武汉大学综合教程(2版)I U14 Text1 大纲词汇&重点词汇释&练习释疑.docx

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1、An Integrated English Course （2nd Edition） Book 1Unit 14Text I Five Traits of the Educated Man大学英语课程教学要求（积极词汇用红色及下划线标出）一般要求（4级）词汇：trait n. a distinguishing feature, as of a persons character 显著的特点，特征（尤指性格特征）mark n. a figure or a printed or written sign which shows sth. 记号，标记；（in the text） a fact or

2、action that is a sign or proof of a quality, feeling, or condition 标志, 表示,的显著特征plain 的：obvious to the mind, clear明白的，明显的，观点清楚的consideiable adj. large in amount or degree 相当大（或多）的；worthy of consideration 重要的, 值得考虑的；有重大意义的inconsiderable adj. rather small; not worth considering 微小的；不足道的，不值得考虑的 body n.

3、（in the text） a large amount or collection of sth.大量；一定量，一群，一批，一片e.g. large bodies of learning: large amounts of learninga large body of people 一大群人现代英汉综合大辞典A lake is a body of water and an island is a body of land.湖为一片水，岛为一陆地。acquire vt. get by ones own efforts （通过自我努力）获得，学到（知识等）】easonable adj. bei

4、ng in accordance with reason 合理的；not excessive or extreme 适度的，（价 钱）公道的；（in the text）相当的，比较好的accompany v. be or go with 陪伴，陪同；（in the text） happen or exist at the same time as.伴随, 与共存，与一同发生capacity n. ability or power 才能，能力；the amount that sth. can hold or contain 容量，容积endeavor n. an effort or attemp

5、t esp. to do sth. new or difficult 努力，尽力；热切的尝试，有目 的的、勤勉刻苦的行动/V.奋力，努力discipline n.训练，调教；纪律，自律v. 1. train to obey rules and orders or accept authority; teach self-control to使有纪律（使遵守准则，使服从权威）；训练，调教（尤指学会自我克制）2. train in order to produce a specific character or pattern of behavior（为有某一特定性格或行为方式而进行的）训练，操练

6、；训导，训诫；修养；磨练sound adj. based on valid reasoning; showing common sense and good judgment; reliable 合理 的，正确的，可靠的various adj.不同的，各种各样的variously adv. in all kinds of ways or at different time 不同地，以不同的方式，在不同的时间precision n. exactness 精确，精密precise adj. 1） distinct and correct in sound or meaning （声音）清晰无误的，

7、（意义）清楚正确的 e.g. precise pronunciation 正确的发 音2）精确的，精密的（严格遵守标准）e.g. a precise measurement 精确的测量 a precise instrument 精密仪器accurate adj,准确的（相对于precise, accurate可允许与标准略有偏差或在允许的范围之 内的）persist: indicating the continuation of doing something despite obstacles, warnings, or setbacks persist in (sth. / doing s

8、th.)persist with (ones efforts)继续努力，坚持不懈sth. persists: continue in existence; last; linger on 继续存在下去，持续e.g. The snow is likely to persist in most areas.insist: usually used with “people”, who stick to an idea / ideas firmly and refuse to give in 坚持： 强烈并持续地主张或要求(某物)insist on (sth. / doing sth.)insist

9、 that (subjunctive mood):坚持主张或要求，一定要做insist that坚决认为e.g. I insisted that he was wrong.4. manners politenessmanners: referring to the general behavior by which a social group has traditionally acted. Here a positive or negative evaluation may depend on subjective taste. 礼貌； 礼仪， 礼节politeness: good man

10、ners and socially correct behavior 有礼貌e.g. She gave an accurate account of the accident.她对事故做了 准确的描述。correct adj.正确的(为一般用语)e.g. He gave correct answers to the questions.他对这些问题提出 了 正确的答案。exact 外确切的，准确的，原样的(不是大约的，指与事实完全相符，推论精密地，只有极 小的误差)e.g. The exact date of the event has escaped me.我记不起这起事件的确切日期了。No

11、body present could give the exact figures of increase in production offhand.在场的人没有人能一下子说出生产增长的准确数字来。现代英汉词典Do you remember what the managers exact words are?你可记得经理的原话是怎么说的？现代英汉词典The urgent report was completed in less than one day - six hours, to be more exact.这篇紧急报告在不到一天的时间里，更确切地说，只花了六个小时就完成了。attend

12、ance 几 the act of attending 出席；出席的人数e.g. school attendance 就学；上课出勤respect n. /v.尊敬respectable adj. deserving respect 可敬的，值得尊敬，令人尊重的(whether respected or not)respectful a力：showing repect尊重人的，表示敬意的e.g. be respectful to sb.尊敬某人respected adj. 受人尊敬的(whether deserving the respect or not)e.g. The respectab

13、le woman did not enjoy enough social attention until she had her autobiography published.The respected old man made a lot of contribution to charity affairs.conscious adj.有意识的，有知觉的unconscious adj.无意识的，失去知觉的；(in the text) involuntary自发的，不知不觉的imitate v. follow as a model 模仿，仿效indispensable adj. too im

14、portant to be without, essential 不可缺少的，绝对必要的】efine v. to reduce to a pure state; purify 精炼，提炼，提纯；to free from coarse, unsuitable, or immoral characteristics使精美，使(体态，语言等)文雅，使高雅refined adj. showing education and gentleness of manners 文雅的， 有教养的superficial adj. on the surface; shallow 表面上的，肤浅的，浅薄的artifi

15、cial 的.人造的；(in the text) not genuine or natural做作的，不自然的，矫揉造作的forced adj. unnatural; produced unwillingly and/or with difficulty 勉强的，不自然的cultivate v. to prepare land for raising crops; to grow or tend a plant or crop 耕作(土地)； 种植, 栽培(植物或作物)；to develop an attitude, image or skill; to nurture, foster 培养

16、cultivated adj. cultured; showing good education, manners, etc,有修养、教养的instinct n.本能 instinctive adj.本能的，自发的，不经考虑的 instinctively 八reflect v.反射，反映；(reflect on) think about things carefully and profoundly 沉思，反省 reflection n.classic adj. 第一流的；having lasting significance or worth; enduring 经典的；standard,

17、typical 标准的，典范的/ n.杰作，名著，经典(著作)induce v. cause or produce 弓发,导致;lead sb. to do sth, often by persuading (esp. sth. that seems unwise)劝诱,引诱，诱导persist v. (persist in) continue in a course of action, firmly and in spite of opposition or warning（倔强的）坚持（所为，所信）；继续努力，坚持不懈；持续philosopher n.哲学家，思想家contact vt.

18、接触，联系/几接触，联系；交往的人multiply 艮（mathematics）乘；increase greatly in number or amount 增力口，使增殖content adj. desiring no more than what one has; satisfied 满足的，满意的 / vt,使满足 contented adj. content; satisfied with things as they are 满足的，知足的，对事物现状满意的intellectual 。的.智力的，用脑力的；知性的，而不是感性的/ n.知识分子e.g. intellectual wor

19、k 脑力工作possession .拥有 possess vt.vision n.想象，幻想，幻像，幻影visionary adj. existing only in the mind and probably can not be fulfilled 空想的，幻想的exercise v. （cause to） take exercise 练习，运动，锻炼；训练；use （a power, right, quality, ect.） 行使，运用（权力等）companion n. 伴侣，同伴companionship n. friendship; close relationship betwe

20、en partners 同伴关系； 交情，友情 given: if one is given / if one possesses 假设， 如果有,e.g. Given the chance, Pd come and see you in New York.如果有机会，我就到纽约来看你。outline n. a line showing the shape of sth.夕卜形,轮廓；the main ideas or facts of sth., without details大纲，概要scholarship n. knowledge resulting from study and res

21、earch in a particular Geld 学问,学识； exact and serious study 学术（方法、原则等）；the academic attainments of a scholar 学术成就、 造诣；学业成绩；奖学金literary adj.文学的，文字的competent 4的：sufficiently qualified; capable 有能力的，胜任的 competencebusiness competence / professional competence 业务/专业能力leadership n. the position of a leader

22、领导者的土也位或职务；the qualities necessary in a leader 领导才能或能力；a group of people who lead领导阶层，领导人员assume v. suppose; believe sth. to be true without actually having proof that it is 彳战定，假设； 以为 assuming （that） conj.假定，假如letters n. （finl） literature in general 文学institution n. a custom, practice, relationship

23、, or behavioral pattern of importance in the life of a community or society 惯例,习俗，制度e.g. Giving presents on Christmas is an institution.圣诞节送礼是一种风俗。现代英汉词典 Marriage became an institution in ancient societies.婚姻在古代社会就已经成为一种制度。现代英汉词典较高要求（6级）词汇：vulgar。的,indecent粗俗的，不雅的（品味、格调或教养不高的）vulgarity n.prose n. wr

24、itten language in its usual from, as different from poetry 散文体（没有韵律结构 的、普通的言语或写作）更高要求词汇：zeal n. great enthusiasm, esp. in connection with work, religion, or politics 热忱,热惜（为事业、理想、目标倾注的满腔热情，为进步而孜孜不倦地奋斗)，词组：not inconsiderable: fairly large or importantlarge bodies of: large amounts ofspecial field of

25、knowledge 某一专业知识领域after all: in spite of what was said or contrary to what was expected; in spite of everything; ultimately毕竟；终究make ones mark 留下印记find ones evidence in: be proved by; be embodied in 在中找到I E证；表现为stand out: be very easy to see or notice 突出，醒目，引人注目beyond doubt: undoubtedlyfor the most

26、part: generally or mostly多半，大部分地，普遍地，很大程度地on the surface表面上，不深入研究reflect on / upon 沉思，反省be on the way to doing sth.: make progress and very likely to succeed in; be almost certain to achieve it走上通向的道路expand ones interests 扩大兴趣爱好settle down to life安定下来，过稳定的生活settle down 定居;begin living a stable and o

27、rderly life 安顿下来，过稳定有序的生活;become less nervous or restless安定下来，平静下来，e.g. He settled down as a farmer with a family.他与一家人安顿下来务农settle down to.:安心于，专心于(某种生活或工作)in vain: useless; without success 徒劳，枉然，白费；未成功fine arts 美术Other Words and Expressions for Your Referenceslovenliness n. state of being untidy,

28、not clean, not neat (衣着或外表)不整洁的，不修边幅的, 逾遢的；(in the text) state of being not orderly马虎的，草率的,(行文)松散无序的、混乱的 e.g. Such slovenly work habits will never produce good products.这样马马虎虎的工作习惯决不能生产出优质产品来。现代英汉综合大辞典diction n. choice and use of words in speech or writing 措辞，用语Language Work1. Difficult sentencesIt

29、is plain that one may gain no inconsiderable body of learning in some special field of knowledge without at the same time acquiring those habits and traits which are the marks of an educated gentleman. (Para. 1) inconsiderable: rather small; not worth considering not inconsiderable: fairly large or

30、important1) An education will make its mark and find its evidences in certain traits. (Para. 1) find its evidence in: be embodied in, be proved by but among them are five that should always stand out clearly enough to be seen by all men.(Para. 2)among them are five.: inverted sentencestand out: be t

31、he most important and significant; outstanding; noticeableParaphrase: Out of all the traits or characteristics an educated man should possess, five are the most outstanding, which are easily identified by all men.2) The quite shocking slovenliness and vulgarity of much of the spoken English, as well

32、 as not a little of the written English, which one hears and sees, proves beyond doubt that years of attendance upon schools and colleges that are thought to be respectable have produced no impression. (Para. 2)Understanding the structure - Simplified version:The slovenliness and vulgarity of much o

33、f the English proves that years of attendance upon school have produced no impression.slovenliness: untidiness; (in the text) being carelessly organized, ungrammaticalnot a little of: quite a lot ofbeyond doubt: without doubt, undoubtedlyrespectable: of moderately good qualityproduced no impression:

34、 not been effectiveParaphrase: Much of the spoken English, as well as quite a lot of the written English, which one hears and sees, is poorly organized, ungrammatical, and characterized by indecent usage. This shocking fact demonstrates clearly that years of formal education at what are considered t

35、o be decent (正派的，得体的，相当好的)schools and colleges have had no effect.人们在英语口语中听到的大量混乱和粗俗的用法，在英语书面语中也读到不少，这些触目惊 心的现象无疑都表明多年在被认为是受人尊敬的中学大学所受的教育没有产生任何效果。3) How much easier he finds it to imitate English of the other sort! (Para. 2)English of the other sort: nonstandard English; the slovenly, vulgar English

36、4) A second and indispensable trait of the educated man is refined and gentle manners, which are themselves the expression affixed habits of thought and action. (Para. 3) indispensable: essential, necessaryrefined and gentle manners:待人礼貌，举止温和文雅，有教养which are themselves the expression of.: which expre

37、ss or embody.5) Manners make the man. (Para. 3)Paraphrase: The way in which a person speaks and behaves tells us what sort of man he is.6) When manners are superficial, artificial, and forced, no matter what their form, they are bad manners. (Para. 3)forced: strained or unnatural; produced unwilling

38、ly and with difficultyno matter what their form: no matter what their form is - no matter how well they are shown Paraphrase: If ones manners are insincere, affected or unnatural, they are bad manners no matter in what way they are demonstrated.Translate:如果举止浅薄、做作、不自然，那么不管表现得多么美好，都是不良的举止。7) When, ho

39、wever, they are the natural expression of fixed habits of thought and action, and when they reveal a refined and cultivated nature, they are good manners. (Para. 3)Translate:但若举止是自身固有的思维和行动的自然流露，或展现了优雅和有教养的性情， 那就是优良的举止。8) Human beings for the most part live wholly on the surface of life. They do not

40、 look beneath the surface or far beyond the present moment and that part of the future which is quickly to follow it. Paraphrase: Most people are, in a sense, short-sighted, interested only in what is superficial, failing to go deep into the essence of things. They do not look into the future in any

41、 depth either.9) By that time it is usual to settle down to life on a level of more or less contented intellectual interest and activity. (Para. 5)Paraphrase: By that time it is common that most people tend to live a stable and orderly life, engaged in intellectual activities in which they are inter

42、ested and with which they are somewhat satisfied.Paraphrase:通常到那时人们都已过上安定的生活，并或多或少满足于一定层次的兴趣和智 力活动。10) The mere visionary dreamer, however charming or however wise, lacks something which an education requires. (Para. 6)visionary dreamer: illusionary dreamers, a person who tends by nature to be dream

43、y or to have impractical schemes and ideas 空想家，幻想家11) So long as the framework or outline is there, the content may be pretty much what you will, assuming, of course, that the fundamental elements of the great tradition which is civilization, and its outstanding records and achievements in human per

44、sonality, in letters, in science, in the fine arts, and in human institutions, are all present. (Para. 7)Understanding the structure - simplified version:So long as the outline is there, the content may be pretty much what you will, assuming that the fundamental elements of the great tradition and i

45、ts outstanding records and achievements are all present.the content may be pretty much what you will: what fills the outline of an educated man is up to youassuming that: suppose, ifParaphrase: So long as the outline is there, the content may well satisfy your wish if the fundamental elements of civ

46、ilization, and its remarkable achievements in human personality, in literature, in science, in fine arts, and in human institutions, are all contained in the outline. 只要有了这个框架或轮廓，并将伟大传统一一文明一一的基本要素及其在人类品性、文 学、科学、美术和风俗中留下的辉煌记录和卓越成就都包括在内，则其内容尽可随你所愿。2. Words and Expressionsinconsiderable adj. rather sma

47、ll; not worth considering(The word “inconsiderable“ is almost always used together with the word not.)not / no inconsiderable: fairly large or importante.g. The production costs are a not inconsiderable 8 million.This is not an inconsiderable sum of money. I must get it back.He was a man of great ch

48、arm and not inconsiderable wit.Do not let such an inconsiderable matter worry you.Compare: considerablelarge in amount, extent, or degree相当大的:在数量、范围或程度上很大的 e.g. The TV serial received considerable acclaim (喝彩,欢呼,称赞).He is a man of considerable influence in local affairs. 有很大影响的worthy of consideration; significant 值得考虑的;重要的e.g.在竞选运动中经济是一个重要问题The economy was a considerable issue in the election campaign.capacity n.1. ability or powere.g. She has a great capacity for recognizing faces.2. the amount that sth. can hold or contain 容量,容积e.g. The seating capacity of the theat