专业四级考试语法-虚拟语气.docx

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1、Subjunctive Mood1. 语气Mood语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对一事物和人的态度和看法。包括陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气三种。陈述语气表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。Therearetwosidestoeveryquestion.每个问题都有两个方面。 Wereyoubusyalldayyesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗？ Howgoodateachersheis!她是多好的一位老师啊！ 祈使语气祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。 Neverbelateagain!再也不要迟到了。 Dontforgettoturnof

2、fthelight.别忘了关灯。虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。IfIwereabird,Icouldflyintheair.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。 IwishIcouldpasstheexamination.我希望我能通过考试。 Mayyousucceed!祝您成功！虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式，用来表达未能成为事实或者不可能成为事实的情况，或者在说话人看来实现可能性很小的情况。此外还可用来表示命令、建议、设想、祝愿（或诅咒）等等，以及表达说话人的主观愿望。时间 从句谓语形式 主句谓语形式将来动词过去式(be用were)should

3、 + 动词原形were to + 动词原形would / should / might / could + 动词原形现在动词过去式(be 用 were)would / should / might / could + 动词原形过去had +动词过去分词would / should / might / could have + 动词过去分词情态动词+ have donecould have done 本来可以- - -might have done 本来可能 - - -should / ought to have done 本来应该做 - - -shouldnt / ought not to h

4、ave done 本不该做 - - 你本不应该告诉她真相。You shouldnt have told her the truth .neednt have done 本不必做 - - - 比较：didnt need to do 没必要做也没有做 - - - 我没必要擦窗户。我兄弟做了 I didnt need to clean the windows . My brother did it.would have done 本来会去做- (1)与现在事实相反If the earth had no gravity, the moon would fly to the sun.如果地球没有引力，月

5、球就会飞向太阳。If I were/was you I would reconsider their proposal.我要是你，我就会重新考虑他们的建议。If it werent/wasnt raining, we wouldnt stay indoor.要是现在不下雨，我们就不会呆在屋里。If the manager were/was here, he might make a decision.要是经理在这儿，他也许会作出决定。(2)与过去事实相反If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train.我要是早点动身就赶

6、上火车了。If she hadnt taken your advice, she would have made a bad mistake.她要不是听了你的劝告，就要犯大错误了。She would have come if she hadnt been so busy.要不是太忙，她就来了。(3)与将来事实相反，或将来不太可能发生，或说话人主观上不希望发生If I were to do it, I would do it in a different way.要是我来作这件事，我会用另一种做法。If the rocket should fall in a few seconds, it wo

7、uld certainly explode.如果火箭几秒钟内竟然向下坠落，那就一定会爆炸。If he should fail, we would encourage him to try again.万一他失败，我们就鼓励他再试一试。(4)错综时间非真实条件句错综时间非真实条件句是指条件句与主句动作发生的时间不一致。因此，主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自的不同时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式，其形式依据时间的不同仍然遵循表1给出的规则。例如：If we had set out earlier, we wouldnt be walking in the rain.如果我们早点动身，现在就不会在雨中走了。

8、（从句发生在过去，主句发生在现在。）If you were in better health, we would have allowed you to join them in the work.如果你身体好些，我们就让你和他们一道做这工作了。（从句发生在现在，主句发生在将来。）If we hadnt got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.如果我们到现在还未准备好，明天就会有很多麻烦。（从句发生在过去，主句发生在将来。）(5)省略if的非真实条件句如果非真实条件句中的谓语包括had,

9、 should, were三个词，连接词if可以省略。这时had, should, were要移到主语前面，形成倒装。这种句型主要见于书面形式。例如：Had he not been ill, he might have come.要不是他生病了，他是会来的。Should she come here, we would discuss this matter with her.要是他来这儿的话，我们就和她讨论这件事。Were I to do it, I would do it in a different way.要是我来做这件事，我会用另一种不同的方法。Were you not here, n

10、one of us would come.如果你们不在这儿，我们没人会来。(6)用介词短语表示假设条件有时可以用介词短语做假设条件，以取代非真实条件句中的if从句。例如：Without air, there would be no wind or clouds.如果没有空气，就不会有风或云。I would have succeeded with you help.如果有你的帮助，我本会成功。In that case we could have done the work better.如果是那样的话，我们本可能把工作做得更好些的。But for the storm we would have

11、been in time.要不是暴风雨，我们原本会准时（到达）的。3. 一些程序化了的必须或可能使用虚拟语气的情况在英语中，有些动词、短语、句型中，必须或可能要使用虚拟语气，下面逐一说明：（1）wish, if only, would rather, would sooner 后的虚拟语气wish, if only, would rather, would sooner是指人们无法实现或很难实现的主观愿望表2. 从句中谓语动词的形式用 法动词形式表示当时未实现的愿望一般过去式表示过去未实现的愿望过去完成式表示将来不可能实现或实现可能性很小的愿望过去将来式注意1.表2中谓语动词的形式与非真实条件

12、句（见表1）的条件状语从句中的谓语动词形式基本相同。注意2.在过去式中，如果词语动词是be，则一切人称均可用were。但单数第一、三人称也可用was。wish后的从句wish表示过去或现在未实现的主观愿望，以及将来实现不了或很难实现的愿望，可以翻译成中文：“希望”、“真希望”、“要是就好了”I wish I knew his address.真希望我知道他的地址。（愿望与现在的事实相反）I wish I were as young as you.我要是像你一样年轻该多好。（愿望与现在的事实相反）She wish she knew how to drive the car.她希望她知道怎样开这辆

13、车。（愿望与现在的事实相反）We wish he hadnt gone.我们真希望他没有走。（愿望与过去的事实相反）We wish we could live on the moon for a few days in the future.真希望我们将来能在月球上住几天。（将来的愿望在说话人看来很难实现）注意1. 如果wish是过去式(wished)，后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气形式不变，在译为中文时，可以加上“当时”、“那里”。例如：I wish I were young. 我真希望我还年轻。（愿望与现在的事实相反）wish改为过去式后，其后的从句不变：I wished I were you

14、ng. （当时）我真希望我还年轻。（愿望与当时的事实相反）注意2. 在动词hope后要用陈述语气。if only后的从句if only表示“但愿”、“要是就好了”、“（我）真希望”。意义与用法和I wish基本相同。但更具有感情色彩。If only I had more time to think about it.但愿我有更多的时间考虑它。If only he would not eat so much sugar.要是他不吃那么多糖就好了。If only he had taken my advice years ago.要是几年前他听了我的劝告就好了。would rather, would

15、 sooner后的从句would rather, would sooner的意思都是“宁愿”，其后的从句表示过去或现在没发生的愿望，或者是在说话人看来将来不太可能实现的愿望。I would rather/sooner he had gone there too.我宁愿他也去那里。（过去没有实现的愿望）I would rather/sooner the football match would take place tomorrow.我宁愿足球赛明天举行。（说话人看来将来不太可能实现的愿望。）（2）as if (as though)as if 或 as though 引导的方式状语从句有时要用虚

16、拟语气。表3. 方式状语从句中谓语动词的形式用 法动词形式表示与现在事实相反一般过去式表示与过去事实相反过去完成式表示与将来事实相反，或将来成为事实的可能性不大过去将来式注意1.表3中谓语动词的形式与非真实条件句（见表1）的条件状语从句中的谓语动词形式基本相同。注意2.在过去式中，如果词语动词是be，则一切人称均可用were。但单数第一、三人称也可用was。例如：He talk as if he knew all about.他谈起来好像全知道似的。（与现在事实相反，实际上他并不知道）looked as if she were made of ice.她看起来似乎是冰做的。（现现在事实相反，她

17、并不是用冰做的）I feel as if we had known each other for years.我感到好像我们已经相识多年似的。（与过去事实相反，我们没有相识多年）It seemed as if the meeting would never end.看起来会议不会结束了。（与将来事实相反，实际上会议还是会结束的）注意！as if (as though)引导的方式状语从句即可以使用虚拟语气，也可以使用陈述语气。但表态的意义有所区别，例如：He walk as if he is drunk.他走起路来好像喝醉了。（陈述语气，有可能真的喝醉了）He walk as if her we

18、re drunk.他走起路来好像喝醉了似的。（虚拟语气，在说话人看来，他并没有喝醉）（3）it is (high, about) timeit is (high, about) time后的that从句谓语动词用一般过去时，表示“已到了该干的时候了”，含有“已经有些晚了”的意思。其中that可以省略。短语中的high与about用于加强和缓和语气。It is high time that we were off.是我们该走的时候了。Its (about) time you were in bed.你(差不多)该上床睡觉了。（4）but for和but that在带有but for和but th

19、at的句型中，一般要使用虚拟语气，but for和but that都译为“要不是”、“如果没有”，其中but for是介词，后接名词；but that是连词，后接从句。注意：but for +名词与but that +从句都可以看作用于代替非真实条件句中的条件从句，所以本句型的虚拟语气形式与非真实条件句中的主句相同（见表1中的主句一栏）。but forbut for是短语介词，译为“要不是”、“如果没有”。相当于用介词代替非真实条件句中的if条件从句，见2.（6）例如：But for the storm we would have been in time. （if it had not be

20、en for the storm）要不是暴风雨，我们原本会准时（到达）的。We would have been in real trouble but for your help. （if it hadnt been for you help）如果没有你的帮助，我们原本会陷入严重的困难之中。but thatbut that是连词，译为“要不是”、“如果没有”。作用相当于非真实条件句中的if条件从句。注意：与非真实条件句不同，but that条件从句要用陈述语气，只有主句要用虚拟语气。例如：But that you helped him, he would have failed. （if yo

21、u hadnt helped him）如果没有你帮助他，他原本会失败的。从上面例句可以看出，虽然动作发生在过去，but that从句中的谓语动词help用的是陈述语气（一般过去时而非虚拟语气的过去完成时）。（5）在lest, for fear that, in case, so that引导的从句中在lest, for fear that, in case, so that 引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词一般用虚拟语气，从句的谓语动词一般用：should/could/might + 动词原形He reminded her twice of it lest she should forget.他

22、提醒了她两次，怕她忘记。He took his umbrella with him lest it should rain.他带上了雨伞，担心会下雨。I will not make a noise for fear (that) I should/might disturb you.我不会作声，以免打扰你。Take some money with you in case you should need it.带上点钱，以防急需。（6）事实陈述句 + or/otherwise/or else +虚拟句与现在事实相反，主句谓语动词用should/could/might + v. 原形与过去事实相反

23、，主句谓语动词用should/could/might +have doneEg. I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the parade.（7）在公式化的句子中：在一些公式化的句子中，要用虚拟语气，这时谓语动词不随人称、时态和数发生变化，谓语的形式为动词原形或may + 动词原形(常倒装)。God save the Queen!上帝保佑女王！God bless you！上帝保佑你！Long live peace！和平万岁Heaven forbid that I should let my own parents

24、suffer.让自己的父母受苦，天理不容。May you enjoy a ripe old age！愿君长寿！(倒装)4.在其它从句中的虚拟语气在表示建议、命令、要求、想法以及表示“重要性”、“紧迫性”、“惊奇”等含义的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气。下面我们逐个说明。（1）在It is/was + 形容词的主语从句中在某些表示“建议、重要性、紧迫性、惊奇”含意的形容词在“It is/was + 形容词”结构中，主语从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，其中动词的形式为：（should+）动词原形 (美国英语不用should)，例如：It is necessary

25、 that he (should) be sent there at once.有必要马上派他到那里去。It is/was important that everyone (should) have a map.每个人都有一个地图很重要。It was arranged that they leave the following week.根据安排，他们下星期动身。适用上述结构的形容词有：advisable, anxious, appropriate, arranged, better, compulsory, crucial, decided, demanded, desirable, des

26、ired, eager, essential, fitting, imperative, important, impossible, improper, natural, necessary, obligatory, ordered, preferable, proper, proposed, recommended, requested, suggested, urgent, vital, willing等等。此外还有amazing, odd, ridiculous, surprising, unthinkable等，也适用于上述结构，但即使在美国英语中，should也不省略。Its ri

27、diculous that he should behave like that.他那样做真可笑。（2）在宾语从句中在某些表示“建议、命令、要求、想法”含意的动词后面的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，从句动词的形式为：（should+）动词原形 (美国英语不用should)，例如：Bill suggested that everyone (should) have a map.比尔建议每个人都应该有一个地图。They requested that he (should) sign a song.他们要求他唱支歌。She insisted that the seats (should)

28、be booked in advance.她坚持要预定座位。适用上述结构的动词有Advise, agree, decide, decree, demand, determine, grant, indicate, insist, order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, resolve, stipulate, urge, vote等等。（2）在名词性从句中在某些表示“建议、命令、要求、想法”含意的名词，与该名词相关的名词性从句如：主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中，从句的谓语动词要使用虚拟语气，从句动词的形式为：（should+）动

29、词原形 (美国英语不用should)，例如：It was bills suggestion that everyone (should) have a map.每个人都有一个地图是比尔的建议。（主语从句）His suggestion was that everyone (should) have a map.他的建议是每个人都有一个地图。（表语从句）We were going to discuss his suggestion that everyone (should) have a map.我们将讨论他的每个人都应该有一个地图的建议。（同位语从句）适用上述结构的名词有Advice, agr

30、eement, decision, decree, demand, determination, indication, insistence, instruction, motion, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, resolution, stipulation, suggestion等等。二、其他状语从句的虚拟语气1. 目的状语从句中的虚拟语气(1) 在for fear that, in case, lest引导的目的状语从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为： should + 动词原形。并且 should不能省略She

31、 examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. 她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。He started out earlier lest he should be late. 他很早就出发了以防迟到。(2) 在so that, in order that所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为： can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 动词原形。如：He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him

32、 clearer. 他走近说话的人以便能挺得更清楚。He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个单词。2. 让步状语从句中的虚拟语气(1) 在even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。如：Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。Nobody could save him eve

33、n though Hua Tuo should come here. 即使华佗再世也就不了他。(2) 在whatever， whichever，whenever，whoever, wherever，however, no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为： may +动词原形(指现在或将来)。如：We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen. 不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。We will find him wherever / no matter where he may

34、 be. 无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。I will wait for him no matter how late he may come. 不管他来的多么晚，我都会等他。 may +完成式(指过去) ，主句结构不限。如：You mustnt be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲。We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made. 不管他犯过什么错误，我们必须尊

35、敬他。Whatever defects he may have, he is an honest man.I wont let you in whoever you may be.No matter what you may say, I am determined to do what I think is right.Come what may, we will go ahead.这时如果指的是一个过去的动作，may后面的动词就要用完成式。The party was a success, however inadequate the preparations may have been.Y

36、ou mustnt be proud, however much you may have achieved.(3) 在though, although等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为 should +动词原形，主句结构不限。如：Although / Though he should often be late, he is a good student. 尽管他经常迟到，他还是个好学生。Although / Though he should be secretary, he must obey the rules. 尽管他是书记，他也必须遵守规定。3. 方式状语从句中的虚拟语气as

37、 if, as though引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气。虚拟语气的结构为：表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构发生在主句动作之前had + 过去分词与主句动作同时发生过去时(be 用were )发生在主句动作之后would / could / might / should+原形动词例如：They began to talk warmly as if they had known each other for long. 他们开始热烈的谈论起来就好像他们已相互认识很久了。He coughed twice as if someone should come. 他咳嗽两声就好像有人要来了。4. 原因状语

38、从句中的虚拟语气amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, frightened, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset等后面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为： should + 动词原形 (指现在或将来)。如：He was angry that you should call him by name. 他很生气，你竟然对他直呼其名。I was astonished that he should not answer such an easy question. 我很惊讶

39、他竟答不出如此简单的问题。 should + 完成式, 指过去。如：Im very sorry that you should have failed the exam. 我很遗憾，你这次考试竟然失败了。I was very surprised that Father should have known what I did yesterday. 我很吃惊，父亲竟指导我昨天所作的事情。三、宾语从句中的虚拟语气1英语中，如：advise, ask, demand, desire, decide, insist(坚决要求) , order, propose, request, suggest(建议

40、) 表示请求、要求、命令或建议等意义的动词所接的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：(should) + 原形动词。如：The teacher advised that we should make good use of every minute here. 老师劝我们要好好地利用在这儿的每一分钟。The Party asked that we should serve the people with our heart and soul. 党要求我们要全心全意地为人民服务。但是，当insist的意思为：坚决认为，坚持说；suggest的意思为：表明，暗含，暗示等时，宾语从句一般不用

41、虚拟语气。如：Tom insisted that he hadnt stolen the watch. 汤姆坚持说他没有偷那块手表。His smile suggested that he had succeeded in this exam. 他的微笑表明他在考试中成功了。2. believe, expect, suspect, think, imagine等动词的否定句或疑问句中的宾语从句常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为： should + 原形动词。如：Can you believe that he should kill a tiger? 你能相信他竟杀死了一只老虎？Can you im

42、agine that he should take the first place in the long jump contest? 你能想象得到他在跳远比赛中竟获得了第一名？3. 英语中，wish之后的宾语从句，表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构发生在主句动作之前(1)had + 过去分词；(2)would / could / might / should + have + 过去分词与主句动作同时发生过去时(be 用were )发生在主句动作之后would / could / might / should + 原形动词例如

43、：I wish I learnt English well. 我希望我已学好了英语。I wish I had been there with them last week. 我希望上周跟他们一起在那儿。He wishes we could go and play games with him. 他希望我们能去跟他做游戏。4. 英语中，would rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构过去had + 过去分词； 现在过去时(be 用were ) 将来过去时(

44、be 用were ) 例如：Id rather you had seen the film yesterday. 我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。Id rather you were here now. 我倒想你现在在这儿。Wed rather you went here tomorrow. 我么倒想你明天去那儿。四、主语从句中的虚拟语气在表达惊异、惋惜、遗憾、理应如此等意义的主语从句中常使用虚拟语气，其虚拟语其的结构为： should + 动词原形，主句中的谓语动词形式不限。句型：(1) It is admirable / dreadful / extraordinary / odd / rem

45、arkable / sad / advisable / annoying / disappointing / surprising / upsetting / frightening / better / best / curious / desirable / important / strange / peculiar / proper / necessary / natural that(2) It is a pity / a shame / no wonder. that(3) It is suggested / requested / desired / proposed /. th

46、at (4) It worries me that如：It is important that we should do well in our lessons first. 我们先把功课学好很重要。It is strange that he should not come. 很奇怪，他竟没有来。It is a pity that we should not meet last night. 真遗憾我们昨天晚上没有见过面。It worries me that we should be blamed for that. 我们竟要受责备真让人烦恼。五、表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气英语中，表示请求、要求、命令、建议等名词advice, desire, decision, idea, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish充当句子的主语而后面接表语从句或它们后面接同位语时，表语从表面上看几屗及同位语从句都须用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：(should) + 动词原形。如：We followed his advice that we should ask our teacher for help. 我们接受了他的建议：我们应该请求老师的帮助。