学位英语复习资料:写作.doc
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1、写作第一节 写作的一般要求第二节 写作的基本步骤第三节 写作的高分要点第四节 写作题型及其模板第一节写作的一般要求写作部分从形式、内容和语言上都有一定要求,概括如下:1.卷面:书写工整 + 结构清晰为得到更好的阅读效果,具体操作方法如下:1)用黑色签字笔,禁用蓝色钢笔/蓝色圆珠笔/铅笔。后面几类笔可能会造成卷面字迹不清。2)字体不能太小。 3)每段第一行要缩进4个字母,使段落划分更直观。4)修改要尽量不留痕迹,最好打草稿。2.内容和语言内容上:不要偏题语言上:语言准确、词汇高级、句式灵活语言的使用首先要准确,不要出现错误。词汇方面:选词要多样、高级,避免使用高频低级词汇。句式方面:形式要灵活,
2、长短句交替。不必刻意追求长句子。确保句式准确的前提下进行灵活表达。 关键:开门见山交代main idea,提纲挈领写好topic sentences,结尾点题首尾呼应,辨明逻辑用好关联词,多点儿花样避免单调。第二节英语写作基本步骤仔细审题:判断作文类型,确定配套词汇、功能句式和行文结构。(1分钟)细化提纲:整理思路,列出题目提纲的细节,如例子,解决方案等。(5分钟)扩展成文:边写边注意基本语法结构的准确性,保证句子结构的多样化。(20分钟) 检查成文:检查有无明显语法或拼写等错误,减少失分。(4分钟)第三节英语写作高分要点一、语言准确在英语写作中我们应当避免以下学生经常犯的错误:1、词法错误(
3、1)拼写错误 此类错误相当普遍,而且习惯一旦养成,较难改掉。下面是几个经常容易搞混淆或拼错的单词,多写几遍。enviromentgovermentmorden convinentnowdays/nowdaybegining benifit(2)词语搭配错误 英语比较讲究词语的搭配,中国学生英文写作中典型的搭配错误如下:(1) to give sb a deep impression (2) to improve peoples living level(3) to hope sb to do sth (4) to survive in the car accident (5) to suit
4、the needs of (6) the price ofis expensiveinexpensive(cheap) (7) to get success (8) to say the truth (9) to congratulate sb for his success (10) to be accused about bribery (11) to be convinced about sth (12) the traffic is crowded (13) to look forward to do sth (14) according to sbs opinion (15) wel
5、come you to join us (3)大小写及标点符号错误(4)词性使用错误e.g. with the developing of economic and social2.句法错误(1)主语错误特别是当要表达的主语中包含有动作的时候,有些学生就直接把动词原形放在主语的位置上。修正办法:绝大部分句子必须带主语。所以造句时应首先想到主语是什么。凡是带有动作的词语做主语时,正确的组句方法有两种:一是把动词变成不定式或“V-ing”形式;二是用it做先行主语,用动词不定式或名词性从句作真正的主语放在句子的后半部分。【例1】Study English is not an easy thing.
6、 ()To study English/Studying English is not an easy thing. ()It is not an easy thing (for us) to study English. ()【例2】Keep a good mood is especially beneficial to a better interpersonal relationship. ()Keeping a good mood is especially beneficial to a better interpersonal relationship. () 【例3】Travel
7、 from Beijing to Guangzhou by plane takes three hours. ()It takes three hours to travel from Beijing to Guangzhou by plane. ()(2)断句错误 (Error in Punctuating)英语的句法规则是:两个句子之间如果没有修饰或限定关系,不应用逗号隔开,否则句子不能成立。许多学生很容易犯这样的错误。有的学生甚至连续使用逗号或者通篇文章“一逗到底”,这就犯了违反英语句法的大忌。修正办法:一是,当写出两个以上的句子时,要注意用句号或其它符号断句,而且要注意句首单词首字母的
8、大小写;二是,当要写两个相互之间无修饰关系的句子时,可以使用分号“;”,可以使用“, and (but; so等)”,也可以把传达次要信息的那个句子变成状语从句或者独立主格。【例1】Human beings cannot exist without water, it is necessary to both our life and production. ()Human beings cannot exist without water for it is necessary to both our life and production. ()Human beings cannot ex
9、ist without water. It is necessary to both our life and production. ()Human beings cannot exist without water; it is necessary to both our life and production. ()【例2】 Our natural resources are limited, under no circumstances should we waste them. ()Our natural resources are limited. Under no circums
10、tances should we waste them. ()Our natural resources are limited so under no circumstances should we waste them. ()Our natural resources are so limited that under no circumstances should we waste them. ()(3)使用连接词“although/though”; “Because ”中的典型错误。许多学生使用“although/though”时,往往在主句中用“but”与之呼应;在使用“Becaus
11、e”时,马上与“so”联系在一起。这是很顽固的母语习得干扰。纠正办法: 应牢固地树立一个观念:即“although/though”不能与“but”连用;“because”不能与“so”连用;主句中如使用将来时,由when/so(as) long as / if / unless 等引导的状语从句必须使用一般现在时。【例1】Although/ Even though/ Though everyone played well, but (however) we lost the game. ()Although/ Even though/ Though everyone played well,
12、(yet) we lost the game. ()We lost the game, although/ even though/ though everyone played well. ()Everyone played well. We still lost the game, though. ()【例2】Just because / Because she makes more money than her husband does, so (therefore) she thinks shes so superior in the family. ()Just because /
13、Because she makes more money than her husband does, she thinks shes so superior in the family. ()She thinks shes so superior in the family (just) because she makes more money than her husband does. ()(4)当谓语中出现多个动词时,许多学生常常把原形动词无序地堆砌在一起,严重破坏了句意的表达。修正办法:应牢牢记住:在绝大多数情况下,英语句子中的谓语只能由一个动词担任,其它动词要根据语境要求变成动词不
14、定式、v-ing形式、介词短语等。即使是几个动词在时间和顺序上可以并列,也应用逗号隔开,且在最后的一个动词前加上“and”。【例1】 Learning a foreign language is contain pronunciation and memory of vocabulary. ()Learning a foreign language contains learning pronunciation and memorizing vocabulary. ()【例2】The president prepares take his special plane go to Harbin
15、visit tomorrow. ()The president prepares to go to Harbin by his special plane for a visit tomorrow. ()【例3】After supper everyday, they usually read newspapers listen to music watch TV. ()After supper everyday, they usually read newspapers, listen to music and then watch TV. ()(5)不会使用被动式,造成许多句子不符合逻辑。
16、修正办法:英语句子中被动式使用频率高,许多情况下,使用被动式可以使你的句子简明而又表达力较强。【例1】Our English Corner told a lot of interesting stories. ()A lot of interesting stories are told at our English Corner. ()【例2】Next month will hold a culture festival in Zhuhai. ()A culture festival will be held in Zhuhai next month. ()(6)把状语从句或短语单独成句,破
17、坏了句子的完整性。【例1】“Is honesty out of date?” Many people may ask. My answer is “no”. Because honesty is not a single social phenomenon but rather, a kind of humanity rooted in our mind.()“Is honesty out of date?” Many people may ask. My answer is “no”,because honesty is not a single social phenomenon but
18、rather, a kind of humanity rooted in our mind.()(7)不会使用“there be”结构。修正办法:应该十分明确:在“there be”结构中,be后面的名词是句子的表语,如果它后面再有动作,应设法用定语从句、分词短语、不定式短语、介词短语来表示。【例1】There are some people think that money can make the world go round.()There are some people who think that money can make the world go round.()【例2】At
19、the meeting there are a lot of questions discuss.()At the meeting there are a lot of questions to be discussed.()二、句式多样句式要灵活,长短句交替。不必刻意追求长句子。确保句式准确的前提下进行灵活表达。(1)英语句子的种类(按结构划分)简单句He is a student.并列句He is a student but he spends little time on his study.复合句He is a student who loves learning English.(2
20、)英语的基本句型基本句型一: (主谓)【例句】The sun shines. 基本句型二: (主系表)【例句】 This is an English-Chinese dictionary.基本句型三: (主谓宾)【例句】He enjoys reading.基本句型四: (主谓间宾直宾)【例句】 I gave my car a wash.基本句型五: (主谓宾宾补)【例句】 I saw them getting on the bus.(3)基本句型的扩展名词的扩展N(名词)动词的扩展V(动词)三、词汇高级1)也许 perhaps It is perhaps the case that翻译也许使用
21、塑料袋会给我们消费者带来很大的方便。It is perhaps the case that the disposable plastic bags bring a lot of conveniences for us customers.2)逐渐意识到 gradually know sb. has recently come to realize sth.翻译人们逐渐意识到环境保护的重要性。People have recently come to realize the importance of environmental protection.3)不应该做什么,应该做什么 should n
22、ot do sth., should do sth. instead of doing, we are expected to/supposed to翻译我们应该尽自己的一份力量去提高公众的环保意识。We are expected to do our part to promote the awareness of the public.4)尽力去做什么 try to do sth. try every means to do sth. strive to do sth. endeavor to do sth. make every endeavor to do sth.翻译我们应当努力减少使
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