论文初稿摘要部分精选文档.ppt

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1、论文初稿摘要部分本讲稿第一页，共五十八页v撰写初稿就是在提纲的基础上，把论点具体化，用所选材料去论证，使论文初具规模，为修改论文准备好“蓝本”。v毕业论文字数比较多，篇幅较长，写作时不可能一次完成。但是对那些相对独立，内容完整的部分最好能一次完成。因为写作思路一旦中断，恢复需要一定的时间。而写作时出现的灵感也是稍纵即逝。因此撰写初稿时需要注意写作的流畅性和即兴发挥，无需担心细枝末节的格式或形式，因为在以后的修改和校对中还会再详细审视原稿。v在撰写初稿之前，应大致了解论文的组成。本讲稿第二页，共五十八页 国家标准国家标准GB7713-87GB7713-87规定的科学技术报告、学位论文规定的科学技

2、术报告、学位论文和学术论文的编写格式，指明报告与论文由以下两大和学术论文的编写格式，指明报告与论文由以下两大部分构成：部分构成：v（1）前置部分）前置部分v（2）主体部分）主体部分 封面、封二封面、封二 题名页题名页 序或前言（必要时）序或前言（必要时）前置前置 摘要摘要 部分部分 关键词关键词 目次页目次页 插图或附表清单插图或附表清单 符号、缩略语等注释表（必要时）符号、缩略语等注释表（必要时）本讲稿第三页，共五十八页 引言引言-1 正文正文-2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.2.1 主体主体 2.3.2.2 部分部分 图图1(或图或图2-1)图图2(或图或图2-

3、2)结论结论 表表1(或表或表2-1)致谢致谢 表表2(或表或表2-2)参考文献参考文献 本讲稿第四页，共五十八页学术论文一般只包括学术论文一般只包括8个部分个部分:题名题名 引言引言 前置前置 论文作者论文作者 主体主体 正文正文 部分部分 关键词关键词 部分部分 结论结论 摘要摘要 参考文献参考文献本讲稿第五页，共五十八页v题名（中英文）题名（中英文）v作者（姓名、工作单位或通讯地址）作者（姓名、工作单位或通讯地址）v摘要（中英文）摘要（中英文）v关键词（中英文）关键词（中英文）v引言（你要做什么？做了什么？为什么做引言（你要做什么？做了什么？为什么做？）？）原理原理 材料材料v正文正文

4、方法方法（你怎样做的）（你怎样做的）结果结果（你发现了什么？）（你发现了什么？）结结论论（你对所获结果的解释）（你对所获结果的解释）v结论（必须精确、有条理、清晰与简要，由结结论（必须精确、有条理、清晰与简要，由结果得出）果得出）v建议（直接从结论中得出，你的建议）建议（直接从结论中得出，你的建议）本讲稿第六页，共五十八页v致谢词（谁帮助了你）致谢词（谁帮助了你）v参考文献参考文献v附录附录表格表格插图插图 如未插在正文中的话如未插在正文中的话坐标图坐标图本讲稿第七页，共五十八页本讲稿第八页，共五十八页本讲稿第九页，共五十八页本讲稿第十页，共五十八页封面封面v学位论文由于所涉及的相关面较多且形

5、式相对独学位论文由于所涉及的相关面较多且形式相对独立，因此，它有自己的封面，以全面反映学位论立，因此，它有自己的封面，以全面反映学位论文的相关信息。文的相关信息。v根据根据GB7713-87的规定，学位论文的封面应包的规定，学位论文的封面应包括的内容有：分类号、本单位编号、密级、题名括的内容有：分类号、本单位编号、密级、题名（副题名）、责任者、申请学位级别、专业名称、（副题名）、责任者、申请学位级别、专业名称、指导教师、论文提交日期与完成日期。其中分类指导教师、论文提交日期与完成日期。其中分类号是以论文主题涉及的学科属性为依据，使用号是以论文主题涉及的学科属性为依据，使用中国图书馆图书资料分类

6、法选择确定；密级中国图书馆图书资料分类法选择确定；密级视论文内容按国家规定的保密条例而定；完成日视论文内容按国家规定的保密条例而定；完成日期包括论文提交日期、答辩日期、学位授予日期。期包括论文提交日期、答辩日期、学位授予日期。v另外，在封面的最后注明出版日期。封面中的题另外，在封面的最后注明出版日期。封面中的题名与责任者项最为关键。名与责任者项最为关键。本讲稿第十一页，共五十八页本讲稿第十二页，共五十八页致谢致谢致谢辞一般独立成页。按照GB7713-87的规定，致谢语句可以放在正文后，体现对下列方面致谢：v国家科学基金、资助研究工作的奖学金基金；v合同单位、资助和支持的企业、组织或个人；v协助

7、完成研究工作和提供便利的组织或个人；v在研究工作中提出建议和提供帮助的人；v给予转载和引用权的资料、图片、文献、研究思想和设想的所有者；v其他应感谢的组织和人。v致谢的顺序一般是由主要到次要，由个人到集体，主要针对那些提供过直接帮助的个人或机构。此外致谢辞要真挚、简练、恰到好处。既不要夸大其词，也不可轻描淡写。本讲稿第十三页，共五十八页v一些固定的词句可作为致谢辞的开头格式：vThe author wishes to express his/her appreciation to somebody for something/doing something.vThe author is(dee

8、ply)indebted to for vThe authors special thanks should be given to vMy gratitude also goes to vMy heartfelt thanks are also due to 本讲稿第十四页，共五十八页vI owe to somebody for something.vI would like to acknowledge my indebtedness to vI gratefully acknowledge the help of vI would extend my sincere thanks to

9、my tutor vMy work also owes much to for his encouragement and great help.vThis work was supposed in part by vThe above research was made possible by a grant from vThis thesis would not have been possible without the support and assistance that I received from 本讲稿第十五页，共五十八页本讲稿第十六页，共五十八页摘要和关键词的撰写本讲稿第十

10、七页，共五十八页What are Abstracts?vAn abstract is a stand-alone statement that briefly conveys the essential information of a paper;presents the objective,methods,results,and conclusions of a research project;has a brief,non-repetitive style.v对论文内容不加注释和评论的简要陈述，包括研究论题、方法、意义以及由此得出的结论。本讲稿第十八页，共五十八页Abstracts a

11、re important because:They are the first thing people read in a paperThey are used in collections of papersThey are used in searchable databases通过阅读摘要，为读者阅读、信息人 员及计算机检索提供方便：读者可不必浏览全文便可把握论文的主旨。本讲稿第十九页，共五十八页vFunctions/Parts of Abstract1)background information（研究的背景）2)purpose of the study/principle acti

12、vity（主要研究目或研究活动）3)method（研究方法）4)research results（研究结果）5)conclusion/recommendation(结论或建议）本讲稿第二十页，共五十八页 Background:A simple opening sentence or two placing the work in context.Aims:One or two sentences giving the purpose of the work.Method(s):One or two sentences explaining what was done.Results:One o

13、r two sentences indicating the main findings.Conclusions:One sentence giving the most important consequence of the work.(Telling what the results mean).本讲稿第二十一页，共五十八页摘要的构成要素v摘要应包含以下内容：摘要应包含以下内容：v研究目的v研究内容及方法v结果/结论v研究意义v从事这一研究的目的和重要性；v研究的主要内容、方法，指明采用何种方法完成了哪些工作；v获得的基本结论和研究成果，突出论文的新见解；v结论或结果的意义。本讲稿第二十

14、二页，共五十八页Task 1:Sample Analysis 1)Make an analysis of the following abstract:in terms of background,purpose,methods,results,etc.2)Try to put the abstract into Chinese 本讲稿第二十三页，共五十八页n nWith a listening typewriter,what an author says would be automatically recognized and displayed in front of him or he

15、r.However,speech recognition is not yet advanced enough to provide people with a reliable listening typewriter.An aim of our experiments was to determine if an imperfect listening typewriter would be used for composing letters.Participants dictated letters,either in isolated words or in consecutive

16、word speech.They did this with simulations of listening typewriters that recognized either a limited vocabulary or an unlimited vocabulary.Results indicated that some versions,even upon first using them,were at least as good as traditional methods of handwriting and dictating.Isolated word speech wi

17、th large vocabulary may provide the basis for useful listening typewriter.本讲稿第二十四页，共五十八页n nWith a listening typewriter,what an author says would be automatically recognized and displayed in front of him or her.n n(General background)n nHowever,speech recognition is not yet advanced enough to provide

18、 people with a reliable listening typewriter.n n(Specific background)本讲稿第二十五页，共五十八页n nAn aim of our experiments was to determine if an imperfect listening typewriter would be used for composing letters.n n(Purpose)n nParticipants dictated letters,either in isolated words or in consecutive word speec

19、h.n n(Methods)n nThey did this with simulations of listening typewriters that recognized either a limited vocabulary or an unlimited vocabulary.n n(Methods)本讲稿第二十六页，共五十八页n n使用收听打字机可以自动识别作者说的话，并且显示在作者面前。但是，话语识别技术尚未达到能为人们提供可靠的收听打字机的程度。我们做此试验的一个目的就是要确定是否能用技术上尚不完善的收听打字机来写信。参试人员口授单个词语或连续的话语。他们既模拟试验能识别有限制

20、的词语的收听打字机，也试验能识别无限制词语的收听打字机。结果表明，有些所完成的有些版本，即使首次使用，至少和传统的手写和口授方法一样好。大词量的不连贯词语构成的话语可以为实用收听打字机奠定基础。本讲稿第二十七页，共五十八页摘要v内容决定形式，摘要简明扼要的特点决定其用词精炼准确，紧扣论题。一般说来，毕业论文摘要的字数要求在300-400个字左右。本讲稿第二十八页，共五十八页对摘要的要求v摘要应具有独立性和自明性。v用第三人称。v排除在本学科领域方面已成为常识的或科普知识的内容。v不得简单地重复论文篇名中已经表述过的信息。v要客观如实地反映原文的内容，要着重反映论文的新内容和作者特别强调的观点。

21、本讲稿第二十九页，共五十八页对摘要的要求v要求结构严谨、语义确切、表述简明、一般不分段落；切忌发空洞的评语，不作模棱两可的结论。v要采用规范化的名词术语，不用非共知共用的符号及名词术语；众所周知的国家、机构、专用术语尽可能用简称或缩写。v不使用图、表或化学结构式，以及相邻专业的读者尚难于清楚理解的缩略语、简称、代号。如果确有必要，在摘要中首次出现时必须加以说明。v不得使用文献中列出的章节号、图、表号、公式号以及参考文献号。v要求使用法定计量单位以及正确地书写规范字和标点符号。本讲稿第三十页，共五十八页主题句 topic sentencev摘要的第一句话往往开门见山，直奔主题，提出研究目的和对象

22、vThe purpose of this paper is vThe primary goal of this research is vThe chief aim of the present work is to vThis paper discusses(studies,concerns,deals with)vThis paper argues(demonstrates)本讲稿第三十一页，共五十八页vThis paper explores(probes into,elaborates on,expounds)vThis paper makes a comparison of(an ov

23、erview of,an analysis of)vIn this paper,the author attempts to(intends to,proposes,contends,points out,argues)vBased on(Centering around),this paper is to review(proves,illustrates)本讲稿第三十二页，共五十八页v主体句 supporting sentencev在概述了论题后，接下来要进一步涉及研究方法、实验过程、调查或论证分析等具体内容来填充骨架。常用的句式如下：vThe method used in our stu

24、dy is known as vThe tequnique we have applied is referred to as vThe prodedures can be briefly described as vThe approach that has been adopted extensively is called vDetailed information has been acquired by the authors using vThe research has recorded valuable data using the newly developed method

25、.The underlying concept of this theory is 本讲稿第三十三页，共五十八页vThe underlying principle of the theory is as follows.vThis is a working theory which is based on the idea that vThe fundamental features of this theory are as follows.vThe theory is characterized by vThe experiment,consisted of three steps,is

26、described in vWe have carried out several experiments to test the validity of vRecent experiments in this area have suggested that vExamples with actual experiment demonstrate vSpecial mention is given here to 本讲稿第三十四页，共五十八页结束句v从某种意义上说，摘要相当于一篇微观论文，其结语句的功能也类似本论中的结论。需要阐明结果、说明应用、点名意义或引发反思：vIn conclusio

27、n,we state that vIn summing up it may be stated that vTherefore,it can be concluded that vThe results of the experiment indicate that vThe studies we have performed showed that 本讲稿第三十五页，共五十八页vThe investigation carried out by has revealed that vAll our preliminary results throw light on the nature of

28、 vThis fruitful work gives explanation of vThese findings of the research have led the author to a conclusion that vFinally,the paper reflects on the current situation pertaining to v需要注意的是，摘要一般在初稿完成后再着手撰写。因为它包含的内容较为全面，如果不对论文有一个整体把握，是难以归纳总结、取其精华的。本讲稿第三十六页，共五十八页vLanguage Focus 语言特点语言特点vVerb Tense for

29、 Abstractsv1)background information:present tensevExamples:v(1)In an increasing number of second language(L2)classrooms,teachers and researchers are taking on new roles and responsibilities.v(2)IMF lending practices respond to economic conditions but are also sensitive to political-economy variables

30、.本讲稿第三十七页，共五十八页v2)purpose of the study/principal activity:past,present perfect,simple present(1)An aim of our experiments was to determine if an imperfect listening typewriter would be useful for composing letters.(2)This small-scale study investigated whether carrying out action research as part of

31、 a graduate seminar affected the professional development of graduate teaching assistants(TAs)who were teaching in foreign and second language departments.(3)Net energy analyses have been carried out for eight apparatuses which convert energy source into heated domestic water.本讲稿第三十八页，共五十八页v3)method

32、s:pastv(1)Most of the activities during the day were tape-recorded.And the data were supplemented with interviews.v(2)In addition,a considerable portion of the participants references came from Web genres of questionable suitability for an academic paper.v4)research results:pastvThe results indicate

33、d that English proficiency accounted for a range varying between 58%and 68%of EAP reading,whereas discipline-related knowledge accounted for a range varying between 21%and 31%.本讲稿第三十九页，共五十八页v5)Conclusions:present,modal auxiliaries,tentative verbsv(1)Suggestions for L2 teacher educators with an inter

34、est in incorporating action research into their graduate degree programs are offered.v(2)The exact levels at which the compensatory effect between the two variables takes place for successful academic reading are provided,and pedagogical implications are suggested.v(3)Isolated word speech with large

35、 vocabulary may provide the basis for a useful listening typewriter.本讲稿第四十页，共五十八页vTask 2:Comment on the following abstract?vEach country has its own laws designed to protect domestic inventions and safeguard technology.Patent laws generally fall under two principles:the first-to-file and first-to-in

36、vent.The first-to-file principle awards a patent to the person or institution that applies for a patent first,while and first-to-invent principle grants the patent to the person or institution that was first to invent and can prove it.In the present study,several cases of the application of the two

37、principles are discussed and the criteria of patent ownership is recommended.本讲稿第四十一页，共五十八页CommentsvThis abstract can be regarded as a poor version.The whole abstract consists of five sentences,four of which are used to present merely background information and general professional knowledge.Thus th

38、e abstract does not provide any essential information or data that should be provided in an abstract.Only the last sentence seems meaningful for an abstract.本讲稿第四十二页，共五十八页 Task 3:Make an analysis of the following abstract:in terms of background,purpose,methods,results,etc.美国时代杂志上的一篇名为“Adjusting a bu

39、siness lecture for an international audience:a case study”2004年 本讲稿第四十三页，共五十八页 It is widely known that L2 audiences continue to experience comprehension difficulties when listening to content lectures in English,regardless of proficiency level.For this reason,NS lecturers should be aware of potentia

40、l obstacles to comprehension and the need to make appropriate adjustments.In order to understand how such adjustments may be made,using a case study approach,this paper focuses on a business lecture given by a native speaker on two different occasions:As an L1 classroom lecture in the UK and as an L

41、2 guest lecture in Italy.本讲稿第四十四页，共五十八页 Speech rate,redundancies,interpersonal and disciplinary features and references to local culture were compared using both quantitative and qualitative methods.The results showed that more adjustment had been made for the L2 audience in terms of speech rate,red

42、undancies,interpersonal features,and references to local culture,while less had been made in the use of discipline-related lexis and metaphorical expressions.These insights into the characteristics of intercultural lecture discourse can find useful applications in the context of both lecturer traini

43、ng and EAP/ESP lecture comprehension instruction.本讲稿第四十五页，共五十八页vIt is widely known that L2 audiences continue to experience comprehension difficulties when listening to content lectures in English,regardless of proficiency level.v(General Background/Introduction)vFor this reason,NS lecturers should

44、be aware of potential obstacles to comprehension and the need to make appropriate adjustments.v(Specific Background)本讲稿第四十六页，共五十八页vIn order to understand how such adjustments may be made,using a case study approach,this paper focuses on a business lecture given by a native speaker on two different o

45、ccasions:As an L1 classroom lecture in the UK and as an L2 guest lecture in Italy.v(Research Purpose)本讲稿第四十七页，共五十八页vSpeech rate,redundancies,interpersonal and disciplinary features and references to local culture were compared using both quantitative and qualitative methods.v(Research Methods)vThe r

46、esults showed that more adjustment had been made for the L2 audience in terms of speech rate,redundancies,interpersonal features,and references to local culture,while less had been made in the use of discipline-related lexis and metaphorical expressions.v(Research Results)本讲稿第四十八页，共五十八页vThese insigh

47、ts into the characteristics of intercultural lecture discourse can find useful applications in the context of both lecturer training and EAP/ESP lecture comprehension instruction.v(Conclusion/Research Significance/contribution)vStudy the following abstract and comment on it.本讲稿第四十九页，共五十八页vIn this pa

48、per,graduate students educations scale,structure and supervisor troop on the China and America are analyzed and compared.Firstly,investigation data demonstrate that the quantities of Chinese Doctor degree,Master degree Awarded and graduate students who are reading now are inferior to US,which is als

49、o lag to economical development level obviously.Secondly,Chinese graduate students educations structure is different from Americans,especially the constitutional difference of the special subject of the colleges which can award degrees.Last,the request for supervisors graduate is different from Amer

50、icans.本讲稿第五十页，共五十八页vCOMMON PROBLEMS:vToo long.vToo much detail.vToo short.vToo subjective or informal vFailure to include important information本讲稿第五十一页，共五十八页关键词v如果说摘要是整篇论文的缩影，那么关键词就是其提炼出的精华，它们直指中心论题，是论文中出现频率最高的词汇，同时也是论文论述的焦点。v关键词大多选择名词形式，字数一般在4-6个字之间，限制在3-5、6个之内，其间用逗号隔开，首字母不必大写，位于摘要底端。中文关键词同时应注有对应的英