2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题.doc

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1、2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题Section Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or Don ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices became an important issue recently. The court cannot_1_ its legitimacy

2、as guardian of the rule of law_2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that_3_ the courts reputation for being independent and impartial. Justices Antonin Scalia and Samuel Alito Jr., for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity make

3、s it less likely that the courts decisions will be_4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_ by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself_6_ to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary. This and other cases _8_the qu

4、estion of whether there is still a _9_ between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law_10_ having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_ they would be free to _12_those in power and have no need to_13_ political support. Our legal sys

5、tem was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_is inescapably poli

6、tical which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust. The justices must _18_doubts about the courts legitimacy by making themselves _19_to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as l

7、aw. 1. A emphasizeB maintainC modifyD recognize 2. A whenB bestC beforeD unless 3. A restoredB weakenedC establishedD eliminated4. A challengedB compromisedC suspectedD accepted 5. A advancedB caught C boundD founded 6. A resistantB subjectC immuneD prone 7. A resortsB sticksC leadsD applies 8. A ev

8、adeB raiseC denyD settle 9. A lineB barrier C similarity D conflict 10. A byB asC throughD towards 11. A soB sinceC providedD though 12. A serveB satisfyC upsetD replace 13. A confirm B express C cultivate D offer 14. A guardedB followedC studiedD tied15. A concepts B theories C divisions D convenie

9、nce16. A excludes B questions C shapes D controls17. A dismissed B released C ranked D distorted18. A suppress B exploitC addressD ignore 19. A accessibleB amiableC agreeable D accountable20. A by all meansB at all costsC in a wordD as a result Section Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the

10、following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40 points)Text 1Come on Everybodys doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usuall

11、y leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their

12、 lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative kn

13、own as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriousl

14、y flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please dont smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertiser

15、s, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring fla

16、w of the social cure as its presented here is that it doesnt work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.Theres no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our be

17、havior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully e

18、xperts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. Its like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And thats the problem with a social cure engineered

19、 from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges asA a supplement to the social cureB a stimulus to group dynamicsC an obstacle to school progressD a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg

20、 holds that public advocates shouldA recruit professional advertisersB learn from advertisers experienceC stay away from commercial advertisersD recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the authors view, Rosenbergs book fails toA adequately probe social and biological factorsB effectively e

21、vade the flaws of the social cureC illustrate the functions of state fundingDproduce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviorsA is harmful to our networks of friendsB will mislead behavioral studiesC occurs without our realizing itD can produce negative health

22、habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure isA harmfulB desirableC profoundD questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week

23、 when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermonts rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its

24、Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. Its a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermonts only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from s

25、tate regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plants license be subject to Vermont legislatures approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didnt forese

26、e what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankees safety and Entergys management especially after the company made misleading statement

27、s about the pipe. Enraged by Entergys behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear iss

28、ues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the

29、patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But

30、 there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years.

31、 But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the companys application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning toA condemning.B reaffirming.C dishonoring.D securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreemen

32、t, Entergy intended toA obtain protection from Vermont regulators.B seek favor from the federal legislature.C acquire an extension of its business license .D get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with itsA managerial practices.B technic

33、al innovativeness.C financial goals.D business vision29. In the authors view, the Vermont case will testA Entergys capacity to fulfill all its promises.B the mature of states patchwork regulations.C the federal authority over nuclear issues .D the limits of states power over nuclear issues.30. It ca

34、n be inferred from the last paragraph thatA Entergys business elsewhere might be affected.B the authority of the NRC will be defied.C Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.D Vermonts reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are

35、 waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life

36、experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly s

37、taked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researchers me, here, now becomes the communitys anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective

38、 knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make disco

39、veries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works i

40、t through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individuals discovery claim into the communitys credible discovery. Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific w

41、ork tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible di

42、scoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what ev

43、erybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a d

44、iscovery claim a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each others reasoning and each others conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is ch

45、aracterized by itsA uncertainty and complexity.B misconception and deceptiveness.C logicality and objectivity.D systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requiresA strict inspection.Bshared efforts.C individual wisdom.Dpersistent innovation.33.Par

46、agraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after itA has attracted the attention of the general public.Bhas been examined by the scientific community.C has received recognition from editors and reviewers.Dhas been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Gyrgyi would most li

47、kely agree thatA scientific claims will survive challenges.Bdiscoveries today inspire future research.C efforts to make discoveries are justified.D scientific work calls for a critical mind.35. Which of the following would be the best title of the test?A Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.B Collective Scrutiny in Scienti