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1、1句子句子结构结构类型类型英语句子按结构可分为 3 种类型:简单句、并列句和复合句。1 简单句简单句1-1 简单句的定义只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成的句子叫做简单句。Mark studies hard.马克努力学习。(1 个主语,1 个谓语)Li Ming andZhang Hua work in the samecompany.李明和张华在同一家公司工作。(2 个并列主语,1 个谓语)Both Tom and Jim go to school at seven in the morning,have their lunchthere and come back at
2、 five in the afternoon.汤姆和吉姆早上 7 点钟上学,在学校里吃午饭,下午 5 点钟返家。(2个并列主语,3 个并列谓语)1-2 简单句的简单句的 6 种句型结构种句型结构简单句有 6 种基本句型,不论是多么复杂的简单句,都是这 6 种基本结构的扩展。1)主语+动词(多为不及物动词)Her father works in Nanjing.她父亲在南京工作。She is walking along the lake.她正沿着湖边走。Spring has come.春天已2经到来。2)主语+连系动词+表语He is a teacher.他是一位教师。The trees in
3、the yard are green.院子里的树都绿了。She became angry at his words.听到他的话她生气了。The man seems kind.那人似乎很善良。The milk has turned sour.牛奶变酸了。3)主语+及物动词+宾语He found a bird in the tree.他发现树上有一只鸟。My sister enjoys the song.我妹妹喜欢这首歌。He forgot to post the letter.他忘记了寄信。Mary denied taking the pen.玛丽不承认拿了那支钢笔。4)主语+及物动词+间接宾语
4、+直接宾语 He bought his sister a piano.他给妹妹买了一架钢琴。She wrote him a long letter.她给他写了一封长长的信。The worker told us a lot about his life in the past.那位工人给我们讲了许多关于他过去生活的事情。Would you tell me where to get the ticket?你告诉我到哪里去买票好吗?5)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语I found him busy.我发现他很忙。The news made her happy.那消息使她高兴。They consid
5、er Jim a good3student.他们认为吉姆是个好学生。首 ortcn bour er sina he song.我时常听见她唱这They clected him chairman of the committee.他们选举他当了委员会主席。She always keeps the room clean and tidy.她总是使房间保持整洁。He had his hair cut once a month.他每个月理一次发。Ive never seen him discouraged.我从没见他失望过。She kept us waiting for over three hour
6、s.她使我们等了 3 个多小时。6 there be 结构结构6-1 there be 句型的基本用法“there be+某人/某物+某地/某时”是一个常用句型,表示“某地/某时有某人/某物”。本句型中的“there be”意为“有”,其后的“某人或某物”为句子的主语,“某地或某时”为状语。要注意下面两点:(1)汉语中的“有”译为英语时,如果表示的是“某人、某物拥有”,要用“有”动词 have/has。He has two red pencils.他有两支红铅笔。如果表示“某地或某时有/存在某人或某物”,要用 there be 句型。There are two red pencils on t
7、he desk.书桌上有 2 支红铅笔。(2)there be 句型中 be 要同主语的数和谓语的时态保持一致,变化形式为:一般现在时is,are,一般过去时was,were,一般将来时will be,过去将来时would be,现在完成时have/has been。there4be 句型的变化如下表:肯定句 There is,there are否定句 There is not/isnt,There arenot/arent疑问句 Is there?Are there?There is going to be a concert at the weekend.周末将有一场音乐会。(将来时)Th
8、ere has been nothing in the newspaper about the accident.报上没有关于这场事故的任何报道。(完成时)There have been no letters from my parents since Ileft home two monthsago.自我离开家 2 个月来没有收到父母的来信。(完成时)There will be a football match in the evening.晚上将有一场足球赛。(将来时)1)肯定句(表示“有,存在”)there+be+主语+地点状语/时间结构:状语There is a bird in the
9、 tree.树上有一只鸟。There are four seasons in a year.一年有 4 季。There are ten middleschools in the city.这个城市里有 10 所中学。提示“there be”结构表示“(某地、某时)有,存在”,而 have 或 has 表示“(某人、某物)拥有”,见上文。比较:5There are several apple trees in the garden.园子里有好几棵苹果树。(强调某地存在某物)They have several apple trees in the garden.他们在园子里有几棵苹果树。(强调某人
10、拥有某物)There is a telephone in every room.每个房间里都有一部电话。Every room has a telephone.每个房间有一部电话。2)否定句(表示“没有,不存在”)there+be+not(any,much)+主语+地点状语/时间状语结构:there+be+no+主语+地点状语/时间状语Theres not any water left in the bottle.瓶子里没有水了。Theres not much ink in the pen.钢笔里没有多少墨水了。There arent any pens in the box.盒子里没有钢笔。Th
11、ere are no pens in the box.(不可说 no any pens)There wont be rain tomorrow.明天不会下雨。There is nothing for her todo now.现在没有什么要她做了。(本句中 for her to do 为不定式短语作定语,修饰主语 nothing,now 为时间状语)3)疑问句(1)一般疑问句结构:Be+there+(any)6状语/时间状语+主语+地点Is there any water in the glass?杯子里有水吗?Are there any shoes onthe floor?有鞋子在地板上吗?
12、Will there be a meeting in the afternoon?下午要开会吗?Is there anything for me to do?有什么要我做的吗?(省略了时间状语或地点状语,如 now,here 等)(2)特殊疑问句句型之一结构:特殊疑问词+be+there+地点状语/时间状语What is there in the box?盒子里装的是什么?When will there be achance for us to meet?我们什么时候才会有机会见面?(3)特殊疑问句句型之二结构:How many/How much+名词+be+there+地点状语/时间状语Ho
13、w many students are there in your class?你们班里有多少个学生?How much money is there in the box?盒子里有多少钱?6-2 there be 结构中除 be 以外的其他动词there be 结构中除了用 be 的各种形式外,还可以用其他动词。1)句型之一结构:there+may/can/must/used to/ought to+be+主语+其他成分7There may be something wrong with the watch.这块手表可能出毛病了。There used to be a tree in front
14、 of the room.从前房间的前面有一棵树。There must be something important in his words.他的话中一定有些重要的信息。麻烦 There ought o be no more rouble.不应该再有How can there be such a thing?怎么会有这样的事?2)句型之二结构:there live/exist/lie/stand/hang/remain+主语+其他成分这种结构表示存在状态。There once lived an old man in the house.从前这所房子里住着一位老人。There stands a
15、 tall building over there.那边耸立着一幢高楼。There exists much life in the ocean.海洋里有许多生物。There remains nothing to eat.没有剩下什么可吃的了。3)句型之三there seem to be/happen to be/结构:appear to be/fly/arise/rise/come/appear/follow/spring/occur+主语+其他成分这种结构表示出现或动作。There appears to be no cloud in the sky.天空中似乎没有云。8There seems
16、 to be no point in arguing with him.同他争辩似乎没有意义。There happened to be a heavy rain that day.那天碰巧下了一场大雨。There came a knock at the door.传来了敲门声。There rise lots of stars inthe sky.天空中出现了许多星星。There occurred some difficulties in our work.我们的工作中出现了一些困难。There sprang a lot of plants on the roadside.路边长出了许多植物。T
17、here followed a talk of ten minutes.随后是 10 分钟的交谈。6-3 there be 结构中的主谓一致问题there be 结构中的动词同后面的主语必须在数的方面保持一致;如果为并列主语(两个或两个以上的人或物),而第一个主语又是单数可数名词,谓语动词可以用复数形式,也可以用单数形式。There are/is a pen and a dictionary on the desk.桌上有一支钢笔和一本词典。There is/are a girl,three boys and some soldiers in the picture.图片里有一个女孩、三个男孩
18、和几个士兵。提示在“there+be+主语+地点状语/时间状语”句型中,主语一定是泛指的,不能是特指的,不可用 the,this,that,these 或 those 等修饰主语。修饰主语的应是不定冠词(a,an),基数词(one,two)或 no,some,many,alotof9等词。比较:盒子里有一些/没有/有许多小刀。There are some/no/many knives in the box.(正)There are those(the)knives in the box.(误)1-3 简单句结构的其他问题简单句结构的其他问题1)paint the door blue 结构英语中
19、有些动词常用形容词作宾语补足语,这类动词有:drive him crazy/mad/wild 使他发疯/发狂get it open/shut/clean/dirty/dry/wet 使它开/关/干净/脏/干/湿find it easy/difficult 发现它容易难hold it still/open 使它不动/开着keep it clean/dirty/open/shut 使它干净/脏/开着/关上like it cold/hot 喜欢它凉/热make it easy/plain/safe 使它容易/清楚/安全 open it wide 把它开大paint it red/blue/white
20、/brown 把它漆成红色/蓝色/白色/棕色prefer it hot/fried 喜欢热的/油煎的pull it tight/shut 把它拉紧/关上push it open 把它推开want it raw 想要它生的wipe it clean/dry 把它擦干净/干2)buy Tom a bike buy it for Tom在“主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”结构中,如果直接宾语是人10称代词,一般要放在及物动词之后,而把间接宾语变为介词短语,移到人称代词的后面。比较:They gave Tom a knife.他们给汤姆一把小刀。They gave it to Tom.He bou
21、ght Mary some flowers.他为玛丽买了一些花。He bought them for Mary.3)send him a letter send a letter to him表示“给予、传送”等意义的词常用 to 引出间接宾语,用于“主语+及物动词+直接宾语+to+间接宾语”结构中。这类动词有:give(给),hand(交 给),leave(留 给),offer(提供),pass(传送),post(邮寄),read(给读),sell(卖给),send(送往),show(给看),take(带去),teach(教),tell(告诉),throw(扔),write(写)等。比较:老
22、师把练习本交给了他们。The teacher handed them the exercise-books.(正)The teacher handed the exercise-books to them.(正)(to the students)The teacher handed the exercise-books for them.(误)4)find her a job find a job for her表示“买,做”等意义的动词常用 for 引出间接宾语,用于“主语+谓语+直接宾语+for+间接宾语”结构中。这类动词有:buy(买),call(叫),build(建 造),choose
23、(选 择),do(做),fetch(取),find(找到),get(弄到),keep(保留),leave(留下),make(制造),order(定购),save(省下),sing(唱),prepare(准备)等。比较:He saved his father a lot of money.(正)11他为父亲省了许多钱。He saved a lot of money for his father.(正)He saved a lot of money to hisfather.(误)2 并列句2-1 并列句的定义并列句是由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成的句子。常 用 的 并 列 连 词
24、 有 and,but,or,for,nor,so,yet,eitheror,neithernor,still,however,not onlybut also 等。并列句的结构为:简单句+并列连词+简单句。This is mine and that is hers.这是我的,那是她的。These shoes are not cheap but they are very good.这些鞋子不算便宜,但质量很好。2-2 并列连词的用法1)and,not onlybut also/but as well,andthen 表示连续和另加You can wait here(,)and I shall
25、call her.你可以在这里等,我去叫她。Not only the students like the book but also the teachers enjoy reading it.不仅学生们喜欢这本书,而且教师也喜欢读。She not only knows his name but(she)knows everything about his pastas well.她不仅知道他的名字,而且知道他过去的一切。(2 个简单句的主语相同时,第二个简单句的主语常可省略)Helen washed the clothes and then(she)listened to music.海伦洗
26、了衣服,然后就听音乐了。122)but,yet,still,however,nevertheless 表示对比或转折He wrote the letter(,)but(he)forgot to postit.他写了信,但却忘记寄了。He sold the house,yet/but he cant help regretting it.他把房子卖了,但不免感到惋惜。The news may be unexpected,nevertheless it is true.这消息可能是出乎意料的,然而是真实的。(本句也可用分号)She wants to go to the party;however,
27、she has no ticket.她想去参加那个晚会,但却没有票。(however 为连接副词,前用分号)She was tired;still she kept on working.她累了,但她仍然继续工作。(still为连接副词,前用分号)提示and 除表示并列关系外,还可表示顺承、结果、条件、反复等。I met her on the street and stopped to talk to her.我在街上碰到她,便停下来同她说说话。(顺承)The car broke down halfway,and they had to spend the night in the open.
28、车在半路上抛锚了,他们只好在露天过夜。(结果)I missed supper and Im starving.我没吃晚饭,现在饿极了。(结果)Use your head and youll work out the problem.动动脑筋,你就会解决这个问题了。(条件)She knocked and knocked,but there was noresponse.她敲了又敲,可是没有回应。(反复动作)表示“然而,但是”时,but 的语气较为谦恭、缓和,而 yet 的语气则13较强、较生硬。比较:You may go out to play,but you should come backb
29、efore noon.你可以出去玩,但应在中午以前回来。(谦和)Its easy for you to repair the watch,yet youve kept it for a whole month.Why?修这块表对你来说很容易,但在你那里已整整放了一个月,怎么回事?(生硬)yet 可以同 and 连用,but 却不可。例如:The book is not thick,and yet its hard to read.这本书不厚,但却难读。(不可说 and but)3)or,eitheror,neithernor,notbut,or else,otherwise 表示选择or 常表
30、示“或者”,也可表示“不然的话”。Would you like to go on a picnic or would you like to stay at home?你想去野餐还是想待在家里?Either she is to blame or you are.不是她该受责备,就是你该受责备。Neither can he answer the question nor do you know the answer.他不能回答这个问题,你也不知道这个问题的答案。Go home,otherwise your mother will worry.回家去吧,不然你妈妈会担心的。Fish must st
31、ay in water,or they will die.鱼必须待在水中,不然就会死去。提示or 既可以表示两者之间的选择,也可以表示多个对象之间的选择。注意下面的结构:A or B or C,eitherAor B or C,neitherAnor B nor C。14Would you like tea or coffee?你喜欢喝茶还是喝咖啡?Which is the hardest,steel,rock or rubber?哪个最硬,钢、石头还是橡胶?Neither you nor I nor anyone else can swim across the lake in half a
32、nhour.不管你我或任何人都不能在半个小时内游过这个湖。2 在否定句中连接两个对等的主语、谓语、定语或状语时,要用 or,表示两者都否定;在肯定句中连接两个对等的成分要用 and,表示两者都肯定。and 也可在否定句中连接两个对等成分,这时,一般是肯定 and 前的成分,否定 and 后的成分。He doesnt smoke or drink.他不吸烟,也不喝酒。He lived alone there without money or food.他孤独地住在那里,没有钱,也没有食物。She cant sit or stand.她不能坐,也不能站。You cant drink and dri
33、ve.喝了酒就不能开车。(不可酒后驾车。)She didnt speak clearly or correctly.她说得不清楚,也不正确。She didnt speak clearly and correctly.她说得清楚,但不正确。(她不曾讲得既清楚又正确。)4)so 表示结果He couldnt find his pen,so he wrote in pencil.他找不到钢笔了,所以用铅笔写。It was late,so he went to bed.天已晚,他睡了。5)for 表示原因15He didnt buy the car,for he was short of money.
34、由于缺钱,他没有买汽车。The days are getting warmer and warmer,for spring has come.天越来越暖和了,因为春天到了。6)and 和 or 可以表示条件and 和 or 可以连接两个分句,前一个分句表示条件,常为祈使句;and前面的分句相当于 if 引导的肯定性从句,or 前面的分句相当于 if 引导的否定性从句。比较:Work hard,and you will succeed.努力工作,你就会成功。(=Ifyou workhard,you will succeed.)Hurry up,or you will be late.快一点,不然
35、就要迟了。(=If you dont hurryup,you will be late.)7)分句间的标点符号问题and,but 和 or 连接两个分句时,分句间可用逗号,也可不用。so,for和 yet 连接两个分句时,分句间常用逗号。not onlybut also,neithernor 和 eitheror 连接两个分句时,分句间一般不用逗号。still和 however 连接分句时,分句间常用分号。参见上面各句。8)so is/can/does/did he 和 neither is/can/does/did heso 和 neither 可以用在并列句中的第二个分句前,代表第一个句中
36、的某个成分,表示前面分句中所讲的情况,也适用于后面的分句,这时,后面的分句要用倒装结构。He has passed the exam,so has she.他考试通过了,她也通过了。(so 表16示肯定)She doesnt like the picture,neither do they.她不喜欢这幅画,他们也不喜欢。(neither 表示否定)9)not onlybut also 和 as well as 的区别not onlybut also 用来连接平行的词或词组,意义与用法同 as well as相似,但强调的重点有所不同。not onlybut also 强调的是后者,aswell
37、 as 强调的是前者。这两个连接词进行转换时,要注意被强调对象的转移。比较:not onlyAbutalso B 重点在后B as well asA 重点在前他不但给她写了信,而且给她寄了钱。He not only wrote to her but also sent her some money.He sent her some money as well as wrote to her.她既有知识,又有经验。She has not only knowledge but also experience.She has experience aswell as knowledge.提示由于 a
38、s well as 所强调的是前者,所以 as well as 连接两个词作主语时,谓语动词的数要同 as well as 前面的主语一致。She as well as you is right.她和你都是对的。2 在“He works as well as a skilled worker.”一句中,as well as 不是连词,17不表示“不但而且”,这种用法中的 well 是副词,意为“好”,asas为表示平等比较的连词,意为“像一样”。上句可译为“他工作像一位熟练工人那样好。”3 复合句复合句(指主从复合句)是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。复合句中的主句和从句都具有完整
39、的主语和谓语。主句是复合句的主体,可以独立存在;从句需要有一个连词引导,是修饰说明主句的,不能独立存在。根据在句中的不同作用,从句可分为 3 大类:(1)名词性从句(包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句),(2)定语从句,(3)状语从句。详见下面几章。4 几个疑难用法1)allnot 结构部分否定考翻译该句并转换成全部否定:Not all men can do it.答案不是所有的人都能做这件事。(全部否定为:Nobody can do it.)“all+否定谓语”表示的也是部分否定,意为“并非都,未必都”,相当于“not all+肯定谓语”,相对应的全部否定结构为“noneof+肯定
40、谓语”。比较:All the days are not fine.并非所有的日子都是晴天。(部分否定,=Not allthe days are fine.)None of the days are fine.所有的日子都不是晴天。(全部否定)All the answers are not right.并非所有的答案都是对的。(部分否定,=Not all the answers are right.)18None of the answers are right.答案一个也不对。(全部否定)All ants do not go out for food.并非所有的蚂蚁都出去觅食。提示Not ev
41、eryone can do the same.一句的全部否定应为:Nobody can do the same.没有人能做同样的事。(not everybody,noteveryone,no one 的全部否定用 nobody)“every+否定谓语”表示的也是部分否定,相当于“not every+肯定谓语”。比较:Every one of them is not honest.他们并非都是诚实的。(部分否定)Not every one of them is honest.(部分否定)None of them are honest.他们都不诚实。(全部否定)Every student cant
42、 answer the question.并不是每个学生都能回答这个问题。(部分否定)Not every student can answer the question.(部分否定)None of the students can answer the question.所有的学生都回答不了这个问题。(全部否定)否 定 的 转 移。在 主 从 复 合 句 中,当 主 句 的 谓 语 动 词 为think,expect,believe,suppose,imagine,feel 时,通常是否定主句,肯定从句,注意翻译上的差异。I dont think he is right.我想他是不对的。I d
43、ont believe he is a liar.我相信他不会说谎。2)bothnot部分否定19考 翻译:他们俩不都是学生。答案Both of them are not students.both+否定谓语表示的不是全部否定(不是两者都否定),而是部分否定,意为“2 个并不都是”(即“一个是另一个不是”)。例如:Bothof the two pens are not his.(这 2 支钢笔并非都是他的。)(即:1 支是他的,另 1 支不是他的)如果两者都否定,要用“neither of+名词+肯定性谓语”。比较:Both of the windows are not open.2个窗子并不
44、是都开着的。(部分否定)Neither of the windows is open.2 个窗子都没开。(全部否定,=Neither window is open.)Both of the books are not worth reading.这 2 本书并非都值得读。(部分否定)Neither of the books is worth reading.这 2 本书都不值得读。(全部否定,=Neither book is worth reading.)3)can nottoo 结构考 翻译:越注意你的拼写越好。答案 You can not pay too much attention to
45、 your spelling.这种结构形式上否定,但意义上表示肯定,意为“无论怎样也不过分”,相当于 It is impossible to;too 后面可接形容词或副词。例如:You can not be too careful。(你越小心越好。)We cant praise the film toohighly.(这部电影怎样赞美也不过分。=It is impossible to overpraise thefilm.)You cant thank her too much.(你怎样感谢她也不过分。)204)can notwithout 结构考 翻 译:One cannot succeedwithout perseverance.答案一个人若无毅力则不能成功。这种结构表示一种强调的或委婉的肯定,意为“不就不能”,相当于一个否定条件句 ifnot;without 后接名词或动名词。例如:You cantgo downtown without your fathers permission.(没有你父亲的允许,你不能进城。)She cant answer the question without looking at the notes.(不看笔记她就不能回答那个问题。)Fish cant live without water.(没有水鱼儿不能生存。)21
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