管理会计专业术语词汇大全(英文版).docx

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1、编号：时间：2021年x月x日书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟页码：第42页 共42页管理会计专业术语词汇AAbsorption costing A product-costingmethod that assigns all manufacturingcosts to a product: direct materials,direct labor, variable overhead, andfixed overhead.Absorption-costing (full-costing) incomeIncome computed using afunctionally-based stat

2、ement. Cost ofgoods sold includes all variable manufacturingcosts and a portion offixed factory overhead.Accounting rate of return The rate ofreturn obtained by dividing the averageaccounting net income by the originalinvestment (or by average investment).Activity A basic unit of work performedwithi

3、n an organization. It alsocan be defined as an aggregation ofactions within an organization usefulto managers for purposes of planning,controlling, and decision making.Activity analysis The process of identifying,describing, and evaluating theactivities an organization performs.Activity attributes N

4、onfinancial andfinancial information items that describeindividual activities.Activity budgeting The process of estimatingthe demand for eachactivitys output and assessing thecost of resources required to producethis output.Activity capacity The number oftimes an activity can be performed.Activity d

5、ictionary A list of activitiesdescribed by specific attributes suchas name, definition, classification asprimary or secondary, and activitydriver.Activity drivers Factors that measurethe consumption of activities by productsand other cost objects.Activity elimination The process ofeliminating nonval

6、ue-added activities.Activity flexible budget The predictionof what activity costs will be asactivity usage changes.Activity inputs The resources consumedby an activity in producing itsoutput (they are the factors that enablethe activity to be performed).Administrative costs All costs associatedwith

7、the general administrationof the organization that cannot bereasonably assigned to either marketingor production.Advance pricing agreements (APAs)Agreements between the Internal RevenueService and a taxpayer on theacceptability of a transfer price. Theagreement is private and is bindingon both parti

8、es for a specified periodof time.Aesthetics A quality attribute that isconcerned with the appearance oftangible products (for example, styleand beauty) as well as the appearanceof the facilities, equipment, personnel,and communication materials associatedwith services.Allocation Assignment of indire

9、ctcosts to cost objects.Annuity A series of future cash flows.Applied overhead Overhead assignedto production using predeterminedrates.Appraisal costs Costs incurred to determinewhether products and servicesare conforming to requirements.BBalanced Scorecard (See Strategicbasedresponsibility accounti

10、ngsystem.)Base period A prior period used toset the benchmark for measuring productivitychanges.Batch-level activities Activities thatare performed each time a batch isproduced.Benchmarking An approach that usesbest practices as the standard forevaluating activity performance.Best-fitting line The l

11、ine that fits a setof data points the best in the sensethat the sum of the squared deviationsof the data points from the lineis the smallest.Binding constraints Constraintswhose resources are fully utilized.Break-even point The point where totalsales revenue equals total costs;the point of zero prof

12、its.Activity output The result or productof an activity.Activity output measure The numberof times an activity is performed. It isthe quantifiable measure of the output.Activity reduction Decreasing the timeand resources required by an activity.Activity selection The process ofchoosing among sets of

13、 activitiescaused by competing strategies.Activity sharing Increasing the efficiencyof necessary activities by usingeconomies of scale.Activity volume variance The cost ofthe actual activity capacity acquiredand the capacity that should be used.Activity-based cost (ABC) system Acost system that firs

14、t traces costs toactivities and then traces costs fromactivities to products.Activity-based costing (ABC) A costassignment approach that first usesdirect and driver tracing to assigncosts to activities and then uses driversto assign costs to cost objects.Activity-based management (ABM) Asystemwide,

15、integrated approach thatfocuses managements attention onactivities with the objective of improvingcustomer value and the profitachieved by providing this value. Itincludes driver analysis, activityanalysis, and performance evaluation,and draws on activity-based costingas a major source of informatio

16、n.Activity-based management (ABM)accounting system An accounting systemthat emphasizes the use ofactivities for assigning and managingcosts.Activity-based responsibility accountingA control system defined bycentering responsibility on processesand teams where activity performanceis measured in terms

17、 of time, quality,and efficiency.Actual costing An approach that assignsactual costs of direct materials,direct labor, and overhead to products.Adjusted cost of goods sold The costof goods sold after all adjustmentsfor overhead variance are made.G l o s s a r y68183_glossary_849-860.qxd 1/22/04 2:27

18、 PM Page 849Budget committee A committee responsiblefor setting budgetarypolicies and goals, reviewing and approvingthe budget, and resolving anydifferences that may arise in the budgetaryprocess.Budget director The individual responsiblefor coordinating anddirecting the overall budgetingprocess.Bud

19、getary slack The process ofpadding the budget by overestimatingcosts and underestimating revenues.Budgets Plans of action expressed infinancial terms.CCapital budgeting The process ofmaking capital investment decisions.Capital investment decisions Theprocess of planning, setting goals andpriorities,

20、 arranging financing, andidentifying criteria for making longterminvestments.Carrying costs The costs of holdinginventory.Cash budget A detailed plan that outlinesall sources and uses of cash.Causal factors Activities or variablesthat invoke service costs. Generally, itis desirable to use causal fac

21、tors asthe basis for allocating service costs.Centralized decision making A systemin which decisions are made at thetop level of an organization and localmanagers are given the charge to implementthem.Certified Internal Auditor (CIA) Aperson who has passed a comprehensiveexamination designed to ensu

22、retechnical competence and has twoyears experience.Certified Management Accountant(CMA) A person who has passed arigorous qualifying examination, hasmet an experience requirement, andparticipates in continuing education.Certified Public Accountant (CPA) Aperson who is permitted (by law) toserve as a

23、n external auditor and whomust pass a national examination andbe licensed by the state in which heor she practices.Continuous replenishment A systemwhere a manufacturer assumes the inventorymanagement function for theretailer.Contribution margin Sales revenueminus total variable cost or price minusu

24、nit variable cost.Contribution margin ratio Contributionmargin divided by sales revenue.It is the proportion of each sales dollaravailable to cover fixed costs andprovide for profit.Control The process of setting standards,receiving feedback on actualperformance, and taking correctiveaction whenever

25、 actual performancedeviates significantly from plannedperformance.Control activities Activities performedby an organization to prevent or detectpoor quality (because poorquality may exist).Control costs Costs incurred fromperforming control activities.Control limits The maximum allowabledeviation fr

26、om a standard.Controllable costs Costs that managershave the power to influence.Controller The chief accounting officer;supervises all accountingdepartments.Controlling The managerial activityof monitoring a plans implementationand taking corrective action asneeded.Conversion cost The sum of direct

27、laborcost and overhead cost.Core objectives and measures Thoseobjectives and measures common tomost organizations.Cost The cash or cash equivalentvalue sacrificed for goods and servicesthat are expected to bring a currentor future benefit to the organization.Cost assignment The process of associatin

28、gthe costs, once measured, withthe units produced.Cost behavior The way in which acost changes in relation to changes inactivity usage.Cost center A division of a companythat is evaluated on the basis of cost.Coefficient of correlation The squareroot of the coefficient of determination,which is used

29、 to express notonly the degree of correlation betweentwo variables but also thedirection of the relationship.Coefficient of determination The percentageof total variability in adependent variable (e.g., cost) that isexplained by an independent variable(e.g., activity level). It assumes avalue betwee

30、n 0 and 1.Committed fixed expenses Expensesincurred for the acquisition of longtermactivity capacity, usually as theresult of strategic planning.Committed resources Resources thatare purchased in advance of usage.These resources may or may not haveunused (excess) capacity.Common costs The costs of r

31、esourcesused in the output of two or moreservices or products.Common fixed expenses Fixed expensesthat cannot be directly tracedto individual segments and that areunaffected by the elimination of anyone segment.Comparable uncontrolled pricemethod The transfer price most preferredby the Internal Reve

32、nue Serviceunder Section 482. The comparableuncontrolled price is essentially equalto the market price.Compounding of interest Paying intereston interest.Constraint set The collection of allconstraints that pertain to a particularoptimization problem.Constraints Mathematical expressionsthat express

33、resource limitations.Consumption ratio The proportion ofan overhead activity consumed by aproduct.Continuous budget A moving twelvemonthbudget with a future monthadded as the current month expires.Continuous improvement The processof searching for ways of increasingthe overall efficiency and product

34、ivityof activities by reducing waste, increasingquality, and reducing costs.850 68183_glossary_849-860.qxd 1/22/04 2:27 PM Page 850Cost formula A linear function, Y _F _ VX, where Y _ Total mixedcost, F _ Fixed cost, V _ Variablecost per unit of activity, and X _Activity level.Cost measurement The a

35、ct of determiningthe dollar amounts of directmaterials, direct labor, and overheadused in production.Cost object Any item, such as products,departments, projects, activities,and so on, for which costs are measuredand assigned.Cost of capital The cost of investmentfunds, usually viewed as a weighteda

36、verage of the costs of funds from allsources.Cost of goods manufactured The totalcost of goods completed duringthe current period.Cost of goods sold The cost of directmaterials, direct labor, and overheadattached to the units sold.Cost of goods sold budget The estimatedcosts for the units sold.Cost-

37、plus method A transfer price acceptableto the Internal RevenueService under Section 482. The costplusmethod is simply a cost-basedtransfer price.Cost reconciliation The final sectionof the production report that comparesthe costs to account for withthe costs accounted for to ensure thatthey are equa

38、l.Costs of quality Costs incurred becausepoor quality may exist orbecause poor quality does exist.Cost-volume-profit graph A graph thatdepicts the relationships among costs,volume, and profits. It consists of atotal revenue line and a total cost line.Currency appreciation When onecountrys currency b

39、ecomes strongerand can purchase more units of anothercountrys currency.Currency depreciation When onecountrys currency becomes weakerand can purchase fewer units of anothercountrys currency.Currency risk management A companysmanagement of its transaction,ment and, consequently, disappear ifthe segme

40、nt is eliminated.Direct labor Labor that is traceableto the goods or services being produced.Direct labor budget A budget showingthe total direct labor hoursneeded and the associated cost for thenumber of units in the productionbudget.Direct materials Materials that aretraceable to the goods or serv

41、ices beingproduced.Direct materials budget A budget thatoutlines the expected usage of materialsproduction and purchases of thedirect materials required.Direct method A method that allocatesservice costs directly toproducing departments. This methodignores any interactions that may existamong suppor

42、t departments.Direct tracing The process of identifyingcosts that are specifically orphysically associated with a cost object.Discount factor The factor used toconvert a future cash flow to its presentvalue.Discount rate The rate of return usedto compute the present value of futurecash flows.Discoun

43、ted cash flows Future cashflows expressed in present-value terms.Discounting The act of finding thepresent value of future cash flows.Discounting models Capital investmentmodels that explicitly considerthe time value of money in identifyingcriteria for accepting or rejectingproposed projects.Discret

44、ionary fixed expenses Expensesincurred for the acquisition of shorttermcapacity or services, usually asthe result of yearly planning.Double-loop feedback Informationabout both the effectiveness of strategyimplementation and the validity of assumptionsunderlying the strategy.Driver analysis The effor

45、t expendedto identify those factors that are theroot causes of activity costs.economic, and translation exposuredue to exchange rate fluctuations.Currently attainable standards Standardsthat reflect an efficientoperating state; they are rigorous butachievable.Customer perspective A balancedscorecard

46、 viewpoint that defines thecustomer and market segments inwhich the business will compete.Customer value Realization less sacrifice,where realization is what thecustomer receives and sacrifice iswhat is given up.Cycle time The length of time requiredto produce one unit of aproduct.DDecentralization The granting ofdecision-making freedom to loweroperating levels.Decentralized decision making A systemin which decisions are made andimplemented by lower-level managers.Decision making The process of choosingamong competing alternatives.Decision model A specific set of proceduresthat,