学位英语复习资料：语法--二.docx

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1、五、动词不定式【考试重点】1. 动词不定式能作的各种成分2. 不带to的不定式 3. 不定式的进行时、完成时和被动式一、动词不定式动词不定式由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。它是一种非限定动词，不受主语的人称和数的限制。动词不定式具有动词的特征，它可以有自己的宾语，可以受副词的修饰，有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用，同时具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能。 主动语态被动语态一般式To doTo be done完成式To have doneTo have been done进行式To be doing/完成进行式To have been doing/二、动词不定式的用法1.动词不定式做主语1）不定

2、式（短语）常用来作主语，但在很多情况下，代词it 常被用来代替不定式放在句首作形式主语，而将不定式移到句子后部去，从而使句子不至于“头重脚轻”。【例句】It is not easy _ the answer to the difficult math problem. A. to figure out B. figuring out C. figure out D. being figured outIt作形式主语常用于下列句式中：（1）Itbe名词to do sthIts our duty to take good care of the old. （2）It takes sb+some t

3、ime+to do sthHow long did it take you to finish the work? It took me three hours to finish the work.（3）Itbe形容词for sbto do sthIt is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in an hour. （4）Itbe形容词of sbto do sthIt is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says. （5）It seems（appears

4、）形容词to do sthIt seemed impossible to save money. 在句型 Itbe形容词for sbto do sth中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult，easy，hard，important，impossible，necessary等；在句型 Itbe形容词of sbto do sth中，常用careless，clever，good，foolish，honest，kind，lazy，nice，right，silly，stupid，wise等表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。 2. 不定式作宾语: 1）以下动词后，只能跟不

5、定式作宾语：afford（付得起），agree（同意），aim（力求做到），appear（显得），arrange（安排），ask（要求），attempt（试图），care（想要），choose（决定），claim（声称），decide（决定），demand（要求），determine（决心），endeavor（竭力），expect（期待），fail（未履行），help（帮助），hesitate（犹豫），hope（希望），learn（学会），manage（设法），offer（主动提出），plan（计划），prepare（准备），pretend（假装），promise（答应），prove（证明），

6、refuse（拒绝），resolve（解决），seem（觉得好像），swear（发誓），tend（往往会），threaten（预示），undertake（承诺），volunteer（自愿做），vow（发誓），want（想要），wish（希望） 2）感官动词feel, find, think, believe, consider以及使役动词make等动词后如果不定式作宾语，补语是形容词或名词时，常用it作形式宾语，把不定式后移。【例1】For a long time after the operation, Linda found _ difficult to fall asleep.A. th

7、is B. one C. that D. it【例2】He found _ everybody know what had happened.A. it necessary letting B. it necessary to let C. necessary letting D. necessary to let3）有些不定式前可加how, who, what, when, which, where, whether等构成复合宾语。这种结构还可以作主语、主语补语、宾语补语、介词宾语或定语。【例句】The mother didnt know _ to blame for the broken

8、glass as it happened while she was out.A. whoB. when C. howD. what4）有些动词可以跟there +to be的结构。如：believe，expect，intend，mean，prefer，want，wish等等。【例句】We didnt expect _ so many people there. A. there to beB. there being C. there isD. there been5）下列动词后跟不定式作宾语补语（被动语态中作主语补语）：advise, allow, permit, ask, beg, ca

9、use, command, compel, enable, encourage, expect, forbid, force, hate, help, inform, intend, invite, order, persuade, remind, request, require, teach, tell, urge, want, warn, wish等。【例句】Mother warned _ the electric lamp.A. not to touchB. him not to touchC. him not touchingD. him not touch6）英语中的感官动词和使役

10、动词用不定式做宾语补足语时不带to，但在被动形式时，不定式必须带to。这样的动词和词组有：feel, hear, notice, observe, see, find, watch, look at, listen to, have, let, make。get的用法和have/let/make的用法不同，后面使用不定式做宾语补足语时带to：get somebody to do something。【例1】The teacher has his students _ a composition every other week. A. to writeB. writtenC. writing

11、D. write【例2】They are going to have the serviceman _ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed【例3】Because of many mistakes, she was made _ these letters again.A. type B. to typingC. typed D. to type3. 动词不定式作定语1）常用作下列名词、代词的定语：ability, ambition, any

12、thing, attempt, capability, chance, curiosity, desire, decision, determination, effort, failure, intention, movement, need, nothing, opportunity, place, plan, promise, reason, right, something, tendency, time, way, wish 等。【例句】Our failure _ ourselves to modern life often causes us trouble in our work

13、. A. to adopt B. to apply C. to adapt D. to act 2）不定式与它修饰的名词在逻辑上有时候是动宾关系，这些动词不定式可能是及物的（带宾语），也可能是不及物的。如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，则不定式后要加介词。【例句】Could you find someone_？A. for me to play tennis with B. for me to play tennis C. play tennis with D. playing tennis3）不定式作定语，用主动形式代替被动形式的两种情况：不定式与它修饰的名词是逻辑上的动宾关系，且主句的主语是

14、不定式中的动词所表示动作的逻辑主语或在句中能找到其逻辑主语。He has a lot of work to do today.今天他有大量的活要干。在“with without 宾语宾语补足语”的结构中，若宾语补足语是不定式（作定语），不定式所表示的动作将要发生，且句子的主语是该动作逻辑上的执行者，此时不定式须用主动式。 【例句】With a lot of difficult problems _ , the newly-elected president is having a hard time.A. settledB. settling C. to settleD. being sett

15、led 4. 动词不定式作状语1）目的状语【例1】_ a teacher, one must first be a pupil. A. Being B. Having been C. To be D. To have been 【例2】We should do as much as we can _ our country better and more beautiful.A. make B. to make C. makes D. making用in order to和so as to引出的不定式更能突出目的性；在否定形式或被动语态的不定式前更为常见。【例句】He opened the d

16、oor and let himself in quietly _ not to wake the family.A. because B. so as C. so that D. despite2）结果状语通常only to引出的是“意想不到的”或“不愉快的”结果。【例句】We hurried to the station _ find ourselves three hours earlier for the train. A. only to B. in order to C. so as to D. such as to 3）原因状语不定式作原因状语时，一般放在句尾。不定式常跟在一些形容

17、词或过去分词后说明产生这种情绪的原因。这类形容词有： annoyed, anxious, ashamed, astonished, bored, clever, cruel, delighted, disappointed, eager, foolish, fortunate, glad, grieved, happy, interested, lucky, overjoyed, pained, puzzled, quick, relieved, right, rude, shocked, sorry, surprised, unwise, worried, wrong等。【例句】She fe

18、lt happy to see him again.5. 动词不定式作表语不定式可放在be动词或下列系动词后面作表语：seem, remain, prove等。【例1】The purpose of the article is to tell the readers how to keep fit.【例2】The rumor proved （to be） false.【例3】Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple. But it remains _ whether they will enjoy it.A. to se

19、e B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen6. 不带to的不定式1）作某些动词的宾语补语在“动词宾语不定式”结构中，如果动词是表示感官意义的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等，或是表示“使、让”意义的have, make, let等，其后的不定式结构不带to。在do nothinganythingeverything but（except）的结构中。如： Last night I did nothing but watch TV. 昨天晚上，我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。 下面这些词组是不定式的习惯用法，只能用省略to的不定式形

20、式： can not but do（不得不），can not help but do（不得不），cannot choose but do（只能）， had better do（最好），would rather do（宁愿）。【例句】I cannot _ the truth of your words, although they go against my interests. A. but admit B. but admitting C. help but to admit D. help but admitting 7. 不定式的进行式、完成式和被动语态1）不定式的进行式：不定式的进行式

21、表示动作与谓语动词的动作是同时的，而且正在进行着。另外，不定式进行式也可表示“即将发生”。【例句】He pretended to be playing the piano in the next room.2）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。【例句】Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computers.A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented3）被动语态：当不定式的逻辑主语是其表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般

22、用被动式。【例句】The question _ at the meeting tomorrow is very important. A. to discuss B. being discussed C. to be discussed D. will be discussed 8. 不定式的否定形式否定副词如not，never等置于不定式之前。【例句】The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult. 六、动名词【考试重点】1. 动名词的用法2. 动名词的复合结构 3.

23、动名词的完成时和被动式一、动名词动名词是一种非谓语动词，由动词原形ing构成。由于其既可起名词的作用，又有动词的特征，故称动名词。动名词可在句子中起名词的作用，可单独或引起短语用作主语、宾语、表语和定语等。如： Working in these conditions is no easy job.动名词也可具有动词的某些特征，可以有自己的宾语或状语。如：She is fond of collecting stamps.1. 动名词做主语1）动名词作主语，一般直接放在句首【例句】_ is one of good properties of this metal.A. Light in weigh

24、t B. Having been light in weight C. Be light in weight D. Being light in weight2）下列固定结构中的主语只能使用动名词作主语It is good doing 做是有益的It is no good doing 做是没有益处的It is no use doing做是没用的It is useless doing 做是没用的It is worthwhile doing做是值得的It is waste doing 做是不值的【例句】He has already made up his mind. Its no use _ hi

25、m.A. try to persuade B. trying to persuade C. to try to persuade D. to try persuading3）动名词作主语与不定式作主语的比较动名词作主语表示抽象的、一般性或习惯性的和连续性的动作；不定式作主语表示具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old. To meet him at the station is what I am going to do tonight.2. 动名词做宾语1）有些动词只能接动名词做

26、宾语，而不能接不定式。这些动词是：acknowledge, advise, admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, allow, bear, cant help, complete, delay, deny, discourage, endure, enjoy, envy, escape, favor, finish, imagine, involve, keep, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice, quit, recall, require, resume, recommend, suggest, risk等等

27、。【例1】I am considering _ my job as Im not getting on well with my boss. A. changing B. to change C. changed D. to be changed【例2】Mark often attempts to escape _ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.A. having been fined B. to have been fined C. to be fined D. being fined【例3】People appreciate _with hi

28、m because he has a good sense of humor.A. to work B. to have worked C. working D. having working2）动名词作介词宾语。常可用在某些短语的后面，如：aim at, be afraid of, be ashamed of等。以上短语中的介词很容易辨认，但下列短语中的介词不容易辨认，尤其是介词to很容易被误认为是动词不定式的标志词，它们是学位英语考试的重点，要熟记在心.feel like doing sth. 想要干某事give up doing sth. 放弃干某事end up doing sth. 结

29、果be used to doing sth. 习惯于干某事be accustomed to sth. 习惯于干某事look forward to doing sth. 盼望干某事devoteto doing sth 把奉献给dedicateto doing sth 把奉献给preferto doing sth 宁愿而不愿干某事oppose to doing sth 反对干某事object to doing sth 反对干某事contribute to doing sth 有助于 lead to doing sth 导致【例句】We look forward to _ to the openin

30、g ceremony. A. invite B. be invitedC. having been invited D. being invited3）下列短语或结构也跟动名词作宾语。有时介词in可以省略，它们也是学位英语考试的重点。be busy doing sth 忙于干某事be worth doing sth 值得干某事spend/waste some time/money doing sth 花费（浪费）时间/钱干某事have a hard time doing sth 做某事有困难have a good time doing sth 做某事很开心There is no point d

31、oing sth 做某事没有意义There is no use doing sth 做某事没有用There is no need doing sth 做某事没有必要have trouble / difficulty （in） doing sth 做某事有困难what about/how about doing sth 做某事怎么样【例1】The workers are busy _ models for the exhibition.A. to make B. with making C. being making D. making 【例2】In winter, animals have a

32、 hard time _ anything to eat.A. to find B. to finding C. to find out D. finding【例3】Since you wont take advice, there is no _ in asking for it.A. place B. point C. reason D. way4）有些动词后既可加不定式，也可加动名词，但用法不同，意义也不同。（1）forget, remember, regret这几个词的共同特点是：它们后面加不定式时，表示记得、忘记、遗憾要做或应该做的事，总之是还没有做的事；而加动名词时，表示记得、忘记

33、、遗憾、忽略所做的事，也就是已经发生了、已经做了的事。【例句】If I had remembered _ the window, the thief would not have got in.A. to close B. closing C. to have closed D. having closed（2）stop to do sth表示停止前文说的那件事情，去做另一件事情stop doing sth表示停止做正在做的事情The professor asked us to stop to discuss.教授让我们停下来，开始讨论。The professor asked us to st

34、op discussing.教授让我们停止讨论。 （3）mean to do打算，有意要干某事 mean doing意味着 【例句】I meant _ you, but Im afraid I forgot.A. ringing B. being ringingC. to ringing D. to ring（4）go on to do 继续（去做另外一件事情） go on doing 继续（做原先没有做完的事情） 【例句】He began by showing us where the country was and went on _ us about its climate.A. tel

35、ling B. to tellC. to telling D. to be told（5）try to do努力、企图做某事 try doing试验、试一试某种办法 5）need, require, want这三个单词后面既可加不定式，也可加动名词，意义相同。但是，表示被动时，动名词依然使用主动形式（sth need/require/want doing），不定式则变成被动形式（sth need/require/want to be done）。【例1】It is hot and dry; the flowers need_. A. being watered B. be wateredC.

36、to water D. to be watered【例2】Your hair wants _. Youd better have it done tomorrow.A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut3. 动名词做表语动名词是名词性的，其作表语时与主语不能构成主谓关系，但可与主语互换位置，且用来解释主语的内容。例如：My hobby is listening to classical music.二、动名词的复合结构动名词带上自己的逻辑主语，便构成了动名词的复合结构。其逻辑主语一般由物主代词、名词所有格、人称代词的宾格和名词的通格来充当。【例句】Sh

37、e apologized for _ to attend the meeting. A. her being not able B. her to be not able C. her not to be able D. her not being able但当动名词的复合结构作主语时，其逻辑主语只能用所有格或物主代词表示。【例句】-“What makes her so unhappy?” -“_ one of her favorite books.”A. Because she lost B. Because of her losingC. She lost D. Her losing三、动

38、名词的时态和语态 主动语态被动语态一般式（not） doing（not） being done完成式（not） having done（not） having been done1. 动名词的一般式1）通常表示一般性的动作，即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作。【例句】They are all interested in climbing mountains.2）或是表示与谓语所表示的动作同时发生的动作。【例句】He took a great delight in helping others.2. 动名词的完成式动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前时，要用完成式。【例句】We

39、all feel sorry for _ for so long after your arrival. A. keep you waiting B. having kept you waiting C. waiting for you D. keep you wait 3. 动名词的被动式当动名词的逻辑主语是其所表示的动作的对象时，要使用被动式。【例句】The scientist didnt mind _ and went on with his investigation. A. laughing at B. to be laughed atC. being laughed at D. l

40、aughed at 七、分词【考试重点】1. 分词的用法2. 现在分词的时态和语态 一、分词1. 分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词由动词ing构成；过去分词有规则变化和不规则变化两种。规则变化的过去分词由动词原形ed构成；不规则变化无一定规律，需逐个记忆。2. 现在分词和过去分词的区别1）语态上的区别：及物动词的现在分词具有主动含义，而及物动词的过去分词表示被动含义。【例1】We are interested in the story.【例2】The story is interesting.2）时间上的区别：现在分词表示动作正在进行，过去分词表示动作已经完成。【例1】China is

41、 a developing country.【例2】America is a developed country.二、分词的用法1. 分词作定语1）单个分词作定语，一般放在所修饰的名词之前。单个现在分词有时也要求后置。 【例1】What an exhausting day!【例2】Lets buy our tickets while I still have _.A. a little money to leave B. little money left C. a few dollars left D. few dollars to leave 2）分词短语作定语，一般放在被修饰词之后，相当

42、于一个定语从句。【例1】The girl sitting by the door is my cousin. = The girl who is sitting by the door is my cousin.【例2】There is a great deal of evidence _ that music activities engage different parts of the brain.A. indicate B. indicating C. indicated D. to be indicating3）分词与不定式、动名词作定语比较 不定式作定语表示“将来”，现在分词表示主

43、动或“进行”，过去分词表示被动或“完成”。【例1】There are a lot of problems to be solved at the meeting tomorrow.【例2】There may be, somewhere outside the solar system, intelligent life _ messages to us. A. sends B. sent C. sending D. has sent【例3】For married mothers, the time spent on child care increased to an average of 1

44、2.9 hours a week in 2009.2. 分词作表语现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征，过去分词多表示主语所处的状态。【例1】The news is exciting.【例2】The door remained locked.一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等是考查的重点，要注意区分两者的不同。 【例句】The performance of the English team was _. They played much worse than expected.A. disappoint B. disappointing C. disappointed D. to disappointinteresting使人感到有趣的 interested感到有趣的 exciting令人激动的 excited感到激动的 disappointing令人失望的 disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的 encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的 pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人费解的 puzzled感到费解的 satisfying令人满意的 satisfied感到满意的 surprising令人惊异的 surprised感到惊异的 worrying令人担心的 worried感到担心的 3. 分词作宾