2011专升本词汇知识学习材料精讲.doc

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1、,耶鲁专升本英语常见易混易错同义词辨析与精练1. clothes, cloth, clothingclothes统指各种衣服，谓语动词永远是复数， cloth指布，为不可数名词 clothing 服装的总称，指一件衣服用a piece of, an article of2. incident, accidentincident指小事件, accident指不幸的事故He was killed in the accident.3. amount, numberamount后接不可数名词， number后接可数名词 a number of students4. family, house, hom

2、ehome 家，包括住处和家人，house房子，住宅，family家庭成员. My family is a happy one.5. sound, voice, noisesound自然界各种各样的声音，voice人的嗓音，noise噪音I hate the loud noise outside.6. photo, picture, drawingphoto用照相机拍摄的照片，picture可指相片，图片，电影片，drawing画的画 Lets go and see a good picture.7. vocabulary, wordvocabulary词汇，一个人拥有的单词量，word具体的

3、单词He has a large vocabulary.8. population, peoplepopulation人口，人数，people具体的人 China has a large population.9. weather, climateweather一天内具体的天气状况，climate长期的气候状况 The climate here is not good for you.10. road, street, path, wayroad具体的公路，马路，street街道，path小路，小径，way道路，途径take this road; in the street, show me

4、the way to the museum.11. course, subjectcourse课程（可包括多门科目），subject科目（具体的学科）a summer course12. custom, habitcustom传统风俗，习俗，也可指生活习惯，后接to do， habit生活习惯，习惯成自然，后接of doing. Ive got the habit of drinking a lot.13. cause, reasoncause 指造成某一事实或现象的直接原因，后接of sth./doing sth，reason用来解释某种现象或结果的理由，后接for sth./doing s

5、th. the reason for being late14. exercise, exercises, practiceexercise运动，锻炼（不可数），exercises练习（可数），practice（反复做的）练习 Practice makes perfect.15. class, lesson作“课”解时，两者可以替换，指课文用lesson。指班级或全体学生用class. lesson 6; class 516. speech, talk, lecturespeech指在公共场所所做的经过准备的较正式的演说，talk日常生活中的一般的谈话，讲话，lecture学术性的演讲，讲课

6、a series of lecture on17. officer, officialofficer部队的军官，official政府官员 an army officer18. work, job二者均指工作。work不可数，job可数 a good job19. couple, paircouple主要指人或动物，pair多指由两部分组成的东西 a pair of trousers20. country, nation, state, landcountry侧重指版图，疆域，nation指人民，国民，民族，state侧重指政府，政体，land国土，国家 The whole nation was

7、 sad at the news.21. cook, cookercook厨师，cooker厨具 He is a good cook.22. damage, damagesdamage不可数名词，损害，损失; damages复数形式，赔偿金 $900 damages23. police, policemanpolice警察的总称，后接复数谓语动词，policeman 指某个具体的警察 The police are questioning everyone in the house.24. problem, questionproblem常和困难连系，前面的动词常为think about, so

8、lve, raise，question常和疑问连系，多和ask, answer连用25. man, a manman人类，a man一个男人 Man will conquer nature.26. chick, chicken二者均可指小鸡，chicken还可以当鸡肉 The chicken is delicious.27. telegram, telegraph当电报解时，telegram指具体的，telegraph指抽象的 a telegram, by telegraph28. trip, journey, travel, voyagetravel是最常用的，trip指短期的旅途，jour

9、ney指稍长的旅途，voyage指海上航行 a three-day trip29. sport, gamesport多指户外的游戏或娱乐活动，如打球，游泳，打猎，赛马等；game指决定胜负的游戏，通常有一套规则 His favorite sport is swimming.30. price, prizeprice价格，prize奖，奖品，奖金 win the first prize The price is high/low. 31. a number of, the number ofa number of许多，谓语动词用复数。the number of的数目，谓语动词用单数。The nu

10、mber of students is increasing.32. in front of, in the front ofin front of范围外的前面，in the front of范围内的前面 In the front of the room sits a boy.33. of the day, of a dayof the day每一天的，当时的，当代的， of a day暂时的，不长久的 a famous scientist of the day34. three of us, the three of usthree of us我们（不止三个）中的三个，the three o

11、f us我们三个（就三个人）The three of us-Tom, Jack and I went to the cinema.35. by bus, on the busby bus表手段，方式，不用冠词，on the bus表范围 They went there by bus. 36. for a moment, for the momentfor a moment 片刻，一会儿，for the moment暂时，一时 Thinking for a moment, he agreed. 37. next year, the next yearnext year将来时间状语，the nex

12、t year过去将来时间状语 He said he would go abroad the next year.38. more than a year, more than one yearmore than a year一年多，more than one year超过一年（两年或三年等）39. take advice, take the(ones) advicetake advice征求意见，take the advice接受忠告 He refused to take the advice and failed again.40. take air, take the airtake ai

13、r传播，走漏，take the air到户外去，散步 We take the air every day.41. in a word, in wordsin a word总之，一句话， in words口头上 In a word, you are right.42. in place of, in the place ofin place of代替，in the place of在地方 A new building is built in the place of the old one.43. in secret, in the secretin secret秘密地，暗自地，偷偷地，一般用作

14、状语；in the secret知道内情，知道秘密，一般用作表语 My mother was in the secret from the beginning.44. a girl, one girla girl可泛指所有女孩, one girl一个女孩 Can one girl carry such a big box?45. take a chair, take the chairtake a chair相当于sit down坐下，take the chair开始开会46. go to sea, by sea, by the seago to sea当海员，出航，by sea乘船，由海路，

15、 by the sea在海边 go by sea47. the doctor and teacher, the doctor and the teacherthe doctor and teacher指一个人，既是医生又是老师，the doctor and the teacher两个人，一个医生和一个老师 the doctor and teacher is48. in office, in the officein office在职的，in the office在办公室里 He is in office, not out of office.49. in bed, on the bedin b

16、ed卧在床上，on the bed在床上 The book is on the bed. He is ill in bed.50. in charge of, in the charge ofin charge of管理，负责照料， in the charge of由照料 He is in charge of the matter. The matter is in the charge of her.51. in class, in the classin class在课上，in the class在班级里 He is the best student in the class.52. on

17、 fire, on the fireon fire着火，on the fire在火上 Put the food on the fire. The house is on fire.53. out of question, out of the questionout of question毫无疑问的，out of the question不可能的 54. a second, the seconda second又一，再一，the second第 He won the second prize.55. by day, by the dayby day白天，by the day按天计算 The w

18、orkers are paid by the day.56. the people, a peoplethe people指人，a people指民族 The Chinese is a peace-loving people.57. it, oneit同一物体，one同类不同一 I lost my pen. I have to buy a new one.58. that, thisthat指代上文所提到的，this导出下文所要说的 I was ill. Thats why59. none, nothing, no onenone强调有多少，nothing, no one强调有没有，nothi

19、ng指物，no one指人- How many/How much? - None.60. anyone, any oneanyone指人，不能接of，any one指人物均可，可接of any one of you61. who, whatwho指姓名或关系，what指职业或地位 What is your dad? He is a teacher.62. what, whichwhat的选择基础是无限制的，which在一定范围内进行选择 Which do you prefer, bananas or apples?63. other, anotherother后接名词复数，another后接名

20、词单数 other students, another student64. not a little, not a bitnot a little非常，not a bit一点也不 Im not a bit tired. 我一点儿也不累。65. many, much, a lot ofmany和可数名词连用，much和不可数名词连用，a lot of可数，不可数均可，但不用于否定句 I havent many books.66. much morethan, many morethanmuch morethan后接形容词或不可数名词，many morethan后接可数名词 many more

21、people, much more water, much more beautiful67. no, notno=not a/any no friend=not a/any friend no water=not any water68. no more than, not more thanno more than相当于only，仅仅，只有，not more than 至多，不超过69. majority, mostmajority只能修饰可数名词，most可数不可数均可 the majority of people70. by oneself, for oneself, to onese

22、lf, of oneselfby oneself单独的，独自的，for oneself为自己，to oneself供自己用的，of oneself 自行的，自动的 The door opened of itself.耶鲁专升本2011年公共英语易错动词第一组spend/ take /costspend的主语通常是“人”，即“某人在花多少时间或金钱。”例句：1）The boy spends a lot of money.(in) playing computer games.（那个男孩花了很多钱玩电子游戏。）2)She spent lots of money on books last year

23、.（去年她花费很多钱在书本上。）take前常以it作形式主语，作“做某事需要花多少时间。”It takes (人)时间 to do sth.1)How long does it take you to finish the work?（你需要多少时间才能完成那工作？）2)It took me an hour to repair my bike.（我花了一个小时修理自行车。）3)It takes a lot of courage to tell the truth.（说真话需要很大的勇气。）cost的主语通常是事物，即指 某物值多少钱需要多少时间某人花了多少钱使（某人）（丧失）（事/物）cost

24、（人）时间/金钱1)The watch cost me two hundred yuan.（这块手表花了我200块钱。）2)Writing a novel cost plenty of time.（写本小说要花很多时间。）3)The girls bad behavior cost her parents many sleepless nights.（那个女孩的不良行为使得她的父母许多夜晚睡不着。）注意：cost的过去式，过去分词都是cost。第二组speak/say/tell/talkspeak说某种语言，说某人好、坏话是及物动词；发表讲话，对某人说话，是不及物动词。1)The student

25、s speak English very fluently.（这些学生英语说得非常流利。）2)The Prime Minister spoke on the international situation.（首相就国际形势发表了演说。）3)She always speaks ill of others.（她总是说别人的坏话。）speak的习惯用语：Generally speaking 一般而言Frankly speaking 坦白地说Strictly speaking 严格地说not to speak of 且不说；更不用说1)Generally speaking, man is strong

26、er than woman.（一般而言，男人比女人强壮。）2)We can speak English, not to speak of Chinese.（我们会读英语，汉语更不用说了。）say说出某句话或某件事；后接从句，（但say与从句之间不能直接接人称代词或名词）；说明时间；书信、布告报纸上的“说”，习惯用法1)She said ,“I love you.”（她说：“我爱你。”）2)Say goodbye to them.（跟他们说再见。）3)She says she is busy.（她说她很忙。）4)My watch says 10:00 sharp.（我的表是十点整。）5)The

27、paper says that there was a big fire in Shanghai.（报上说上海发生了一场大火）。6)It is said that she has been away for a month.（据说她已走了一个月了）7)It goes without saying that education is important.（不用说，教育是重要的。）8)Tom is a good student, that is to say, he gets good grades in school.（Tom是个好学生，也就是说，他在学校的成绩很好。） tell说谎；讲故事；说

28、实话1)Dont tell a lie.（不要说谎。）2)She likes to tell stories.（她喜欢讲故事。）3)We should always tell the truth.（我们应该永远说实话。） tell辨别；叫某人做某事；接“间接”与“直接”宾语；tell宾语that从句1)Sometimes we cant tell right from wrong.（有时我们无法辨别是非。）talk连续地说话；习惯用法1)What are the girls talking about ?（那些女孩们讲什么？）2)Young people like to talk politi

29、cs.（年青人喜欢谈论政治。）3)I talked over the matter with her.（我与她谈论了那个问题。）第三组take /bring/carry/fetchtake作“带去”“拿去”解；从近处把东西送到远处例句：1)Shell take her children to the park.（她要带孩子去公园。）2)Its raining, youd better take an umbrella with you.（下雨了；你最好把雨伞带上。）bring“拿来；带来”；从远处把东西拿到近外1)Bring the dictionary to me.（把字典拿给我。）2)Pl

30、ease bring your report with you when you come tomorrow.（明天你来的时候，请把你的报告带来。）carry作“携带，带去；搬运”解1)She always carries a red handbag.（她总是带一个红色手包。）2)Please carry this TV set upstairs.（请把这台电视搬到楼上去。）fetch作“去取来，拿来；叫某人来”解1)The football is over there. Fetch it please.（足球在那边呢，请把它拿回来。）2)Fetch the police at once. W

31、eve found the robber.（马上去叫警察来，我们已经发现那个抢劫的人。） 第四组wear/put on/ dresswear穿着，戴；留，表示“状态”是及物动词需加宾语例句：1)She always wears a pair of glasses.（她总是戴着一副眼镜。）2)He wears a black jacket today.（今天他穿着一件黑色的夹克。）put on穿上，戴上，表示“动作”例句：1)The teacher put on his hat and went out of the office.（老师戴上帽子然后走出办公室。）2)Put on the glo

32、ves .Its cold outside.（戴上手套外面很凉。）dress作“穿着的衣服”解；给某人穿衣服不用写衣服例句：1)She is dressed in red.（她穿着红衣服。）2)The mother dresses the child every day.（那位母亲每天给孩子穿衣服。）此句不能加衣服。3)She dresses herself in red.第五组do /makedo“做”主要是用来表示“行动”“行为”，如do omelets是“把蛋卷煎好”。在do后面常加一些抽象名词，如do wrong（犯错）。“wrong”是抽象名词常与do搭配的短语有：do ones d

33、o (the) some do sb. a favor帮人忙do with利用；忍受；需要do away with废除do without用不着；不需要have do sb. do nothing but do除了做以外什么也没做do business做生意例句：1)Ill do the dishes today.（今天我来洗盘子。）2)Ive done my homework.（我已经做完了作业。）3)Crying does harm to you.（哭对你没有益处。）4)Will you do me a favor?（能否帮我一个忙？）5)We cannot do without a te

34、lephone in our business.（我们做生意没有电话是不行的。）6)The new teacher didnt know what to do with the class.（新老师不知道如何对待他班上的学生。）7)I did nothing but watch TV last night.（昨晚我除了看电视以外什么也没有做。）8)Who does your hair?（平常是谁给你做头发的？）make“作”，表示“制造”，其后的宾语是make的产品。如make clothes 制做衣服；make后常跟一些可数名词常与make动词搭配的短语有：make a make an ma

35、ke make例句：1) They have make great progress in learning English.（在学习英语方面他们已经取得了很大的进步。）2)Who is going to make a speech today?（今天谁来演说？）3)Dont make a noise.嘘！（不要出声。）4)She makes her living as a teacher.（她作教师来维持生计。）第6组lie/lay/lie1)lie不及物动词，躺；位于lielaylainlying例句：Shanghai lies to the south of Beijing.(上海位于北

36、京的南方。)She has lain in bed for three days.(她已经在床上躺了三天了。)2)lay及物动词，放置；下蛋laylaidlaidlaying例句：These hens lay eggs every day.(这些鸡每天下蛋。)He laid his hand on my shoulder.(他把手放在我的肩上。)lie不及物动词，说谎lieliedliedlying例句：Dont lie to me.(别骗我。)She lies about her career.(她编造她的经历。) 第7组hear/listen tohear听；是一种“自然无意的动作。”he

37、ar of听说过hear from得到消息例句：The deaf cannot hear.(聋子听不见。)listen是一种“有意的动作。”如后面有宾语则需加to；如没有宾语，listen后不可加to。例句：Listen, somebody is crying.(听，有人在哭。)I listened but heard nothing.(我注意听了，但没听见什么。)Listen to me.(听我说。)第8组sit/set/seatsit不及物动；坐；就座；sitsatsatsitting例句：He sat at the table writing a letter.(他坐在书桌旁写信。)Si

38、t here until she comes back.(坐在这里等她回来。)set安置；下沉；点燃；出考题；定时；树立(榜样)setsetsetsetting例句：Tom, set the table for dinner.(Tom，摆好桌子准备吃饭。)He set the alarm for 6:00 in the morning.(他把闹钟定在早晨6点钟。)My teacher set very difficult questions for the exam.(我们老师试题出得非常难。)The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.(太阳

39、从东方升起从西方落下。)seat使坐；容纳seatseatedseatedseating例句：)The theater can seat at least 2000 people.(这家戏院至少能容纳2000人。)Please be seated.(请坐下。)此句等于Sit down please.He seated himself next to her.(他坐在她的旁边。)第9组rise/raise/arise/arouse/rouse1)rise(太阳、月亮)升起，起来；(物价)上涨；(水)高涨riseroserisenrising例句：Everyone knows that the s

40、un rises in the east.(每人都知道太阳是从东方升起。)Prices have risen quickly.(物价快速上涨了。)She rose to her feet.(她站了起来。)2)raise举起；养育；募款raiseraisedraisedraising例句：Raise your hand please.(请你把手举起来。)The farmer raises a lot of sheep on his farm.(这位农民在农场养了许多绵羊。)They are raising founds for the expedition.(他们正在筹募探险的基金。)arise

41、(问题、困难)发生、产生、出现；起(风、雾)arisearosearisenarising例句：A strong wind arose this morning.(今天早上刮起强风。)A different problem has arisen.(不同的问题发生了。)A mist arose from the lake.(湖上起雾了。)arouse通常表示比喻或情绪方面的“激发”arousearousedarousedarousing例句：The book aroused my interest in learning English.(这本书引起我对学习英语感兴趣。)The speaker

42、aroused the anger of the audience.(演讲者激起了听众的怒气。)rouse通常表示比较具体的“叫醒”或“唤醒”rouserousedrousedrousing例句：The sound roused him from reflection.(声音使他从深思中惊醒。)The lies he heard about his friend roused his anger.(听到有人对他朋友造谣，使他怒火中烧。) 第10组lend/借出borrow1)lend人物lend物to人例如：Please lend me your dictionary.Please lend

43、your dictionary to me.(请把你的字典借给我。)I will lend you $200, but I cant lend money to him.(我借给你200美元，但我不能借钱给他。)borrow借入borrow物from人She has borrowed a lot of books from the school library.(她已从学校的图书馆借了很多书。)He often borrows money from me.(他经常从我这儿借钱。) 第11组fall/feel/fell/fail/fallfellfallen落下；跌倒fall asleep睡着/

44、fall behind落后例句：An apple fell to the ground.(一个苹果落在地上。)Be careful on the ice or you will fall.(在冰上要小心，否则你会跌倒。)feelfeltfeltfeel likedoing sth.想要；feel sleepy.想睡例句：Can you feel your heart beat violently?(你能感觉到你的心在猛烈地跳动吗？)Both my legs didnt feel.(我的双腿没有感觉。)I suddenly felt a pain in my back.(我突然感到背部疼痛。)D

45、o you feel like taking a walk?(你想不想去散步？)fellfelledfelled砍伐例句：A lot of trees were felled last night.(昨晚很多树被人伐倒了。)failfailedfailed失败例句：He has failed in English exam again.(他英语考试又没及格。)第12组win/beatwinwonwonwin a prize得到奖品win a war打了胜仗win a game赢得比赛win an election选举获胜例句：Our team won the same 3 to 2 last night.(昨晚我们队以3比2赢了比赛。)Who do you think will win the beauty contest?(你认为那场选美谁会获胜？)beatbeatbeatenbeat是打败了对手例句：He beat me in the race.(他在赛跑中赢了我。)We have beaten their team for 3 years.(我们已连续3年打败他们的球队。)My heart beat fast at the sight of her.(一看见她，我的心跳就加快。)第13组cure/r