学术综合英语1-5课课文及翻译.doc

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1、Presenting a speech （做演讲)Of all human creations， language may be the most remarkable。 Through language we share experience， formulate values， exchange ideas, transmit knowledge， and sustain culture。 Indeed， language is vital to think itself。 Contrary to popular belief， language does not simply mirro

2、r reality but also helps to create our sense of reality by giving meaning to events。在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的.我们用语言来分享经验，传递价值观,交流思想，传播知识,传承文化。事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。语序的调整。Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works。 Words are the tools

3、 of a speakers craft。 They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession。 As a speaker， you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately， clearly，vividly，and appropriately。好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”,具有特殊的用途，这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样.作为演讲者，必须

4、知道词语的具体含义，也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to a accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure， look up the word in the dictionary。 As you prepare your speeches， ask yourself constantly， “What d

5、o I really want to say？ What do I really mean？” Choose words that are precise and accurate。演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后再措词.如果不确定，请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候，要不断地问自己：“我到底要说什么？我到底想表达什么意思？用词一定要精准.Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately。 You can ensure this by using familiar wo

6、rds （that are known to the average person and require no specialized background）; by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones， and by eliminating verbal clutter。用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思(抓到你的点)。要做到这一点，就要尽量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语；多用具象词汇少用抽象词汇；还有要减少口误。Using language vividly helps bring your

7、speech to life。 One way （to make your speech vivid)is through imagery，or the creation of word pictures。 You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile， and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things (that are essentially different yet have something in common)； it always c

8、ontains the words “likeor “as”。 Metaphor is an implicit comparison between things that are different yet have something in common; it does not contain the words “like” or “as。生动地用词能让演讲鲜活起来!比喻,这种能产生文字图像的修辞,可以使演讲达到生动的效果。比喻要用具象的语言，分为明喻和隐喻。明喻是指在本质上有区别但仍然有相同点的事物之间做一个明确的比较，一般句中会含有“像或“似”。隐喻则是一种隐藏的比较，不会出现li

9、ke 和 as 这些连接词。Another way to make your speeches vivid is by exploiting the rhythm of language。 Four devices for creating rhythm are parallelism, repetition， alliteration， and antithesis. Parallelism is the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words， phrases, or sentences. Repetition is

10、 the use of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences. Alliteration comes from repeating the initial constant sounds of close or adjoining words。 Antithesis is the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure。我们还可以充分利用语言的节奏感使演讲更加生动活

11、泼。具体有以下四种方式-排比，反复,押头韵和对偶。排比是指把一组或一系列相关的字词句以相似结构排列起来.反复是指在连续几个从句或句子的开头或结尾处使用相同的词和词组。押头韵则是通过重复相邻之间单词首个辅音实现的。对偶通常是用平行的结构将相反的想法并列在一起。Using language appropriately means adapting to the particular occasion， audience, and topic at hand。 It also means developing your own language style instead of trying to

12、copy someone elses。 If your language is appropriate in all respects， your speech is much more likely to succeed。用语恰当意味着遣词造句要与特定的场合，观众以及谈论的话题相适应。这也意味着你得建立自己的语言风格,不能简单抄袭他人.如果使用的语言与各方面都很契合,那么演讲就更有可能取得成功。Good speeches are not composed of hot air and unfounded assertions。 They need strong supporting mate

13、rials to bolster the speakers point of view.In fact， the skillful use of supporting materials often makes the difference between a good speech and a poor one。The three basic types of supporting materials are examples，statistics and testimony.好的演讲不能是空话连篇，也不能是一些毫无根据的论断；而是需要有力的论据来支持演讲者的观点。事实上，能否有技巧地使用论

14、据会造成演讲效果的天壤之别.论据有以下三种基本形式：例子，统计资料，引用。In the course of a speech you may use brief examplesspecific instances referred to in passing-and sometimes you may want to give several brief examples in a row to create a stronger impression。 Extended examplesoften called illustrations， narrations， or anecdotes

15、are longer and more detailed。Hypothetical examples describe imagery situations and can be quite effective for relating ideas to the audience. All three kinds of examples help to clarify ideas， to reinforce ideas, or to personalize ideas。 To be more effective， though， they should be vivid and richly

16、textured.在演讲时可以简单举例即附带地提及几个具体的例子-有时也需要接二连三举例来加深印象。延伸举例也叫解释、叙述或轶事-更长更详尽。假设举例描述的是想象的情景，能够很好地把想法传达给观众.这三种不同的例子都有助于演讲者清晰地表达观点，强调观点并使之打上演讲者的烙印。当然,要想演讲效果更好,演讲本身必须生动且结构丰富！Statistics can be extremely helpful in conveying your message， as long as you use them sparingly and explain them so they are meaningful

17、 to your audience。 Above all， you should understand your statistics and use them fairly. Numbers can easily be manipulated and distorted。 Make sure that your figures are representative of what they claim to measure，that you use statistical measures correctly, and that you take statistics only from r

18、eliable sources。统计资料非常有助于演讲者传递信息，因为当演讲者适量地运用这些资料并加以解释时，听众就能更好地理解其中的意义.最重要的是，演讲者必须理解这些统计资料并恰当使用.数字很容易被篡改、误报,因此必须确保自己所使用的数据不是张冠李戴的；必须确保自己使用的统计措施是正确的；必须确保自己的统计资料来源是可靠的。Testimony is especially helpful for student speakers， because they are seldom recognized as expects on their speech topics. Citing the

19、views of people（ who are experts) is a good way to make your ideas more credible. When you include testimony in a speech， you can either quote someone verbatim or paraphrase their words。 As with statistics， there are guidelines for using testimony。Be sure to quote or paraphrase accurately and to cit

20、e qualified unbiased sources. If the source is not generally known to your audience, be certain to establish his or her credentials。引用他人观点看法对学生演讲者来说尤其有用,因为学生很少会被视为他们演讲相关主题方面的专家。引用专家的观点可以让你的想法更可信.引用的时候，既可以逐字摘抄也可以自己总结一下。和统计资料一样,引用也有原则可循引用摘抄准确，来源合格无偏见。如果观众对引用来源不太熟悉，一定要（想办法）取得他们的信任。The impact of a speec

21、h is strongly affected by how the speech is delivered. You cannot make a speech without having something to say。 But having something to say is not enough。You must also know how to say it。Good delivery does not call attention to itself。It conveys the speakers ideas clearly, interestingly， and withou

22、t distracting the audience.演讲的效果如何很大程度上取决于演讲是怎么做的。无话可说做不好演讲,但要做好演讲，仅仅有话可说也是远远不够的，还要知道如何说话才行.好的演讲不是要唤起观众对演讲本身的注意，而是要向观众清晰有趣地传递演讲者的想法，同时还要有观众聚精会神地聆听.There are four basic methods of delivering a speech: reading verbatim from a manuscript， reciting a memorized text， speaking with PowerPoint, and speakin

23、g extemporaneously， or impromptu。 The last of thesespeaking extemporaneouslyis the method （you probably will use for classroom speeches and for most speeches outside the classroom)。 When speaking extemporaneously， you will have only a brief set of notes or a speaking outline。 Speaking with PowerPoin

24、t is widely used now and very effective indeed。演讲有四种最基本的方法：照本宣科式；背诵式；ppt辅助演讲式和即兴演讲式.最后一项即兴演讲是我们在课堂演讲和大部分课外演讲中都要用到的方法。即兴演讲时，我们手上只有简单的笔记或演讲提纲.现在，用ppt辅助演讲十分普遍,效果显著。Certainly there are other factors you should consider， such as personal appearance， bodily action， gestures, eye contact， volume, pauses an

25、d so on。 By paying enough attention to what is mentioned above, you may present an effective speech.当然还要考虑其他因素譬如演讲者的个人形象,肢体语言，眼神交流，声音的抑扬顿挫等等。尽量注意上述问题,演讲就会成功！ Do Traffic Tickets Save Lives?交通罚单能救命吗？Pity the poor traffic cop。 Hes the last guy you want to see in your rearview mirror when youre speeding

26、 down the highway。 Why isnt he out looking for murderers instead of nailing drivers for minor infractions of the law？哎，这可怜的交警.他是你在高速公路上疾驰时最不愿意在后视镜里看见的人.他为什么不去抓那些杀人犯，却在这儿为了一点儿芝麻大的交通违规对司机们穷追不舍？ Well， according to a major research project by scientists in Canada and California， that cop just might be s

27、aving your life。 Or the life of someone else.然而，根据加拿大和加利福尼亚科学家们的一项重要研究,那位警察也许恰恰是在救你的命，或者救別的什么人的命。 The researchers have found that a traffic ticket reduces a drivers chance of being involved in a fatal accident by a whopping 35 percent， at least for a few weeks. The effect doesnt last long， however。

28、Within three to four months, the lead foot is back on the pedal and the risk of killing yourself or someone else is back up to where it was before that cop stared you in the eye and wrote out that expensive citation。研究者们发现一张交通罚单能让司机至少在几周内遭遇重大车祸的概率降低35。似是这个作用不会持续很长。三四个月后，那只脚又会回到油门儿上去,置自己或別人于死地的危险率又和警

29、察瞪着你开出巨额罚单前一样高了。 The bottom line， according to the research, published in the June 28 issue of The Lancet， is that traffic tickets save lives。 Maybe thousands of lives， every year. Yet traffic laws are enforced sporadically， almost as if by whim， partly because people just dont like traffic cops， an

30、d there are lots of other things for the government to spend money on than enforcing highway safety laws. 根据6月28日发表在柳叶刀上的研究，最根本的一点就是交通罚单能救命，它很可能每年能救成千上万条命。然而交通法规只是零星地被实施，就像心血来潮似的,部分原因是人们不喜欢罚单,而且除了实施髙速公路安全法，政府部门还有很多其他地方要花钱.The Grim Statistics That attitude needs to be changed， according to Donald A.

31、Redelmeier of the University of Toronto and Robert J. Tibshirani of Stanford University。 Both men are medical researchers， and this isnt the first time theyve taken a hard look at highway safety。 Their 1998 study caused a stir when they linked cell phone usage to traffic accidents。 Now theyre back，

32、saying traffic tickets are good for our health。多伦多大学的热德尔美尔和斯坦福大学的提波施拉尼认为这种态度需要改变。他们俩都是医学研究者,这已不是他们第一次盯着高速公路安全问题了.他们俩1998年的研究引起了轰动，当时他们认为打手机与交通事故有关联.现在他们又来了，说交通罚单对我们的健康有好处. They were prodded into this project by some very grim statistics. Each year, more than a million persons die in traffic accident

33、s worldwide. If that many people died of SARS in a year， the public response would probably border on hysteria， but we have come to accept traffic fatalities as a way of life。他们之所以参与这个项目是受到一些残酷无情的统计数据的驱使.每年,全世界有100多万人死于交通事故.如果一年内那么多人死于非典的话,大家很可能会恐惧得发疯了，然而我们对交通亊故死亡率却习以为常了。 In addition， another 25 mil

34、lion people around the world are permanently disabled by traffic accidents, and many of them - as well as the fatalities are children。 另外，还有2500万人因交通事故永远残废了，而且他们当中（包括死去的）很多是孩子.Taking It Easy After a Ticket？接到罚中处之泰然？ When Redelmeier and Tibshirani and fellow researcher Leonard Evans set out to see if

35、 traffic tickets really do any good， they found an enormous resource in the Canadian province of Ontario。 The full driving record of every licensed driver there was made available to them， warts and all， giving the researchers a huge data base of more than 10 million licensed drivers， 8，975 of whom

36、were involved in a fatal accident during the 11year period covered by the research， from 1988 through 1998.当热德尔美尔、提波施拉尼和他们的共同研究人员伦纳德伊凡斯研究交通罚单是否真能起到好作用时,他们在加拿大的安大略省发现了数量巨大的司机资料。他们在那儿能看到每个有驾照的人的全部记录,这样他们就有了一个良莠俱存的超过一千万个持照司机的巨大数据库。其中8975个司机在此项研究覆盖的1988-1998共11年中曾出过重大交通事故 ”We looked at the month prior t

37、o a fatal accident, and the number of traffic convictions, and then the same month in the year before， says Tibshirani， a statistician。 ”What we found was that there were fewer tickets in the month before a fatal accident than there were a year before, and that suggests theres a protective effect of

38、 having a ticket。”统计学家提波施拉尼说:“我们看了一下出重大事故前一个月的交通罚单数和前一年同一个月的罚单数,发现出重大事故前一个月的罚单要比前一年同一个月的罚单少,这说明罚单有保护作用。 In other words， when the number of citations went down， the number of fatal accidents went up the following month， and when the number of tickets went up， the number of fatal accidents dropped the

39、 following month。 The analysis shows that fatal accidents declined by 35 percent because of citations。换言之，当罚单数下降时,重大事故率在接下来这个月就会上升；而当罚单数上升时，重大事故率在接下来这个月就会下降。分析表明罚单能使重大事故率下降35。 Apparently， people just drove more cautiously following a traffic citation, but that only lasted a maximum of four months, t

40、he researchers say。 After that brief respite, it was back to business as usual for most motorists。显然，人们在拿到交通罚单后开车会更谨慎,但这种谨慎最长只会持续4个月。对多数司机来说，经过这短暂的歇息，一切又都恢复到从前了. Citations Effects Consistent罚单的持续作用 The scientists also turned up some surprising results. Most of the crashes did not involve alcohol and

41、 were not at an intersection，” they report in their research paper。 Most occurred during the summer months when the streets were dry (65 percent） rather than wet (18 percent） or covered with snow (17 percent）。科学家们还出示了一些令人吃惊的研究结果。“多数撞车不是因为酒后驾车，也不是发生在十字路口，他们在研究报告中这样报道。多数事故发生在夏季,当时的道路干燥(65）而不湿滑(18%），也没

42、有雪覆盖（17）。 They also found that the ”relative risk reduction associated with traffic convictions was remarkably consistent among subgroups of licensed drivers，” so the same results apply to women as well as men, regardless of age， prior driving record， and other personal data。他们还发现“在有驾照的那组司机中拿到罚单后的事故

43、减少率的持续性是显著的,因此同样的结论适用于妇女和男人,而与年龄因素、以前的驾驶记录和其他个人资料无关. Men， however， were involved in far more fatal accidents than women （73 percent to 27 percent） and the most accident-prone age was between 30 and 50。 Alcohol was detected in only 7 percent of the accidents。但是，男人要比女人更容易出严重交通亊故(73比27)，而且最容易出事故的年龄是在30

44、50岁之间。酒后驾车只占事故的7。 The researchers also addressed the commonly held belief that traffic citations cause more accidents than they prevent because so many people are killed during police chases。 They found that only 24 deaths could be linked to writing citations during the 11year period。 That included

45、17 suspects, five bystanders and two police officers. The typical suspect who died was a 26yearold man pursued by police after fleeing a spot check for alcohol or a speeding violation，” they report。 The two police officers were killed in separate events when they were hit by a car while writing a ti

46、cket for another motorist。研究者们还澄清了一种普遍的想法:交通罚单引起的交通事故比防止的多,因为很多人是在警察追他们时丧生的。他们发现在过去的11年中只有24起死亡事故和罚单有关，这包括17个被追的司机、5个路人和2位警察。“最典型的一例是一个26岁的男子,因想逃避酒精和超速违规的现场检查而被警察穷追不舍,”他们报告说。有2位警察死于与这互不相关的事件中，当时他们正在给另一个摩托车驾驶员开罚单。 Who Really Pays？到底谁付出代价？ The researchers admit there are a few gaps in their findings.

47、The statistics do not include Ontario drivers who may have been involved in a fatal accident somewhere outside that province。 Nor can they say that every traffic ticket leads to a reduction in accidents. But the statistics suggest a correlation between the number of citations and the number of fatal

48、ities.研究者们承认在他们的研究中有一些漏洞。统计数字不包括有可能在省外某地出严重交通事故的安大略省司机。他们也不能说每张交通罚单都能降低事故率。但是数据显示交通罚单的数量和死亡率之间呈相关性。 They also point out that the innocent are often made to pay the price for careless drivers。他们还指出为粗心大意的司机付出代价的经常是那些无辜受害者. ”Unlike other common diseases, the victims are often young and need significant subsequent care for decades. Most crashes are unintended， unexpected， and could have been prevented by a small difference in driver behavior。”“和其他常见病不一样,受害人通常很年轻，需要以后几十年连续不断的照顾。大多数事故是无意的，意料之外的，只要司机在驾驶上稍有不同就能避免