最新英语语法直接引语和间接引语知识点总结详解与专项练习答案.pdf

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1、直接引语和间接引语详解与习题直接引语和间接引语详解与习题一、直接引语和间接引语的定义一、直接引语和间接引语的定义1.1. 直接引语：别人直接说的话，一般直接放在引号内。如：直接引语：别人直接说的话，一般直接放在引号内。如：(1)(1) MyMy mothermother toldtold me,me, “YouYou shouldshould finishfinish youryour homeworkhomework first,first,thenthen youyou cancan playplay withwith youryour friends.friends.”(2)(2) Ou

2、rOur teacherteacher said,said, “ClassClass isis over,over, wewe shouldshould havehave a a rest.rest.”2.2. 间接引语：用自己的话加以转述，被转述的话不放在引号内。上面间接引语：用自己的话加以转述，被转述的话不放在引号内。上面两个例句变成间接引语应该是：两个例句变成间接引语应该是：(1)(1) MyMy mothermother toldtold meme thatthat I I shouldshould finishfinish mymy homeworkhomework firstfir

3、st andandthenthen I I couldcould gogo outout andand playplay withwith mymy friends.friends.(2)(2) OurOur teacherteacher saidsaid classclass waswas overover andand wewe shouldshould havehave a a rest.rest.二、直接引语与间接引语的变化二、直接引语与间接引语的变化直接引语变成间接引语时，由于引述动词（直接引语变成间接引语时，由于引述动词（saidsaid，toldtold 等）一般都是等）一般都是

4、过去时形式过去时形式，因此间接引语中的动词时态因此间接引语中的动词时态、人称代词人称代词、限定词限定词、时间状时间状语、地点状语等一般都要做相应的变化。有下面几种情况：语、地点状语等一般都要做相应的变化。有下面几种情况：1.1. 现在时间推移到过去时间现在时间推移到过去时间所谓现在时间推移到过去时间指一般现在时变为一般过去时所谓现在时间推移到过去时间指一般现在时变为一般过去时， 现在进行现在进行时变成过去进行时，现在完成时变成过去完成时。例如：时变成过去进行时，现在完成时变成过去完成时。例如：SheShe said,said, “I I amam hungry.hungry.” SheShe

5、saidsaid (that)(that) sheshe waswas hungry.hungry.VinceVince said,said, “I I havehave foundfound whatwhats s wrongwrong withwith thethe puter.” VinceVince saidsaid hehe hadhad foundfound whatwhat waswas wrongwrong withwith thethe puter.在下列场合在下列场合，尽管陈述动词为过去时形式尽管陈述动词为过去时形式，间接引语中的动词时态却不间接引语中的动词时态却不必改变，

6、即：必改变，即：(1)(1) 当引述的是客观事实当引述的是客观事实、 科学真理科学真理、 现在习惯工作以及格言等内容时现在习惯工作以及格言等内容时：HeHe said,said, “TheThe wordword laserlaser isis anan acronym(acronym(首字母缩略词首字母缩略词).).” HeHe saidsaid thethe wordword laserlaser isis anan acronym.acronym.(2)(2) 当动词所表示的状态或动作在引述时仍在继续时：当动词所表示的状态或动作在引述时仍在继续时：“I Im m forty,forty,

7、” hehe said.said. HeHe saidsaid hehe isis forty.forty.(3)(3) 当谓语动词包含无过去时形式的情态助动词时：当谓语动词包含无过去时形式的情态助动词时：HeHe said,said, “ItIt mustmust bebe prettypretty late.late. I I reallyreally mustmust go.go.” HeHe saidsaiditit mustmust bebe prettypretty late,late, andand hehe reallyreally mustmust go.go.HeHe sa

8、id,said, “YouYou mustnmustnt t smokesmoke inin thethe room.room.” HeHe saidsaid I I mustnmustnt t smokesmoke inin thethe room.room.2.2. 过去时间推移到过去的过去过去时间推移到过去的过去这里需要注意以下几点：这里需要注意以下几点：(1)(1) 当强调动作或状态先于引述动词时当强调动作或状态先于引述动词时， 一般过去时要变成过去完成体。一般过去时要变成过去完成体。例如：例如：HeHe said,said, “I I didndidnt t knowknow you

9、.you.” HeHe saidsaid hehe hadnhadnt t knownknown me.me.当当 “过去的过去过去的过去” 已经不言自明已经不言自明， 或者通过其他词汇手段予以体现或者通过其他词汇手段予以体现，或者侧重于强调所转述的事实本身时或者侧重于强调所转述的事实本身时， 一般过去时形式可以不变一般过去时形式可以不变。 例如例如：AnnAnn said,said, “SheShe waswas bornborn inin 1981.1981.” AnnAnn saidsaid sheshe waswasbornborn inin 1981.1981.(2)(2) 过去进行

10、时可以变成过去完成进行时，也可以不变。例如：过去进行时可以变成过去完成进行时，也可以不变。例如：RobertRobert said,said, “I I waswas jokingjoking withwith Mary.Mary.” RobertRobert saidsaid hehe hadhad beenbeen jokingjoking withwith Mary.Mary.RobertRobert saidsaid hehe waswas jokingjoking withwith Mary.Mary.(3)(3) 过去完成时仍为过去完成时，不需改变。例如：过去完成时仍为过去完成时，

11、不需改变。例如：HeHe said,said, “WeWe hadnhadnt t returnedreturned toto thethe storestore whenwhen sheshe came.came.” HeHe saidsaid theythey hadnhadnt t returnedreturned toto thethe storestore whenwhen sheshe came.came.(4)(4) 时间状语分句中的一般过去式或者过去进行时可以不变。例如：时间状语分句中的一般过去式或者过去进行时可以不变。例如：JohnJohn said,said, “WhenW

12、hen I I livedlived inin LondonLondon I I oftenoften sawsaw Jane.Jane.” JohnJohn saidsaid whenwhen hehe livedlived inin LondonLondon hehe hadhad oftenoften seenseen Jane.Jane.3.3. 将来时间推移到过去将来时间将来时间推移到过去将来时间最常见的是把表示将来时间的助动词由现在时形式变为过去时形式最常见的是把表示将来时间的助动词由现在时形式变为过去时形式。 例例如：如：HeHe said,said, “WeWerere spe

13、ndingspending nextnext weekendweekend atat home.home.” HeHe saidsaid theythey werewere spendingspending thethe nextnext weekendweekend atat home.home.TheyThey said,said, “WeWerere goinggoing toto HawaiiHawaii thisthis summersummer vacation.vacation.” TheyThey saidsaid theythey werewere goinggoing to

14、to HawaiiHawaii thatthat summersummer vacation.vacation.但是但是， 在引述时在引述时， 如果原话中的动作或者状态属于尚未到来的将来时间如果原话中的动作或者状态属于尚未到来的将来时间，那么，可以不推移到过去将来时间。例如：那么，可以不推移到过去将来时间。例如：HeHe said,said, “I Illll bebe waitingwaiting forfor youyou tomorrow.tomorrow.” HeHe saidsaid hehe willwillbebe waitingwaiting forfor meme tomor

15、row.tomorrow.4.4. 人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语的变化人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语的变化由上面的例子可以看出由上面的例子可以看出，当直接引语变成间接引语时当直接引语变成间接引语时，除动词时态变化除动词时态变化外，人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等通常也作相应的变化外，人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等通常也作相应的变化。(1)(1) 人称代词，除引述本人原话外，通常第一、二人称变为第三人称人称代词，除引述本人原话外，通常第一、二人称变为第三人称，或者第二人称变为第一人称；限定词也作相应的变化。例如：或者第二人称变为第一人称；限定词也作相应的变化。例如：H

16、eHe said,said,“WeWe lovelove ourour country.country.” HeHe saidsaid theythey lovelove theirtheir county.county.(2)(2) 指示代词指示代词 thisthis，thesethese 分别变成分别变成 that/itthat/it，those/theythose/they 或或 themthem；指示限定词指示限定词 thisthis，thosethose 通常变为通常变为 thatthat，thosethose 或或 thethe。例如：。例如：“ThisThis househous

17、e isis veryvery expensive,expensive,”sheshe said.said. SheShe saidsaid thatthat househousewaswas veryvery expensive.expensive.(3)(3) 时间状语在间接引语中的变化有三种情况：时间状语在间接引语中的变化有三种情况：a.a. 时间状语和动词时态两者都变。例如：时间状语和动词时态两者都变。例如：HeHe said,said, “ItIt waswas completescompletes a a yearyear ago.ago.” HeHe saidsaid itit

18、hadhadbeenbeen completedcompleted a a yearyear before.before.b.b. 时间状语不变，动词时态可变可不变。例如：时间状语不变，动词时态可变可不变。例如：SheShe said,said, “WeWe leftleft ParisParis atat 8 8 a.m.a.m.” SheShe saidsaid theythey hadhad leftleft ParisParis atat 8 8 a.m.a.m.SheShe saidsaid theythey leftleft ParisParis atat 8 8 a.m.a.m.

19、c.c. 时间状语变与不变需视具体情况而定时间状语变与不变需视具体情况而定， 如果引述时间和说话时间如果引述时间和说话时间 （如如同一年、同一月、同一天等），时间状语可不变。例如：同一年、同一月、同一天等），时间状语可不变。例如：Mr.Mr. BlackBlack said,said, “WeWe startedstarted learninglearning ChineseChinese lastlast month.month.” Mr.Mr. BlackBlack saidsaid theythey hadhad startedstarted learninglearning Chine

20、seChinese lastlastmonth.month. （同一月引述）（同一月引述） Mr.Mr. BlackBlack saidsaid theythey hadhad startedstarted learninglearning ChineseChinese thethepreviousprevious month.month. （可在同一月引述，也可不在同一月引述）（可在同一月引述，也可不在同一月引述）直接引直接引语语间接引语间接引语todaytodaythatthat daydaythisthismorning/afternoonmorning/afternoonthattha

21、tmorning/afternoonmorning/afternoonyesterdayyesterdaythethe dayday before,before, thethe previousprevious dayday(the)(the) dayday beforebefore yesterdayyesterdaytwotwodaysdays beforebeforetomorrowtomorrowthethe nextnext day,day, thethe followingfollowing dayday(the)(the) dayday afterafter tomorrowto

22、morrowtwotwodaysdays after,after, inin twotwo daysdays timetimenextnextweek/monthweek/monththethenextnext week/monthweek/monthlastlastweek/monthweek/monththetheweek/monthweek/month beforebeforenownowthenthen(4)(4) 地点状语地点状语 herehere 通常变为通常变为 therethere；但若说话人所在地也就是引述人；但若说话人所在地也就是引述人所在地，可仍用所在地，可仍用 here

23、here，也可用具体地点代替，也可用具体地点代替 herehere。例如：。例如：SheShe said,said, “I I firstfirst metmet youryour brotherbrother here.here.” SheShe saidsaid sheshe firstfirstmetmet mymy brotherbrother there.there.“AreAre thethe childrenchildren here?here?” FatherFather asked.asked. FatherFather askedasked whetherwhetherth

24、ethe childrenchildren werewere here.here.三、直接引语和间接引语正误例析三、直接引语和间接引语正误例析1.1. “SpeakSpeak EnglishEnglish moremore oftenoften inin andand outout ofof class,class,” ourour EnglishEnglishteacherteacher saidsaid toto us.us.OurOur EnglishEnglish teacherteacher suggestedsuggested usus toto speakspeak Englis

25、hEnglish moremore oftenoften ininandand outout ofof class.class. ( (误误) )OurOur EnglishEnglish teacherteacher toldtold /asked/asked usus toto speakspeak EnglishEnglish moremore oftenofteninin andand outout ofof class.class. ( (正正) )OurOur EnglishEnglish teacherteacher suggestedsuggested thatthat wew

26、e (should)speak(should)speak EnglishEnglish moremoreoftenoften inin andand outout ofof class.class. ( (正正) )简析简析：直接引语是祈使句直接引语是祈使句，变为间接引语时变为间接引语时，要将祈使句的动词原形变要将祈使句的动词原形变为带为带 toto 的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据语气需要使用的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据语气需要使用 ask,ask, tell,tell,orderorder 等动词，其句型是：等动词，其句型是：ask/tell/orderask/tell/order som

27、eonesomeone toto dodo sth.sth.，但，但是是 suggestsuggest 不能接不定式作宾补不能接不定式作宾补，只能接只能接-ing-ing 形式或从句形式或从句( (从句用虚拟从句用虚拟语气语气) )作宾语。作宾语。2.2. “DonDont t playplay footballfootball onon thethe street,street, littlelittle boys,boys,” thethepolicemanpoliceman said.said.TheThe policemanpoliceman toldtold thethe littl

28、elittle boysboys diddid notnot playplay footballfootball onon thethestreet.street. ( (误误) )TheThe policemanpoliceman toldtold thethe littlelittle boysboys notnot toto playplay footballfootball onon thethestreet.street. ( (正正) )简析：如果直接引语是祈使句的否定式，变为间接引语时简析：如果直接引语是祈使句的否定式，变为间接引语时, ,要将其改为要将其改为不定式的否定形式作宾

29、补，不定式的否定形式是在不定式前面加不定式的否定形式作宾补，不定式的否定形式是在不定式前面加 notnot，而不是加而不是加 dodo not,not, doesdoes not,not, diddid notnot 等。等。3.3. “WouldWould youyou pleaseplease dodo meme thethe favorfavor toto carrycarry thethe boxbox upstairs?upstairs?”thethe youngyoung womanwoman saidsaid toto me.me.TheThe youngyoung womanw

30、oman orderedordered meme toto carrycarry thethe boxbox upstairsupstairs forfor her.her.( (误误) )TheThe youngyoung womanwoman askedasked meme toto carrycarry thethe boxbox upstairsupstairs forfor her.her. ( (正正) )简析：直接引语是一些表示请求、建议的疑问句，变为间接引语时简析：直接引语是一些表示请求、建议的疑问句，变为间接引语时，也变为不定式作宾语补足语也变为不定式作宾语补足语。 需要注意

31、的是应根据原句的语气选用恰当需要注意的是应根据原句的语气选用恰当的动词。因为此处原来的疑问句用的是很客气的语气，改写后不宜的动词。因为此处原来的疑问句用的是很客气的语气，改写后不宜用用orderorder。4.4. “YouYou cleanclean thethe classroomclassroom afterafter classclass today,today, Tom,Tom,” saidsaid thethemonitor.monitor.TheThe monitormonitor saidsaid thatthat TomTom cleanedcleaned thethe cl

32、assroomclassroom afterafter classclass thatthatday.(day.(误误) )TheThe monitormonitor toldtold TomTom toto cleanclean thethe classroomclassroom afterafter classclass thatthatday.day. ( (正正) )简析简析：一般而言一般而言，祈使句是以动词原形开头的祈使句是以动词原形开头的，但是如果说话人有意但是如果说话人有意强调动作执行者强调动作执行者，也可以在句首加上主语也可以在句首加上主语。我们在将其变为间接引语时我们在将其变

33、为间接引语时不能将带有主语的祈使句与陈述句混淆起来。不能将带有主语的祈使句与陈述句混淆起来。5.5. “ItIts s a a finefine day.day. LetLets s gogo toto thethe countrycountry forfor a a picnic,picnic,”PeterPeter saidsaid toto me.me.PeterPeter toldtold meme thatthat itit waswas a a finefine dayday andand letlet usus gogo toto thethe countrycountryfor

34、for a a picnic.picnic. ( (误误) )PeterPeter saidsaid thatthat itit waswas a a finefine dayday andand askedasked meme toto gogo toto thethecountrycountry forfor a a picnicpicnic withwith him.him. ( (正正) )简析简析： 当直接引语中有多种句子形式如陈述句当直接引语中有多种句子形式如陈述句、 祈使句祈使句、 疑问句等时疑问句等时，我们就要用不同的方式将各种句子进行转述我们就要用不同的方式将各种句子进行转述

35、。 因为原句中直接引语前面因为原句中直接引语前面部分是陈述句，故变为由部分是陈述句，故变为由 thatthat 引导的宾语从句，后面部分是祈使句所引导的宾语从句，后面部分是祈使句所以变为不定式作宾补。以变为不定式作宾补。直接引语变间接引语的技巧一、如何变人称;下面有一句顺口溜“一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：She said. My brother wants to go with me. She said her brother wanted to go withh

36、er.“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：He said to Kate. How is your sister now? He asked Kate how her sister was then。“第三人称不更新” 是指直接引语变间接引语时。 如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：Mr. Smith said: Jack is a good worker。Mr. Smith said Jack was a go

37、od worker。二、如何变时态：直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。现在时它需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如：1) She said. I have lost a pen. She said she had lost a pen.2) She said. We hope so. She said they hoped so.3) She said. He will go to see his friend。She said he would go to see his friend。但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不

38、变化。直接引语是客观真理。The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher toldme. The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：Jack said. “John, where were you going when I met you in the street?” Jack askedJohn where he

39、was going when he met him in the street。直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：Xiao Wang said. I was born on April 20, 1980。 Xiao Wang said he was born on April20, 1980。直接引语如果是一般现在时。 表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作， 变间接引语， 时态不变。 如：He said, I get up at six every morning。 He said he gets up at six every morning。如果直接引语

40、中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。如：Peter said. You had better come have today。 Peter said I had better go there thatday。三、如何变状语：直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规则，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now 变为 then, yesterday 变为 the day before）地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改

41、为“彼”（例：this 改为 that),如：He said, These books are mine. He said those books were his.四、如何变句型：直接引语如果是陈述句， 间接引语应改为由 that 引导的宾语从句。 如： She said, Our bus willarrive in five minutes. She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由 whether 或 if 引导的宾语从句.如：He said, Can yo

42、u swim, John? He asked John if he could swim.You have finished the homework, havent you? my mother asked. My mother asked mewhether I had finished the homework.Do you go to school by bus or by bike? He asked me if I went to school by bus orby bike.直接引语如果是特殊问句， 间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句 （宾语从句必须用陈述句语序

43、）。She asked me, When do they have their dinner? She asked me when they had their dinner.直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为tell(ask, order, beg 等) sb.(not) to do sth.句型。如：Dont make any noise, she said to the children. She told (ordered) the childrennot to make any noise.Bring me a cup of tea, please, said she. She a

44、sked him to bring her a cup of tea.直接引语如果是以“Lets”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest +动句词（或从句）。”如：He said, Lets go to the film. He suggested going to the film.或 He suggested thatthey should go to see the film.引述别人的话有两种方式：一是使用引号引出人家的原话，这叫做直接引语；一是用自己的话把人家的话转述出来，这叫做间接引语。例如：John said, Im going to London with my

45、father.约翰说：我要和父亲到伦敦去。（引号内是直接引语）John said that he was going to London with his father.约翰说，他要和他父亲去伦敦。（宾语从句是间接引语）由直接引语变为间接引语，分以下情况：1、直接引语是陈述句时间接引语为 that 引导的宾语从句（口语中 that 可以省略），主句的引述动词主要有 say ,tell,repeat, explain, think 等。He said, You are younger than I.” He said (that) I was younger than him.2、直接引语是疑问

46、句时间接引语为陈述语序： 主句的谓语动词say 改为ask,或改为wonder, do not know, want to know,be not sure, be puzzled 等。（1） 一般疑问句或反意疑问句变为 if (whether)引导的宾语从句。She said, Do you often come here to read newspapers?She asked me if (或 whether)I often went there to read newspapers.She asked me, You have seen the film, havent you?She

47、 asked me whether(或 if )I had seen the film.（2） 选择疑问句变为 whether.or 宾语从句。I asked him, Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.(3)特殊疑问句变为由原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句。He asked, Where do you live? He asked me where I lived.3、直接引语是祈使句时间接引语为不定式，

48、作 ask , tell, beg, order, warn, advise 等动词的宾语补足语（dont 变为 not ）.The teacher said to the boy, Open the window. The teacher told the boy to open thewindow.His father said to him, “Dont leave the door open.” His father told him not toleave the door open.注意（1） 有些表示建议、提议、劝告或要求的祈使句，可以用 suggest ,insist 等动词

49、加以转述。例如：He said, Lets go to the theatre.He suggested (our )going to the theatre.或 He suggested that we(should) go to thetheatre.(2) Would you mind opening the window? he asked.He asked me to open the window.Why dont you take a walk after supper? he asked .he advised me to take a walk after supper.Sh

50、all we listen to the music? he asked.He suggested listening to the music.4、直接引语是感叹句时间接引语为 what 或 how 引导，也可以用 that 引导。She said, What a lovely day it is !She said what a lovely day it was .或 She said that it was a lovely day.5、如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语原来时态。如果主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词时态按下列变化：（1）