2018考研英语（一）真题及解析.pdf

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1、2018 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一一) Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, its a necessary condition1many worthwhile thing

2、s: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your2, in the wrong place often carries a high3. 4, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good.5people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that6pleasurable feelings and tri

3、ggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to7with one another. Scientists have found that exposure8 this hormone puts us in a trusting9: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to

4、 strangers than were their10who inhaled something else. 11for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may12us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate13a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each14to an adult tester holding a plasti

5、c container. The tester would ask, “Whats in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15. Half of them found a toy; the other half16the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17them. Among the children who had not been t

6、ricked, the majority were18to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership.19, only five of the 30 children paired with the “20”tester participated in a follow-up activity. 1. A on B like C for D from 2. A faith B concern C attention D interest 3.

7、 A benefit B debt C hope D price 4. A Therefore B Then C Instead D Again 5. AUntil B Unless C Although D When 6. A selects B produces C applies D maintains 7. A consult B compete C connect D compare 8. A at B by Cof Dto 9. A context B mood C period D circle 10.A counterparts B substitutes C colleagu

8、es Dsupporters 11.A Funny B Lucky C Odd D Ironic 12.A monitor B protect C surprise D delight 13.A between B within C toward D over 14.A transferred B added C introduced D entrusted 15.A out B back C around D inside 16.A discovered B proved C insisted D .remembered 17.A betrayed Bwronged C fooled D m

9、ocked 18.A forced B willing C hesitant D entitled 19.A In contrast B As a result C On the whole D For instance 20.A inflexible B incapable C unreliable D unsuitable Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,

10、B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1 Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs? Dont dismiss that possibility entirely. About half

11、of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care dont appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering have

12、aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine. This isnt to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didnt go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but

13、 it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.

14、The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools sh

15、ould do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt

16、. The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. Th

17、e best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality havent been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them. Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor

18、 need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality. Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comf

19、ort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable. 21.Who will be most threatened by automation? A Leading politicians. BLow-wage laborers. CRobot owners. D

20、Middle-class workers. 22 .Which of the following best represent the authors view? A Worries about automation are in fact groundless. BOptimists opinions on new tech find little support. CIssues arising from automation need to be tackled DNegative consequences of new tech can be avoided 23.Education

21、in the age of automation should put more emphasis on A creative potential. Bjob-hunting skills. Cindividual needs. Dcooperative spirit. 24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at A encouraging the development of automation. Bincreasing the return on capital investment. Ceasing the hostilit

22、y between rich and poor. Dpreventing the income gap from widening. 25.In this text, the author presents a problem with A opposing views on it. Bpossible solutions to it. Cits alarming impacts. Dits major variations. Text 2 A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americ

23、ans disapprove of President Trumps use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a presidents social media platform. Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all medi

24、a, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a sur

25、vey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant. Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between age

26、s 14and24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectivesespecially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out oppos

27、ing viewpoints,” the survey concluded. Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young peoples reliance on social media led to greater political engagement. Social media allows

28、users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by

29、 Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media m

30、ay be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group. So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills and in their c

31、hoices on when to share on social media. 26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on A the justification of the news-filtering practice. B peoples preference for social media platforms. C the administrations ability to handle information. D social media was a reliabl

32、e source of news. 27. The phrase “beer up”(Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to A sharpen B define C boast D share 28. According to the knight foundation survey, young people A tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace. B verify news by referring to diverse resources. C have s strong sense of

33、responsibility. D like to exchange views on “distributed trust” 29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is A readers outdated values. B journalists biased reporting C readers misinterpretation D journalists made-up stories. 30. Which of the following would be the best

34、title for the text? A A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online B A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend C The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media. D The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests. Text 3 Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Bri

35、tains National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration

36、of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreem

37、ent which took far too little account of the patients rights and their expectations of privacy. DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permi

38、ssions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law

39、 it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value. The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate

40、. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more. The use of privacy law to curb

41、 the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using publi

42、c resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid

43、 a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denhams report is a welcome start. 31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ? A It caused conflicts among tech giants. B It failed to pay due attention to patients rights. C It fell short of the latters expectations D It put both sides into a da

44、ngerous situation. 32. The NHS trust responded to Denhams verdict with A empty promises. B tough resistance. C necessary adjustments. D sincere apologies. 33.The author argues in Paragraph 2 that A privacy protection must be secured at all costs. B leaking patients data is worse than selling it. C m

45、aking profits from patients data is illegal. D the value of data comes from the processing of it 34.According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is A the vicious rivalry among big pharmas. B the ineffective enforcement of privacy law. C the uncontrolled use of new software.

46、 D the monopoly of big data by tech giants. 35.The authors attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is A ambiguous. B cautious. C appreciative. D contemptuous. Text 4 The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10t

47、h straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decre

48、ased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPSs ultimate ov

49、erseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization. Now comes word that everyone involved-Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the systems heaviest usershas finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which coul