的主题应该是Gestures and Feelings。原文：We use both words and gestures to express our feelings, but t

9、he problem is that these words and gestures can be understood in different ways.It is true that a smile means the same thing in any language.So does laughter or crying.There are also a number of striking similarities in the way different animals show the same feelings.Dogs, tigers and humans, for ex

10、ample, often show their teeth when they are angry.This is probably because they are born with those behavior patterns.Fear is another emotion that is shown in much the same way all over the world.In Chinese and in English literature, a phrase like “he went pale and begin to tremble” suggests that th

11、e man is either very afraid or he has just got a very big shock.However, “he opened his eyes wide” is used to suggest anger in Chinese whereas in English it means surprise.In Chinese surprise can be described in a phrase like “they stretched out their tongues”! Sticking out your tongue in English is

12、 an insulting gesture or expresses strong dislike.Even in the same culture, people differ in ability to understand and express feelings.Experiments in America have shown that women are usually better than men at recognizing fear, anger, love and happiness on peoples faces.Other studies show that old

13、er people usually find it easier to recognize or understand body language than younger people do.应试策略2：在快速阅读原文的同时，考生应善于捕捉文章中频率出现高的关键词，这些词往往蕴含了文章的中心思想。这些关键词一般是同一词语的高频出现，也有可能表现为同类词（上下义词、同义词或同根词）贯穿全文。例1：A good title for this passage is _.A.SleepB.DreamsC.Good HealthD.Work and Rest原文：After a busy day of

14、 work and play, the body needs to rest.Sleep is necessary for good health.During this time, the body recovers from the activities of the previous day.The rest that you get while sleeping enables your body to prepare itself for the next day.There are four levels of sleep, each being a little deeper t

15、han the one before.As you sleep, your muscles relax little by little.Your heart beats more slowly, and your brain slows down.After you reach the fourth level, your body shifts back and forth from one level of sleep to the other.Although your mind slows down, from time to time you will dream.Scientis

16、ts who study sleep state that when dreaming occurs, your eyeballs begin to move more quickly （although your eyelids are closed）.This stage of sleep is called REM, which stands for rapid eye movement.If you have trouble falling asleep, some people recommend breathing very slowly and very deeply.Other

17、 people believe that drinking warm milk will help make you drowsy.There is also an old suggestion that counting sheep will put you to sleep!【答案】A【解析】整篇文章都是围绕着睡眠展开的，提到了关于睡眠的多个方面。所以文章的标题就是sleep。（二）细节题考生不仅需要从宏观上把握文章内容，还应该从微观上了解短文透露的具体信息，如时间、地点、人物、物体、性格、特征、长度、距离、过程、原因、条件、结果等等。反映在考题上，就是具体情景题，即对文中具体事实和细节（

18、facts and details）进行提问。有时候，这类题目会进一步演化为是非判断题（true or false），考查学生一定的辨别和排除能力。应试策略1：找到试题中的关键词，对试题在文章中的位置进行精确定位，然后阅读与试题相关的句子，对比选项得出正确答案。例1：The difference between the control group and the experimental group was _.A.the training that parents receivedB.the age of the childrenC.the books that were readD.the

19、 number of the children原文：A study was done with 30 three-year-old children and their parents.Half of the children participated in the experimental study; the other half acted as the control group.In the experimental group, the parents were given a two-hour training session in which they were taught

20、to ask open-ended questions rather than yes-or-no questions.For example, the parent should ask, “What is the doggie doing?” rather than “Is the doggie running away?” The parents in the experimental group were also instructed in how to help children find answers, how to suggest alternative possibilit

21、ies and how to praise correct answers.【答案】A【解析】原文中说In the experimental group, the parents were given a two-hour training session，这正是本题的答案。例2：Bright children and not-bright children _.A.are two different types of childrenB.are different mainly in their degree of clevernessC.have difference only in th

22、eir way of thinkingD.have different knowledge about the world原文：If you look at children, youll see great difference between what we call bright children and not-bright children.They are actually two different kinds of people, not just the same kind with different amount of intelligence.For example,

23、the bright child really wants to find out about life he tries to get in touch with everything around him.But, the unintelligent child keeps more to himself and his own dream-world; he seems to have a wall between him and life in general. 【答案】A【解析】原文说They are actually two different kinds of people, n

24、ot just the same kind with different amount of intelligence，A项中的types对应这句话中的kinds。例3：According to this passage, intelligence is _.A.the ability to study wellB.the ability to do well in schoolC.the ability to deal with lifeD.the ability to get high scores on some tests原文：When we talk about intelligen

25、ce, we do not mean the ability to get good scores on certain kinds of tests or even the ability to do well in school.By intelligence we mean a way of living and behaving, especially in a new or upsetting situation.If we want to test intelligence, we need to find out how a person acts instead of how

26、much he knows what to do.【答案】C【解析】原文说By intelligence we mean a way of living and behaving，由此可以看出答案是C。（三）词汇题词汇题是学士学位英语阅读理解测试中的重要一项。词汇题往往要求对文章中的某个单词、短语甚至句子等找出近义词或者最合适的解释。因此，词汇题在很大程度上是根据上下文推测词义。常见的提问方式有：（1）According to the writer, the word “” means_.（2）What does the author probably mean by “.” in parag

27、raph.?（3）Which of the following is nearest in meaning to ?（4）The term in paragraph can be best replaced by .（5）Whats the meaning of in line of paragraph?（6）What does “it” refers to in Line 2, Paragraph 5?应试策略1：对于生词、难词，文章一定会在上下文中进行解释、说明或者用一个比较简单的词重复该词，因此，这类题并不难做。寻读（scanning）定位相关词的出处，根据上下文来推断其义，特别要注意被

28、考词前后的一些连接词（如and, or, for, but等），可以通过它们表达的逻辑关系来判断词义。 例1：The word “scars” in Paragraph One is close in meaning to _.A.good stories B.painsC.ExperiencesD.memories原文： Not all memories are sweet. Some people spend all their lives trying to forget bad experiences. Violence and traffic accidents can leave

29、people with terrible physical and emotional scars. Often they relive these experiences in nightmares（噩梦）.【答案】B【解析】scar：伤疤，创伤。从上下文的意思也可以看出来，与它接近的选项是pains。例2：The word “sedentary” in Paragraph 4 probably means _. A.having a lot of things to do B.involving little exercise or physical activity C.being is

30、olated from the outside world D.experiencing a lot of stress 原文：Today, society places a lot of emphasis on technology. Computers, DVDs, CDs, television, PlayStations and Xboxes have become major leisure activities, rather than traditional more active pursuits. This has led to a more sedentary lifest

31、yle. 【答案】B【解析】通过划线词前面的rather than traditional more active pursuits可以看出来，现代人拥有的是更加不活跃的生活方式，活动量比较少。应试策略2： 可以利用被考单词的修饰、限定成分来判断其含义，这是最直接的方法。这种修饰与限定可以表现为多种形式。可以通过特殊标点符号（如冒号、破折号、引号等）引出修饰成分，也可直接表现为定语或其他修饰语。例1：The word “nightmare” in this passage （Line1, paragraph 1） means _.A.frightening dream B.very unple

32、asant situationC.very strange experience D.extraordinary event原文：It is your worst nightmare: you arrive back home after work or a holiday to find that someone else has moved into your flat or house. They play their music loudly on your recorder, sleeping in your bed and make a terrible mess（脏乱）. And

33、 they refuse to leave. This is what many people understand by the term “squatting”.【答案】B【解析】通过后面的描述可以看出来，这里的nightmare指的是令人非常不愉快的现象。应试策略3：关于“it、they、one、that、such”等常见代词的指代语义题，在学士学位英语考试里也比较常见。代词指代的是名词或句子，因此对付这类题首先要靠寻读（scanning）来定位相关代词的出处，然后顺藤摸瓜到上文寻找被替代成分。一般与该代词最近的名词（短语）或句子最有可能是被替代的成分。例1：The word “they

34、” in the last paragraph refers to _.A.laws B.courts C.squatters D.representatives原文：Now the Britain government is hoping to introduce laws which would make life more difficult for squatters（长期霸占别人住房的人）. The proposed new laws would allow courts to order squatters to leave a property within 24 hours.

35、If they didnt , they could be given a six-month prison sentence （and therefore a criminal record） or a fine of up to 5,000 pounds. It would also give police or the representatives of the courtsthe bailiffs（法警）more powers to break into property to force squatters to leave.【答案】C【解析】they指代的是前一句话中的squat

36、ters，法律可以强制他们离开。例2：What does “it” in line 2 can most probably be replaced by?A.Parents increasing childrens language development B.Reading techniques being simple C.Parents reading to children D.Childrens intelligence development原文： By adopting a few simple techniques, parents who read to their chil

37、dren can greatly increase their childrens language development. It is surprising but true.【答案】A【解析】it指代的是前面一句话的内容，即给孩子们读书的父母极大的提高了孩子的语言能力。所以答案是A。（四）逻辑推理类逻辑推理题与细节题有所相似，也是对文章具体内容进行判断。不同的是，它不但要求考生掌握文章所表达的字面含义，还要求考生依靠自己的逻辑推理能力，从上下文的联贯性及相关暗示去明析作者隐含的意思。难度大，出错也最多，究其原因，归根结底还是对文章内容没有做到真正的理解和掌握。逻辑推理类问题的命题方式主要

38、有以下几种：（1）We can infer （conclude, draw the conclusion, learn） from the passage that _.（2）It can be inferred （concluded） from the passage that _.（3）It is implied from the second passage that_.（4）It can be concluded from the passage that_.（5）The paragraph following the passage will most probably discus

39、s _.应试策略1：一般来说，在一篇文章后的五道试题中，若该推理题出现在该篇首尾两道（第一道和第五道），一般为主题推理，也就是说要找到文章的主题句研读后方可得到正确答案；若该推理题出现在五道题的中间部分，一般则是根据文章的细节部分进行推理，按照细节题细节定位基本原则也可以较快做出选择。如果对文章的主题进行推理，则要快速阅读文章的开头、结尾及段落的首句和尾句，找到文章的主题句，然后进行推理和判断。例1：（五道试题中的第一题）Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A.Children who talk a lot are

40、more intelligent. B.Parents who listen to their children can teach them more.C.Active children should read more and begiven more attention.D.Verbal ability can easily be developed with proper methods.原文：By adopting a few simple techniques, parents who read to their children can greatly increase thei

41、r childrens language development. It is surprising but true. How parents talk to their children makes a big difference in the childrens language development. If a parent encourages the child to actively respond to what the parent is reading, the childs language skills increase. A study was done with

42、 30 three-year-old children and their parents. Half of the children participated in the experimental study; the other half acted as the control group. 【答案】D【解析】原文开头就说到，通过采用一些小技巧，就可以大大提高孩子的语言水平。由此可以推测出答案是D。应试策略2：逻辑推理题型重点在于由表及里挖掘言语深层含意（implication），所以一般在原文中不可能直接找到现成的答案。对于那些在原文中已明确陈述了的（stated）选项，在选项内容综

43、合分析时要首先排除。例2：It is implied but not stated in the passage that _.A.there was a shortage of workers on American farmsB.the most important of the early invention was the iron plowC.after 1869, many people devoted their attention to the plowD.Charles Newbolt had made a fortune by his cast-iron plow原文：La

44、bor-saving machinery naturally appeared first where labor was scare. “In Europe”, said Thomas Jefferson, “the object is to make the most of their land, labor being sufficient; here it is to make the most of our labor, land being abundant”. It was in America, therefore, that the great advances in nin

45、eteenth-century agricultural machinery first came. At the opening of the century, with the exception of a crude （粗糙的） plow, farmers could have carried practically all of the existing agricultural tools on their backs. By 1860, most of the machinery in use today had been designed in an early form. Th

46、e most important of the early inventions was the iron plow 【答案】A【解析】原文说it is to make the most of our labor, land being abundant，意思是：要充分利用劳动力，土地很多，言外之意就是说美国劳动力相对缺乏。（五）态度题测试考生通过对文章的理解，对作者说话的语气、态度和观点的把握。提问方式： Whats the writers attitude to? Whats the tone of the passage? The authors view is _.The writer

47、s attitude of this passage is apparently _. The author suggests that _.According to author,_.应试策略：1.有的文章观点明确，基调清楚，这时略读（skimming）文章的首尾段及段落的首尾句。如不能确立文章基调，则需进一步研读某些细节，尤其应注意有些表明作者观点的词汇，如形容词、副词等。特别要注意：in my view, in my opinion, I think, I argue, as far as I am concerned等之类的表达，因为这往往直接引出作者的观点与态度。2.议论体裁的文章用以说服读者支持或驳斥某一观点，作者的态度一般为中心主题句所表达，所以论述文作者的态度主要看主题句。 例1：The authors attitude towards the changing of superstition-belief is _. A.optimisticB.pessimis