第三章简单凯恩斯模型PPT讲稿.ppt
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1、第三章简单凯恩斯模型第1页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二思考题思考题国民收入国民收入(产出或产出或GDP)由什么决定?由什么决定?第2页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二第一节第一节 均衡产出均衡产出一,假设一,假设:1、家户和企业家户和企业2、总需求变动时,只会引起产量变动,总需求变动时,只会引起产量变动,使供求相等,而不会引起价格变动。使供求相等,而不会引起价格变动。第9页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二KeynesianKeynesian Range RangeAggregate OutputAggregate OutputThe Assumption Of Fixed Pr
2、icesIntermediateIntermediate Range RangeClassicalClassical Range RangePricePriceLevelLevelPotential OutputPotential Output第10页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二The ImplicationThe fixed price assumption allowed Hansen and Samuelson to develop a Keynesian model readily distinguishable from the aggregate supply-aggreg
3、ate demand model.第11页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二The Keynesian Model4545 Aggregate ExpendituresAggregate ExpendituresReal GDP,OutputReal GDP,OutputAE=C+I+G+XAE=C+I+G+X二,均衡产出:和总需求相等的产出。二,均衡产出:和总需求相等的产出。IUOIU0100100第12页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二第二节,消费函数理论第二节,消费函数理论第13页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二Aggregate ExpendituresTotal spend
4、ing or“aggregate expenditures”may be represented algebraically by the equation:AE=Consumption+Investment+Government Expenditures+Net ExportsThe aggregate expenditures curve is simply the vertical summation of these four components.第14页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二Aggregate ExpendituresAggregateAggregateExpendi
5、turesExpenditures4545Income(GDP)Income(GDP)ExpendituresExpenditures第15页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二Aggregate Expenditures4545Income(GDP)Income(GDP)QQP PQQAggregateAggregateExpendituresExpendituresExpenditureExpenditures s第16页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二The Keynesian Expenditure FunctionTo fully understand how the Keyne
6、sian model works,we have to examine the major components of the Keynesian Expenditure Function:consumption,investment,government expenditures,and net exports.第17页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二ConsumptionThe largest component of aggregate expenditures.Accounts for almost 70%of total aggregate expenditures in the
7、 U.S.第18页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二第19页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二 Autonomous Consumption First,there is a level of consumption that occurs even if a person loses his or her job.This person will still be able to consume by dipping into savings.The level of consumption that occurs regardless of changes in ones income
8、 is called“autonomous consumption.”第20页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二Induced ConsumptionSecond,there is a level of“induced consumption”that will depend on the individuals disposable income.Disposable income is the amount of money you have left after paying taxes to the government.第21页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二757580808
9、585909095959393 1000100020002000300030004000400050005000600060000 06000600050005000400040003000300020002000100010000 0Disposable income(billions of dollars)Disposable income(billions of dollars)Consumption(billions of dollars)Consumption(billions of dollars)4545Saving in Saving in 1993199345 referen
10、ce line 45 reference line C=DIC=DIConsumption in Consumption in 19931993第22页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二Marginal Propensity To ConsumeKeynes described this behavior in terms of a persons“marginal propensity to consume”or“marginal propensity to expend.”This“MPC”is simply the extra amount that people consume wh
11、en they receive an extra dollar of disposable income.第23页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二Marginal Propensity To SaveThe marginal propensity to save or the marginal propensity to withdraw is simply the reciprocal of the MPC and it measures the extra amount people save when they receive an extra dollar of disposabl
12、e income.第24页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二An ExampleSome people may spend seventy five cents of every dollar of their disposable income and save 25 cents.What will be the MPC and what would be the MPS?第25页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二An ExampleIn this case the marginal propensity to consume or MPC is.75 and the MPS is.25
13、 In another situation,people may spend as much as 90 cents and save only ten cents of every dollar.In this case the MPC is.90 and the MPS.10第26页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二MPS=5/20=0.25MPS=5/20=0.25MPC=15/20=0.75MPC=15/20=0.75Disposable incomeDisposable incomeC CConsumptionConsumption C($15)C($15)DI($20)DI($2
14、0)Disposable incomeDisposable incomeConsumptionConsumptionS S S($5)S($5)DI($20)DI($20)第27页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二 (1)(1)(2)(2)(3)(3)(4)(4)(5)(5)Disposable incomeDisposable incomeConsumptionConsumptionMarginal propensityMarginal propensityNet savingNet savingMarginal propensityMarginal propensity (after t
15、axes)(after taxes)expenditures expenditures to consume to consume ($)($)to save to save ($)($)($)($)(MPC)(MPC)(4)=(1)-(2)(4)=(1)-(2)(MPS)(MPS)A A24,00024,00024,11024,110-110-110890/1,000=0.89890/1,000=0.89110/1,000=0.11110/1,000=0.11B B25,00025,00025,00025,000 0 0850/1,000=0.85850/1,000=0.85150/1000
16、=0.15150/1000=0.15C C26,00026,000+150+150750/1,000=0.75750/1,000=0.75250/1,000=0.25250/1,000=0.25D D27,00027,000+400+400640/1,000=0.64640/1,000=0.64360/1,000=0.36360/1,000=0.36E E27,24027,240+760+760590/1,000=0.59590/1,000=0.59F F27,83027,830+1,170+1,170GG30,00030,00028,36028,360+1,640+1,640第28页,共99
17、页,编辑于2022年,星期二 (1)(1)(2)(2)(3)(3)(4)(4)(5)(5)Disposable incomeDisposable incomeConsumptionConsumptionMarginal propensityMarginal propensityNet savingNet savingMarginal propensityMarginal propensity (after taxes)(after taxes)expenditures expenditures to consume to consume ($)($)to save to save ($)($)
18、($)($)(MPC)(MPC)(4)=(1)-(2)(4)=(1)-(2)(MPS)(MPS)A A24,00024,00024,11024,110-110-110890/1,000=0.89890/1,000=0.89110/1,000=0.11110/1,000=0.11B B25,00025,00025,00025,000 0 0850/1,000=0.85850/1,000=0.85150/1000=0.15150/1000=0.15C C26,00026,00025,85025,850+150+150750/1,000=0.75750/1,000=0.75250/1,000=0.2
19、5250/1,000=0.25D D27,00027,00026,60026,600+400+400640/1,000=0.64640/1,000=0.64360/1,000=0.36360/1,000=0.36E E28,00028,00027,24027,240+760+760590/1,000=0.59590/1,000=0.59410/1,000=0.41410/1,000=0.41F F29,00029,00027,83027,830+1,170+1,170530/1,000=0.53530/1,000=0.53470/1,000=0.47470/1,000=0.47GG30,000
20、30,00028,36028,360+1,640+1,640第29页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二What It Looks LikeIt can be expressed in an equation,a table or a graph.Algebraically,then,we can represent the Keynesian consumption function simply as follows:c=a+MPC*YdTotal consumption,c,equals autonomous consumption,a,plus induced consumption
21、where induced consumption equals the MPC times Yd.第30页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二The Consumption Functionslope=MPCConsumption(C)Consumption(C)Disposable Income(YDisposable Income(Yd)Consumption function(C=$50+0.75YD)$40035030025020015010050050100150200250300350400450A第31页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二Consumption消费函数:说明消
22、费及其决定因素间的关系消费函数:说明消费及其决定因素间的关系决定因素:可支配收入、利率、对物价膨胀的预期、收决定因素:可支配收入、利率、对物价膨胀的预期、收入分配状态等,其中最重要的是可支配收入入分配状态等,其中最重要的是可支配收入凯恩斯基本心理法则:一般而言,人们的消费随者他们所得的凯恩斯基本心理法则:一般而言,人们的消费随者他们所得的凯恩斯基本心理法则:一般而言,人们的消费随者他们所得的凯恩斯基本心理法则:一般而言,人们的消费随者他们所得的增加而增加,但消费的增量低于所得的增量。增加而增加,但消费的增量低于所得的增量。增加而增加,但消费的增量低于所得的增量。增加而增加,但消费的增量低于所得
23、的增量。简单消费函数:简单消费函数:简单消费函数:简单消费函数:c=a+bY c=a+bYd d a a 0,00,0b1bb=MPC第33页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二储蓄函数与储蓄倾向储蓄函数与储蓄倾向储蓄函数概念储蓄函数概念 储蓄函数储蓄函数Saving Function储蓄与收入之间的依存关系。储蓄与收入之间的依存关系。递增函数。递增函数。ss(y)第34页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二储蓄倾向储蓄倾向边际储蓄倾向边际储蓄倾向Marginal Propensity to Save增加的储蓄在增加的收入中所占比例。增加的储蓄在增加的收入中所占比例。平均储蓄倾向平均储蓄倾向
24、Average Propensity to Save 总储蓄在总收入中所占比例总储蓄在总收入中所占比例。第35页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二线性储蓄函数线性储蓄函数边际储蓄倾向(随收入增加而增加)边际储蓄倾向(随收入增加而增加)随收入增加而增加随收入增加而增加第36页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二s0s=a+(1b)yy线性储蓄函数线性储蓄函数 APS递增,递增,MPS不变不变APSMPS第37页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二s0s=s(y)y储蓄曲线储蓄曲线平均储蓄倾向递增,边平均储蓄倾向递增,边际储蓄倾向递增际储蓄倾向递增APSMPSAPS0A第38页,共99页,编辑于
25、2022年,星期二消费函数与储蓄函数的关系消费函数与储蓄函数的关系 ca+by s=a+(1b)y c+s=a+bya+yby=y ycs APCAPS1 ycs MPCMPS1第39页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二消费函数与储蓄函数的关系消费函数与储蓄函数的关系c、s045。y a acc(y)ss(y)yc+s第40页,共99页,编辑于2022年,星期二结论结论1、消费函数和储蓄函数是互补的;、消费函数和储蓄函数是互补的;2、APC和和MPC都随收入的增加而递减,且都随收入的增加而递减,且APCMPC;APS和和MPS都随收入增加而递增,且都随收入增加而递增,且APSMPS;3、AP
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