2016高考英语备考策略阅读理解精讲与训练.doc

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1、阅读理解精讲与训练阅读理解1、命题特点1）选材广，内涵丰富，紧跟时代，贴近学生生活，不超越中学生的认知水平 (既检测综合运用语言的能力，又兼顾语言文化背景和其它学科知识)。内容涉及历史、地理、风土人情、大众文化、人物传记、趣味故事、科普知识、新闻报道（如奥运活动、太空探索）、文学艺术、广告、旅游等。2）体裁为记叙文，说明文，议论文和应用文。 3）语篇的难易度排序原则上遵循第1、2篇难度较低，第3、5篇中等，第4篇较难。4）题型及数量。直接或间接的细节事实理解题4-5个，主旨大意题及归纳标题题3-4个，猜测词义题(生词，代词，句子)2-3个，深层含义理解题2-3个，推理判断题5-6个，图表实例有

2、1或无。 5）设题干时兼顾题型、难易的合理分布以及答案选项的合理布局；没有接连几个选项 都是单一A/B/C/D的现象。 6）对于直接影响内容理解的关键生词应变成斜体并加注汉语，但每篇不会超过5个。 7）五篇阅读文章题材和体裁应搭配合理，原则上5套题会有一篇(通过表格、模块等形式呈现)考查快速阅读（即寻找信息）的应用文。2、命题原则阅读选材广泛，各种文体各占一定的比例，在内容上贴近生活，语言能够体现当代英语的特点，语篇逻辑经得起推敲，与学生的阅读水平相吻合。阅读理解设计题目的结构难度基本稳定，方式大致相同。但词汇总量加大，阅读速度提高，且非考纲词汇有所增加，长难句有所增加。时文报道类、科普知识类

3、、应用广告类、史地文化、短篇故事、说理小品、幽默小品是高考热门文章。3、解题方法1）通读全文，理解大意。通读全文，在短时间内确定文章的主题和中心思想。记叙文或新闻报导，也会以某一事件作为主要内容，将该事件的时间、地点、人物、原因、过程及结果等几方面交代清楚，从而引起读者的关注;说明文和议论文也总会有一个中心话题，可重点阅读第一段、结束段以及其它各段的第一句或末一句。在阅读过程中，目光迅速移动，千万不要停顿或复视，找准关键词、句;同时要不断地对内容做预测，使大脑的逻辑思维、推理判断贯穿于整个阅读的始终。这样就会在短时间内迅速而准确地抓住了全文的大意。 2）快速通读文后的测试题目（包括题干和选项）

4、。这样做可使同学们在对文章大意有所了解的前提下，有针对性深化对文章的理解，因为这些题目有时不但提示了文章的要点，而且对文章中有关的难词难句起到启示作用。但通读文章毕竟只是对材料大意有所了解而已，而对细节性的问题要带着题目中的疑问材料进行细读才能解决。 3）抓住文章要点，谨慎答题。 针对题中的问题再细读材料可以缩小阅读范围，迅速找到与问题有关的信息，分析与题目相关联的句段或段，对关键部分要深入理解，反复推敲。力求最佳。遇到不会做的题目，可暂时搁置一边，等会做的题答完后，再重新审读。 4）根据已知信息进行判断和推理。 阅读理解要求同学们判断作者的观点或态度，这样的考题虽没有直接的答案，但在通读全文

5、的基础上，学生可根据已知的信息，进行由此及彼，由表及里的推断，从而得出准确答案。这就要遵照作者的意图去推断，有时作者直截了当表明观点，更多时候，作者借用别人的观点来表明自己的立场；因此确定作者的观点时，必须联系全文，通篇进行考虑分析。5）平时多进行限时阅读，提高阅读速度。 按照高考的要求：五篇阅读理解应该在35分钟内阅读完。每天进行一篇限时阅读，每篇用5-6分钟完成，以训练阅读和解题速度，而且还可以锻炼同学们的心理素质。典例1An idea that started in Seattles public library has spread throughout America and bey

6、ond. The concept is simple: help to build a sense of community in a city by getting everyone to read the same book at the same tome.In addition to encouraging reading as a pursuit (追求) to be enjoyed by all, the program allows strangers to communicate by discussing the book on the bus, as well as pro

7、moting reading as an experience to be shared in families and schools. The idea came from Seattle librarian Nancy Pearl who launched (发起）the If All of Seattle Read the Same Book project in 1998. Her original program used author visits,study guides and book discussion groups to bring people together w

8、ith a book, but the idea has since expanded to many other American cities, and even to Hong kong.In Chicago, the mayor(市长）appeared on television to announce the choice of To Kill a Mockingbird as the first book in the One Book, One Chicago program. As a result, reading clubs and neighbourhood groups

9、 sprang up around the city. Across the US, stories emerged of parents and children reading to each other at night and strangers chatting away on the bus about plot and character. The only problem arose in New York ,where local readers could not decide on one book to represent the huge and diverse po

10、pulation. This may show that the idea works best in medium-sized cities or large towns,where a greater sense of unity(一致）can be achieved .Or it may show that New Yorkers rather missed the point ,putting all their energy And passion into the choice of the book rather than discussion about a book itse

11、lf.Ultinatel was Nancy points out,the level of sucicess is not meastured by how many people read a book,but by how many people are enriched by the process.or have enjoyed speaking to someone with whom they would not otherwise have shared a word.Q：What is the purpose of the project launched by Nancy?

12、 _ .A.To invite authors to guide readers.B.To encourage people to read and share.C.To involve people in communnity service.D.To promote the friendship between cities.【答案与解析】B。细节理解题。通读全文得知大意为：鼓励人们互相分享阅读的想法，并享受分享阅读的过程。从题干定位关键词project launched。根据题干关键词查读到文章第二段的as well as promoting reading as an experien

13、ce to be shared in families and schools.和who launched (发起）the If All of Seattle Read the Same Book，综合考虑可知答案为B。典例2Shay asked, “Do you think theyll let me play?” Shays father knew that most of the boys would not want someone like Shay on their team, but the father also understood that if his son, ment

14、ally and physically disabled, were allowed to play, it would give him a much-needed sense of belonging and some confidence.Shays father approached one of the boys on the field and asked if Shay could play, not expecting much. The boy looked around and said, “Were losing by six runs (分) and the game

15、is in the eighth inning (局).I guess he can be on our team and well try to put him in to bat in the final inning.Shay struggled over to the teams bench and put on a team shirt with a broad smile and his father had a small tear in his eye and warmth in heart. The boys saw the fathers joy at his son be

16、ing accepted.In the bottom of the eighth inning, Shays team scored a few runs but was still behind by three. In the top of the final inning, Shay put on a glove and played in the field. Even though no hits came his way, he was obviously joyful just to be in the game and on the field. In the bottom o

17、f the final inning, Shays team scored again. Now, Shay was scheduled to be next at bat. Would they let Shay bat and give away their chance to win the game?Surprisingly, Shay was given the bat. Everyone knew that a hit was almost impossible. The first pitch (投) came and Shay missed. The pitcher again

18、 took a few steps forward to throw the ball softly towards Shay. As the pitch came in, Shay swung at the ball and hit a slow ground ball right back to the pitcher.The pitcher could have easily thrown the ball to the first baseman and Shay would have been out and that would have been the end of the g

19、ame .Instead, the pitcher threw the ball right over the head of the first baseman, beyond the reach of all teammates, The audience and the players from both teams started screaming, “Shay, run to first! ” Never in his life had Shay ever run that far but made it to first base, wide-eyed and shocked.E

20、veryone should, “Run to second!” Catching his breath, Shay awkwardly ran towards second. By the time Shay rounded towards second base, the smallest guy on their team, who had a chance to be the hero for his team for the first time, could have thrown the ball to the second baseman, but he understood

21、the pitchers intentions and he too intentionally threw the ball high and far over the third basemans head.All were screaming，“Shay，Shay，Shay，all the way Shay.” Shay reached third base when one opposing player ran to help him and shouted, “Shay, run to third.” As Shay rounded third, all were on their

22、 feet, crying,“Shay, run home！”Shay ran to home, stepped on the home base and was cheered as the hero who the who won the game for his team.That day, the boys from both teams helped bring a piece true love and humanity into this world. Shay didnt make it to another summer and died that winter, havin

23、g never forgotten being the hero and making his father so happy and coming home and seeing his mother tearfully hug her little hero of the day!Q: What to you think is the theme of the story?A. True human nature could be realized in the way we treat each other.B. Everyone has his own strength even if

24、 mentally or physically disabled.C. Everyone can develop his team spirit in sports and please his parents.D. The results of the game should not be the only concern of the players.【答案与解析】A。 主旨大意题。本文为记叙文。通读全文得知大意：一篇关于爱的教育的故事。一位父亲鼓励帮助自己心智和身体残疾的儿子，和正常人一样参与棒球运动，并且得到同伴的认可。文章富有教育意义。再读题干与选项，得知与之相关的首段信息句but

25、the father also understood that if his son, mentally and physically disabled, were allowed to play, it would give him a much-needed sense of belonging and some confidence.和尾段信息句That day, the boys from both teams helped bring a piece true love and humanity into this world. 理解到文章的大意为一位父亲鼓励帮助自己心智和身体残疾的

26、儿子，和正常人一样参与棒球运动，并且得到同伴的认可。文章处处渗透了球队人与人之间的相互尊重，因此A选项包容性最大， B,C,D都是很片面的。典例3 A recent study of ancient and modern elephants has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct (不同的) species The discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard universit

27、ies when they were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephantsthe Asian elephant, African forest elephant and African savanna elephant Once they obtained DNA sequences (序列) from two fossils (化石)，mammoths and mastodons the team compared them

28、with DNA from modern elephants. They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephants and the African forest elephants have been

29、distinct species for several million years. The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths. This result amazed all the scientists.There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species but t

30、his is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species. Previously, many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species despitethe elephants significant size differences.The savanna eleph

31、ant has an average shoulder height of 3.5metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5metres. The savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons, roughly double the weight of the forest elephant. But the fact that they look so different does not necessarily mean they are

32、 different species. However, the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA.Alfred Roca, assistant professor in the department of Animal Sciences at the University of Minois, said, “We now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two different units for conservation purpose. Since 1950 all Africa

33、n elephants have been conserved as one species. Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinct animals, the forest elephant should become a bigger priority (优先)for conservation purpose .”Q：Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Naturalists Belief abo

34、ut Elephants. B. Amazing Experiment about ElephantsC. An Unexpected Finding about Elephants D. A Long scientific Debate about Elephants【答案与解析】C。主旨大意题。通读全文得知大意是主要介绍一种令人难以预料的发现：非洲大象有两个不同的种类。再读题干与选项，在文中找到与之相关的文章首句A recent study of ancient and modern elephants has come up with the unexpected conclusion

35、that the African elephant is divided into two distinct species.点明全文主旨，主要介绍一种令人难以预料的发现：African elephant 有两个不同的种类。从后面三个方框的主题句的关键信息可以得到进一步的印证。故答案选C。典例4Humans have sewn by hand for thousands of years. It was said that the first thread was made from animal muscle and sinew. And the earliest needles were

36、made from bones. Since those early days, many people have been involved in the process of developing a machine that could do the same thing more quickly and with greater efficiency. Charles Wiesenthal, who was born in Germany, designed and received a patent on a double-pointed needle that eliminated

37、 the need to turn the needle around with each stitch(缝合) in England in 1755. Other inventors of that time tried to develop a functional sewing machine, but each design had at least one serious imperfection. Frenchman Barthelemy Thimonnier finally engineered a machine that really worked. However, he

38、was nearly killed by a group of angry tailors when they burned down his garment factory. They feared that they would lose their jobs to the machine. American inventor Elias Howe, born on July 9, 1819, was awarded a patent for a method of sewing that used thread from two different sources. Howes mach

39、ine had a needle with an eye at the point, and it used the two threads to make a special stitch called a lockstitch. However, Howe faced difficulty in finding buyers for his machines in America. In frustration, he traveled to England to try to sell his invention there. When he finally returned home,

40、 he found that dozens of manufacturers were adapting his discovery for use in their own sewing machines. Isaac Singer, another American inventor, was also a manufacturer who made improvements to the design of sewing machines. He invented an up-and-down-motion mechanism that replaced the side-to-side

41、 machines. He also developed a foot treadle(脚踏板) to power his machine. This improvement left the sewers hands free. Undoubtedly, it was a huge improvement of the hand-cranked machine of the past. Soon the Singer sewing machine achieved more fame than the others for it was more practical, it could be

42、 adapted to home use and it could be bought on hire-purchase. The Singer sewing machine became the first home appliance, and the Singer company became one of the first American multinationals.However, Singer used the same method to create a lockstitch that Howe had already patented. As a result, How

43、e accused him of patent infringement（侵犯）. Of course, Elias Howe won the court case, and Singer was ordered to pay Howe royalties（版税）. In the end, Howe became a millionaire, not by manufacturing the sewing machine, but by receiving royalty payments for his invention. 1. Barthelemy Thimonniers garment

44、 factory was burned down because _. A. people did not know how to put out the fire B. Elias Howe thought Thimonnier had stolen his inventionC. the sewing machines was couldnt work finally D. workers who feared the loss of their jobs to a machine set fire2. Which of the following is NOT true accordin

45、g to the passage? A. Singer is an American inventor and manufacturer. B. The Singer sewing company became more practical. C. The foot treadle helped to make the sewers hands free. D. Singer made improvements to the design of sewing machines.3. Which of the following would be the best title for this

46、passage? A. A Stitch in Time Saves Nine B. The Case between Howe and Singer C. Patent Laws on the Sewing Machine D. The Early History of the Sewing Machine【答案与解析】通读全文得知短文大意：人类历史上针的发明以及它不断改善的历史，文章还重点讲述了缝纫机发展史。1. D。细节理解题。再读题干与选项，根据第三段与之相关的“he was nearly killed by a group of angry tailors when they bur

47、ned down his garment factory. They feared that they would lose their jobs to the machine. ”可知选D。2. B。推理判断题。再读题干与选项，根据文章与之相关的倒数第二段信息句“soon the Singer sewing machine achieved more fame than the others for it was more practical, it could be adapted to home use and it could be bought on hire-purchase“可以

48、判定B项是正确的。3. D。主旨大意题。再读题干与选项，文章主要是讲the Sewing Machine的发展史，所以选D。典例5Once upon a time, on an isolated island in the Java sea, lived short people who dominated(支配, 占优势) the food chain. Standing no more than three and a half feet tall, these human ancestors hunted giant rats, lumbering lizards（笨拙的蜥蜴), and miniature elephants. It sounds a bit like a fairy tale, but its true. Unearthed relics on the island uncovered the remains of a race of tiny human ancestors. Homo floresiensis, as the newly discovered species has been named, apparently could date back to 13,000 years ago. This means