诗歌的韵律及押韵格式.pdf
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1、.-第一节第一节 头韵头韵头韵是指一行节诗中几个词开头的辅音一样,形成押韵。头韵是指一行节诗中几个词开头的辅音一样,形成押韵。如克里斯蒂娜罗塞蒂的?歌?前两诗节:When I am dead,my dearest,Sing no sad songs for me;Plant thou no rose at my head,Nor shady cypress tree:Be the green grass above meWith showers and dewdrops wet;And if thou wilt,remember,And if thou wilt,forget.(Christi
2、na Rossetti:Song)第一行的 dead/dearest,第二行的 sing/sad/songs,第五行的 green/grass,第六行的 with/wet 押头韵。又如柯尔律治的?古舟子咏?第 103第 106 行:The fair breeze blew,the white foam flew,The furrow followed free,We were the first that ever burstInto that silent sea.Samuel Taylor Coleridge:The Rime of the Ancient Mariner前三行里,头韵f重
3、复七次。这个摩擦送气的清辅音模仿柔风轻涛的声音,创造出一种宁静的意境。第四行里的两个s音宛如和风吹过寂静海面而发出的咝咝声。头韵在这里的使用,令读者有身临其境之感。另外,中间韵blew/flew,first/burst,furrow/followed,尾韵free/sea 形成悦耳动听的韵味和节奏感。再如莎士比亚编号为 71 的十四行诗前八行:No longer mourn for me when I am deadThan you shall hear the surly sullen bellGive warning to the world that I am fledFrom this
4、 vile world with vilest worms to dwell.Nay,if you read this line,remember notThe hand that writ it;for I love you soThat I in your sweet thoughts would be forgotIf thinking on me would make you woe.每行都有不同的头韵。第一行为mourn/me,第二行为 surly/sullen,第三行为 warning/world,第四行为world/worm,第五行为read/remember,第八行为me/ma
5、ke和would/woe。第二行、第三行和第五行为than/that/this,第七行和第八行为thoughts/thinking。这样的不同首字母交替出现在一个诗节中,可以称为穿插头韵。诗人在使用头韵时,还使用一种声音的重复,通过这种声音的重复表达一种独特的情感。如多恩的?歌?:When thou sighst,thou sighst not windBut sighst my soul away;When thou weepst,unkindly kind,My lifes blood doth decay.It cannot be,.word.zl-.-That thou lovst m
6、e,as thou sayst,If in thine my life thou waste,Thou art the best of me.John Donne:Song此诗节使用的头韵有 when/wind/weep/waste,sigh/soul/say,doth/decay,blood/be/best,thou/then/that 等。另外,在 sigh、kindly、thine、my 和 life 中有频繁的元音字母i,此音暗示悲伤和抑郁,加上它是一个长元音,自然就减缓了诗行自然的快节奏运动,哀伤和抑郁之情得到了充分的表现。同样的诗歌技巧也表达在爱伦坡的?乌鸦?之中,如该诗的最后一节
7、:And the Raven,never flitting,still is sitting,still is sittingOn the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door;And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon that is dreaming,And the lamp-light oer him streaming throws his shadow on the floor;And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating
8、 on the floorShall be lifted nevermore!(Allan Poe:The Raven)此诗节中除了各行的头韵 still/sitting,pallid/Pallas,his/have,lamp/light,from/floating/floor,还有韵flitting/sitting,seeming/dreaming等,贯穿整个诗节的短元音、æ,长元音i:、o:和双元音u生动地传达出了主人公的痛苦和绝望。第二节第二节 尾韵尾韵尾韵尾韵endend rhymerhyme指行尾押韵单词最后的重读元音及其后面的辅音在读音上一样,而元音行尾押韵单词最后的重
9、读元音及其后面的辅音在读音上一样,而元音前面的辅音那么不能一样。前面的辅音那么不能一样。也就是说,也就是说,元音以及元音后面的辅音押韵,元音以及元音后面的辅音押韵,而元音前面的辅音那而元音前面的辅音那么不押韵。么不押韵。这种韵又被称为全韵这种韵又被称为全韵 perfect rhymeperfect rhyme。根据音节的数量,可分为单音节尾韵单音节尾韵(single(singlerhyme)rhyme)、双音节尾韵、双音节尾韵(double rhyme)(double rhyme)和三重音节尾韵和三重音节尾韵(triple rhyme)(triple rhyme)。单音节尾韵又称男韵或阳韵单音
10、节尾韵又称男韵或阳韵 masculine rhyme,是在诗行结尾重读音节之间出现的最普遍的押韵。如米勒?在太平洋之滨?第二诗节:Above yon gleaming skies of goldOne lone imperial peak is seen;While gathered at his feet in greenTen thousand foresters are told.And all so still!So still the airThat duty drops the web of care.(Joaquin Miller:By the Pacific Ocean)第一、
11、四行押韵,第二、三行押韵,第五、六行押韵,都是重读单音节。虽然是单音节押韵,但它只要求一个音节押韵,而不要求押韵的一个音节是一个单音节单词。例如叶芝?走过柳园?第一节:Down by the sally gardens my love and I did meet;She passd the sally gardens with little snow-white feet.She bid me take love easy,as the leaves grow on the tree;But I,being young and foolish,with her would not agree
12、.W.B.Yeats:Down by the Sally Gardens这里第四行的 agree 就是一个双音节单词,它只在第二个音节上与前行的tree 押韵,而且它是重读音节。双音节韵又称女韵或阴韵双音节韵又称女韵或阴韵feminine rhymefeminine rhyme,其根本特征是行尾单词最后两个音节押韵,其.word.zl-.-中倒数第二个音节是重读音节,而最后一个音节是非重读音节。由于其读音是重读加非重读构造,因此它又称扬抑格韵trochaic rhyme。如华兹华斯的?写于三月?前四行:The cock is crowing,The stream is flowing,The
13、small birds twitter,The lake doth glitter.(William Wordsworth:Written in March at Brothers Water)行尾的 crowing/flowing,twitter/glitter 相互押韵。两组押韵都是由双音节单词组成,每个单词的第一个音节为重读音节,第二个音节为非重读音节。又如丁尼生?女郎夏洛特?第一局部的第二诗节:Willows whiten,aspens quiver,Little breezes dusk and shiverThrough the wave that runs foreverBy t
14、he island in the riverFlowing down to Camelot.Four grey walls,and four grey towers,Overlook a space of flowers,And the silent isle imbowersThe Lady of Shalott.(Alfred Tennyson:The Lady of Shalott,Part I)行尾的 quiver/shiver/river,towers/flowers/imbowers 相互押韵,除了 imbowers,其余单词都是双音节单词,都是第一个音节为重读,第二个音节为非重读
15、。imbowers 虽然是三个音节,但它的最后两个音节为重读加非重读,跟其余两个单词押韵。这就是说,双音节韵的单词也可以是多音节单词,但其押韵的音节只能是两个,而且是多音节中最后两个音节。同时,其构造也不能改变,是重读音节加非重读音节。再如济慈?致一些女士?第一诗节:What though while the wonders of nature exploring,I cannot your light,mazy footsteps attend;Nor listen to accents,that almost adoring,Bless Cynthias face,the enthusia
16、sts friend.John Keats:To Some Ladies这个诗节是单韵和双韵混合使用。exploring/adoring 都是三个音节,但重读音节在倒数第二个音节上,最后一个音节是非重读音节,因此它们押双韵。在多音节单词中,如果最后两个音节押韵,但倒数第二个音节不是重读音节,也可以归入双韵。如下面这首选自莎士比亚?凤凰与斑鸠?中的一段诗:Beauty,truth,and rarityGrace in all simplicity,Here enclosed in cinders lie.Death is now the phoenix nest;And the turtles
17、loyal breastTo eternity doth rest,Leaving no posterity:-Twas not their infirmity,It was married chastity.word.zl-.-Truth may seem,but cannot be;Beauty brag,but tis not she:Truth and Beauty buried be.To this urn let those repairThat are either true or fair;For these dead birds sigh a prayer.(Shakespe
18、are:“Threnos of The Phoenix and the Turtle)rarity/simplicity,posterity/infirmity/chastity都是三个音节或四个音节,它们在最后两个音节上都押韵,但倒数第二个音节都不是重读音节,虽不符合双韵的规定,非严格说来,也应该算双音节押韵。另外,nest/breast/rest 是标准的单音节押韵。repair/fair/prayer 这个押韵组中,repair 虽是两个音节,但重读在第二个音节上。air 与 ayer 字母组合虽然不同,但读音一样,因此,三个单词押单音节韵。三重音节尾韵是在双韵的根底上增加了一个音节,因
19、此它可以被看成是双韵的变体。押三重韵的英语单词在韵步上属于扬抑抑格,因此,三重韵有时也被称为扬抑抑格韵dactylicrhyme。由于英语中符合三重韵规那么的单词不多,因此三重韵可以由两个以上的英语单词构成,这种押韵被称为马赛克韵 mosaic rhyme,即几个单音节单词同一个多音节单词或几个单音节单词押韵。如拜伦?唐璜?第一歌第二十二段后四行:I dont choose to say much upon this head,Im a plain man,and in a single station,But-oh!Ye lords of ladies intellectual,Inform
20、 us truly,have they not hen-peckd you all?(Byron:Don Juan,First Canto,XXII,Lines 173176)intellectual 有五个音节,其中 lectual 有三个音节,同下一行的 peckd you all 押三重马赛克韵。第三节第三节 韵韵,又称中间韵、行韵、腹韵,指一行诗的一个词语与同一行诗行尾的词语或另韵韵,又称中间韵、行韵、腹韵,指一行诗的一个词语与同一行诗行尾的词语或另一行诗中的一个词语之间的押韵。它不是在行尾的押韵,既可能与同一行诗中的词语押韵,一行诗中的一个词语之间的押韵。它不是在行尾的押韵,既可能与
21、同一行诗中的词语押韵,也可能同下一行诗中的词语押韵,还可能同隔行诗中的词语押韵。也可能同下一行诗中的词语押韵,还可能同隔行诗中的词语押韵。一行诗的一个词语与同一行诗行尾的词语押韵的例子,如雪莱的?云?,以第一诗节为例:I bring fresh showers for the thirsting flowers,From the seas and streams;I bear light shade for the leaves when laidIn their noon-day dreams.From my wings are shaken the dews that wakenThe s
22、weet buds every one,When rocked to rest on their mothers breast,As she dances about the Sun.I wield the flail of the lashing hail,And whiten the green plains under,And then again I dissolve it in rain,And laugh as I pass in thunder.(Percy Bysshe Shelley:The Cloud)单数行中的 showers/flowers,shade/laid,sha
23、ken/waken,rest/breast,flail/hail,again/rain押韵,它们都是行中间的词与同行尾词押韵。该诗的其他诗节也是如此押韵,从韵律角度看,相当优秀。另外,双数行行尾单词streams/dreams,one/Sun 押单音节韵,under/thunder.word.zl-.-押双音节韵。又如玛丽伊丽莎白柯尔律治的?女巫?第一诗节的前四行:I have walked a great while over the snow,And I am not tall nor strong.My clothes are wet,and my teeth are set,And t
24、he way was hard and long.(Mary Elizabeth Coleridge:The Witch)诗中第三行的 wet/set 押韵。该诗第二、三诗节的第三行分别是My hands are stone,and myvoice a groan 和 She cameshe cameand the quivering flame。其中的 stone/groan 和 came/flame 也押韵。既在一行诗押韵,又在隔行中押韵的诗,爱伦坡的?乌鸦?是典型例子,下面是该诗的第二个诗节:Ah,distinctly I remember it was in the bleak Dec
25、ember,And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.Eagerly I wished the morrow;_ vainly I had sought to borrowFrom my books surcease of sorrow_ sorrow for the lost Lenore_For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore_Nameless here for evermore.Allan Poe:The Raven第一行的
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