《2022常用社会工作理论小结 (4).doc》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《2022常用社会工作理论小结 (4).doc(64页珍藏版)》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。
1、常用社会工作理论小结 常用前缀的小结(2010-11-1615:51:35)转载标签:教育 “a-”:古英语前置词on的缩写形式,含义为“在之上”,“在之中”,“进入到”,“到”,构成一个谓语或状语成分:aside等;古英语前置词of的缩写形式:afresh;anew等;少数情况下不指动作的全过程,只涉及其终结:abide(by)等;ab的异体字,用在字母p和v之前。“ab”含义为“从,离开”,含义相当于off:absent;abstract;ad的异体字,亦作a-,ac-,af-,ag-,al-,an-,ap,ar-,as-,at-等。通常有“向;增加,增长”的含义,相当于off:absen
2、t;abstract。需要和介词构成搭配;an的异体字,通常有“无,缺少”的含义:anecdote等。 “be-”。含义为“附近,到处,周围”,有强调的意味,也常有轻蔑,贬低的意味。常用使不及物动词、名词、形容词等变为及物动词。“bi,by”为其非强调形式。 “com-”。表示“与”,“共”,“合”,“全”,“完整”,“相关”等,有co-,con-,col-,cor-等变体形式。 “contra-”:“反对”,“相反”,“针对”:contrast等;“低”,“下”。 “counter-”。“反对”,“相反”,“针对”,“面对”,“响应”等;“补充”,“对应”,“类似”,“报答”等;“替代”,“
3、副本”等。 “de-”:“否定”,“取消”,“相反”,“颠倒”:decentralize;“向下”,“下降”:decline;“离开,脱离”(di-,dis-为变体形式):derail,detrain;“完全地(加强语气)”(dia为变体形式):defunt,denude等;异体字“di”含义为“经过”,“在之间”,“越过”,“属于”。 “di-”。“二”;异体字“dia”,“彻底”,“完全的”;异体字“dia”含义为“经过”,“在之间”,“越过”,“属于”。 “dis-”:否定或相反的含义(见de-,un-);“除去的”,“分开的”,“离开”;存在变体“bi”:“完全地”;变体“di”近似“
4、bi”,含义为“二”。 “en-”。该前缀存在“em-”等变体。“在里面”,“进入”,“放进”,“放在上面”;“使”,“使成为”,“使处于状态”;加在动词的前面,使它们成为及物动词;如果本身就是及物动词,则赋予它们及物的符号。 “epi-”。“在上面”,“在之上”;“在旁”,“在附近”;“在之前”,“在之后”。 “ex-”。该前缀存在“e-”,“ec-”,“ef-”,“el-”,“em-”,“is-”等变体。“出自”,“从”;有时还有相反或否定的含义;该前缀含有“全部地”,“彻底地”的含义。 “fore-”:“前”,“先”,“预”;前部的;(位置)在上的;变体为“for-”:“离去”,“极度”
5、,“过度”,“不当”。 “in-”。(有变体en-;em-;im-;ir-等)与动词结合,起及物与强调作用;(有变体ig-;il-;im-;ir-等)具有反义和否定的作用,可以自由地和英语单词结合构成新词,尤其可与英语的形容词及其派生词、名词结合。 “inter-”:含义主要有:“在之间”,“在之中”,“相互地”,“在一起”。 “intra-”:含义主要有:“在内”,“进入”,“向内”。 “meta-”:含义主要有:“继后”,“带有”,“同一道”,“超过”,“在中间”,“位于后”等。其他前缀“ortho-”以及“para-”有类似的用法。 “mis-”。单纯的否定;“坏”,“误”,“错误”,“
6、不正确的”等。 “non-”。通常起到单纯的否定作用。 “ob-”。变体形式为“o-”,“oc-”,“of-”,“op-”等。含义为“向”,“到”,“在上面”,“在上空”,“对”等;现在用来表达“逆”,“反”,“非”,“倒”等。 “out-”。出现于各种意义的复合词中,亦可构成许多及物动词,表示在某种指明的行动中的超出、超越或胜出。 “over-”:出现于各种意义的复合词中,尤用于下列含义:“超过界限”,“过度”,“过分”,“太”,以构成动词、形容词、副词和名词。 “para-”。含义为“旁”;有时还有“附近”,“超越”,“侧面”,“偏差”等含义;含义为“保护”,“防护”,“防止”,“为防止而
7、作好战斗的准备;避开(危险)”等。 “per-”。变体为“pol-”。“通过”,“彻底地”,“完全”,“十分”等;“高”,“过”等。 “peri-”。含义为“大约”,“附近”,“周围”,“超过”等。 “post-”。含义为“后”,“次”等。 “pre-”。含义为“在前”;“在之前”,“早的”,“预先的”,“在前的”以及其他的比喻用法。 “pro-”。变体形式为“pur-;por-”。含义为“亲”,“赞成”,“偏袒”,为“anti-”的对立面;表示“在空间或时间上优先”,尤其包含“向前进,向前或向外突出”等;常加在不用作词的词干前面。 “re-”:“回复,回报,相互”:repay,restore
8、,react,revenge;“又,再,重新,反复”:remarry,reappear,retell;“反对,对立”:rebel,repel,resist;“在后,往后”:recall,remain,repent,retard,revert;“退隐,隐秘”:recluse,reticence;“离开,放掉,去,下”:resign,repress等。 “se-”:含义主要有:“离去”,“离开”,“往侧面移动,离开”。 “sub-”。变体形式有“su-”,“suc-”,“suf-”,“sug-”,“sum-”,“sup-”,“sur-”,“sus-”等。“在下面”,“在下方”等;“轻微地”,“不完
9、整”,“近乎”等;“次要的”,“次要的”,“附属的”。 “super-”。变体形式为“sur-”等。“上”,“超”等;“上面”,“超出”,“另外”,“过度”等。 “syn-”。“与”,“共”,“同”,“合”等;“同时”等;“相同”,“相像”,“相似”等。 “trans-”。“横过”,“穿过”,“超越”,“贯通”,“通过”,“切地改变”,“横断”等;“切”等。 “un-”。“不”,“非”,“未”等;构成动词的前缀,在英语中用法自由,表示相反的动作或状态,或去除,剥夺或解脱。 “under-”:前缀定语性用法,表示:(地点或位置)“在下”,“低于”等;(级别或地位)“次于”,“低于”;(程度,范围
10、或数量)“低于”,“少于”或“不足”等。 “with-”:“往回,离去”:withdraw;“反对,对抗”:withhold,withstand。 特别提示】 在英语语言历史演变的过程中,单词的词形和词义都会发生或多或少的变化,但是“万变不离其宗”。词根、词缀是构成英语单词的元素,了解、牢记和把握这些元素,可以牢固地掌握单词的意义,达到事半功倍的学习效果。对于应试的读者,词根在篇章中所起到的一致性和连贯性的作用更是非同小可。本词根表中,出现的词汇仅仅为考试大纲词汇表所要求的,但是如果掌握好这些词根,也同样为将来的学习打下了坚实的基础。 “-acer-/-egr-”:sour;sharp(酸;锋
11、利)acid;acute;acrimony;eager;vinegar “-act-/-ag-”:do;perform;drive(做;行为;冲)act;action;actor;activate;activity;agency;agent;agenda;agitate;essay;exact;interact;react;transaction;activist*;agile* “-aer-/-air-”:air;mist(空气)aerial;aeroplane;airplane;aerobics;air;aircraft;airline;airport “-aesm-/-aesti-”:e
12、stimate;value(估计)aim;estimate;esteem “-agri-/-ager-”:field;land(田野;地)agriculture;agrarian;pilgrim “-add-/-dere-/-agger-”:heap;put(堆积;放置)add;additional;addition;exaggerate “-agon-”:struggle;anguish(痛苦)agony “-aisl-/-isle-”:wing(翼)aisle “-ali-/-alt-/-el-”:foreign;other;(change)(外;其他;变化)alien;alter;alt
13、ernate;altruism;else;elsewhere;unalienable*;adulterate* “-alti-/-alto-”:high;top(高;提高)altitude;alto;enhance;old “-am-/-ama-/-ami-”:love(爱)amateur;amiable;enemy “-ambi-”:goingaround(走动)ambassador;ambiguous;ambition;ambulance;amble “-amplus-”:spacious(大;宽敞)ample;amplify;amplifier “-anima-”:life;breath
14、;mind(生命)animal;animate;unanimous;animate* “-ann-”:years(年)anniversary;annual “-ante-/-ant-/-anti-”:before(前;之前)anticipate “-apt-/-ept-”:fit;fitted;suitable;fasten(适当;紧)apt;adapt;adaptation;inept “-arc-”:bow(弓)arch “-archi-”:chief(主要)architect;architecture “-arm-”:weapon(武器)arm;alarm “-art-/-arti-/-
15、ert-”:craftsmanship(艺术;技艺)art;artist;artificial;inertia “-aster-/-astr-”:stars(星星)astronaut;disaster;disastrous “-atmo-”:vapor(气)atmosphere “-auc-/-aug-/-auth-”:increase;growth(增加)auction;augment;author;authority;auxiliary “-aud-/-aur-/-edi-”:hear;hearing;ear(听)audience;audit;aural;obedience;obedien
16、t;obey “-auto-/-auth-”:self;genuine(自己;真正的)authentic;automate;automobile;automatic;automation “-avan-/-aban-/-ante-”:setoutbefore(前)advance;advanced;advantage;disadvantage;vantage “-avia-”:bird(鸟)aviation “-balk-/-balc-”:beam;ridge(横梁;阻碍)balcony “-ball-/-bull-/-bu-/-bow-/-pill-”:dance;globe(球;圆)ball
17、;ballet;balloon;bowl;bowling;bubble;bulb;bull;bullet;bulletin;bully;pill “-band-/-bend-/-bond-/-bind-/-bunc-”:join;combine(limit)(结合;限制)abandon;ban;band;bandage;bend;bind;bond;binding;bound;boundary;bunch*;bondage* “-bank-/-bench-/-banqu-”:bench(长凳“过去为金融交易的地方”)bank;bankrupt;bench;banquet;bench “-bar
18、-”:stick;rod(长木条)bar;barrel;embarrassment“-bas-/-bass-”:oflowheight;pedestal(基础)base;baseball;basic;basis;database “-bat-/-bar-/-bell-”:club;hit(木棍;打击)bar;barrel;barrier;bat;battery;battle;combat;debate;batter*;belligerent*;abate*;baton*;billiard*;rebuke* “-bene-/-bon-”:good(好;善)benefit;beneficial;b
19、onus “-bi-/-bin-/-bo-”:two;twice(二;两;双)binary;balance;bicycle;billion;biscuit;both;combination;combine “-biblio-”:books(书)bible;bibliography “-bill-/-bull-”:seal;document;boss(玉玺;印章)bill;bulletin;bull;bully “-bio-/-bi-”:life(生命)biography;aerobics “-blam-/-blasm-”:blaspheme(亵渎)blame;blaspheme* “-brac
20、-”:arms(双臂)brace;bracket;brake;embrace “-bread-/-breed-/-brib-”:crumb;morsel(面包)bread;breed;bribe;bribery “-break-/-breach-/-brick-”:break(打破)break;breach;brick;brisk “-brev-/-brief-”:short(短;简)brief;brevity “-bri-/-brill-”:shine(闪耀)bright;brighten;brilliant “-cal-/-car-/-char-”:heat(热量)calm;calorie
21、;carbon;charcoal;coal “-camp-/-champ-”:field;plain;battlefield(战场;田地)camp;campus;campaign;champion “-can-/-chan-/-cap-/-cat-/-chief-”:smallvessel;tube;head;chief(小容器;管/头;首)achieve;cabbage;can;canal;candy;canoe;cannon;cap;cape;capital;capitalism;captain;cattle;chapter;cheek;chef;chief;choke;escape;ch
22、annel;*cane;canyon*;cunning*;uncanny* “-cap-/-cab-/-cip-/-cas-/-cach-/-chas-/-ceiv-/-cept-/-ceit-/-cup-”:take;catch;seize;realize;contain;hold(拿;抓;捕;握)anticipate;accept;capture;captivity;cable;capable;capacity;capsule;captive;captivity*;case;cash;cashier;cassette;catch;cater;chase;conceive;concept;c
23、onception;cop;copy;deceive;deceit;except;exception;occupation;occupy;participate;perceive;prince;receipt;receive;reception;recipe;reciprocal;recover;recovery;susceptible;capricious*;capsize*;conceit*;recuperate*;apperceive*;caption*;covert*;disciple*;encapsulate*;precept*;preoccupy*;receptacle*“-car
24、-/-char-”:cart;carry;wagon;load(车;载)car;career;cargo;carpenter;carriage;carrier;carry;cart;charge “-card-/-chart-”:paper(纸)card;chart;charter “-cav-”:cave;hollow(洞穴)cave;cavity*;concave* “-ceal-/-cel-/-cul-”:hide(躲藏)conceal;occult* “-cel-/-cell-/-celer-”:riseup;swift;high(升高;快速)excel;excellent;accel
25、erate;decelerate;culminate* “-cent-/-cens-/-chant-”:sing;song;chant(歌唱)accent;charm;chorus;incentive;cant*;enchant* “-cent-”:ahundred;hundredth(百;百分之一)cent;centigrade;century;centimeter “-cent-/centr-”:center(中心)center;central;concentrate;eccentric “-cern-”:minglewith;mix(混合)concern;discern;discreet
26、;decree* “-cerp-/-carp-”:select;pluck(选择)excerpt;scarce;scarcely “-cert-”:certain;strive;work(确证/争取)ascertain;certain;certainly;certainty;concert;uncertainty;certificate;certify;decertify* “-cess-/-ceed-/-ced-/-ces-”:move;go(行,走,动)access;ancestor;cease;cheese;concede;concession;exceed;exceedingly;ex
27、cess;precede;precedent;preceding;predecessor;procedure;proceed;proceedings;process;procession;recede;succeed;success;successful;succession;successive;successor;incessant*;deceased* “-chai-/-cait-”:chain;link(联系)chain “-chiev-/-chef-/-chief-”:head;conclusion(头,首)achieve;chef;chief;mischief “-cid-/-ca
28、d-/-cas-/chans-”:fall(下降;降落;天意)accident;case;casual;casualty;chance;cheat;coincide;coincidence;decay;incidence;incident;incidentally;occasion;occasionally;recidivism*;decadent* “-circ-/-cycle-”:round;ring(圆;环)bicycle;circle;circuit;circular;circulate;circumstance;circus;cycle;cylinder;recycle;search
29、 “-cis/-cid-”:cut(剪,砍,剁)cement;concise;decide;decision;precise;precisely;precision;scissors;suicide “-cit-/-civ-”:citizen(公民)citizen;city;civil;civilian;civilize;civilization “-cite-/-cit-”:rouse;summon;excite;stimulate(唤;召;激)cite;excite;excitement;exciting;recite;entice* “-claim-/-clam-”:shout;call
30、;appeal(呼,唤,争)acclaim;claim;exclaim;proclaim;reclaim;declaim* “-clar-/-clear-”:clear(清楚,清晰)clarity;clear;declare;declaration “-class-”:rank;fleet(队,级)class;classify;classified;classification “-clim-/-climb-”:ladder(梯)climax;climb “-clim-/-clin-”:incline;tend;bend(倾,弯)climate;climax;decline;incline “
31、-clud-/-claus-/-clos-”:close;shut(关,闭,合)clause;close;conclude;conclusion;disclose;enclose;enclosure;exclude;exclusive;include;inclusive;preclude;secluded* “-cogn-/-quain-/-gnos-/-know-/-gnor-/-gna-”:toknowperfectly(认知)acquaintance;cognitive;acknowledge;diagnosis;ignorance;ignorant;ignore;know;knowle
32、dge;narrative;noble;notice;noticeable;notify;notion;notorious;recognition;recognize;cognition*;quaint* “-colo-/-cole-/-cult-”:farm;settlement;cultivate;inhabit(殖,植)agriculture;colony;colonial;culture;cultivate;cult* “-commo-/-commu-”:general;universal;share(共,普,享)common;communicate;communication;com
33、munity “-contra-/-counter-”:against;opposite(反对,对抗)contradiction;contrary;contrast;country “-cord-/-cor-/-cour-”:heart;gut(心,内脏)accord;cord;cordial;core;courage;discourage;encourage;record;recorder “-coupl-/-cop-”:birth;pair(结子;连接)couple “-corp-/-corpus-”:body(身体)corporate;corporation;incorporate “-
34、cosm-/-kosm-”:universe;order;world(宇宙,世界)cosmic “-count-”:count;calculate;compute(计,算,数)account;accountant;count;counter;county;discount“-coup-/-cop-”:cut;tostrike(剪,击)coupon “-cours-/-cor-/-cur-”:run;flow(跑,流)corridor;course;current;currency;curriculum;discourse;excursion;hurry;incur;intercourse;oc
35、cur;occurrence;recur;recourse* “-covr-/-cover-”:coverover(覆盖)cover;discover;uncover “-creat-”:make;produce(产生;创造)create;creation;creativity;creature;creationism;recreate “-cred-”:credit;faith(相信)credential;credit;discredit;credible;credulous;grant;incredible;creed* “-cres-/-creas-/-cruit-”:grow(增加,增
36、长)concrete;crew;decrease;increase;increasingly;recruit;crescent* “-crim-”:verdict;accusation(裁决,判决;指控)crime;criminal;criminologist* “-crimin-/-cris-/-crit-/-cros-/-crux-”:cross;divide;decide;abletodiscern(十字形;分开,区分)cross;crucial;cruise;/crisis;criteria;discriminate;discrimination;crusade* “-crop-”:s
37、prout;craw(萌芽;芽)crop;cruise “-crud-/-crud-/-crue-”:press;hurry(血腥,粗糙;敦促;急迫)crude;cruel;cruelty;crowd “-cuit-/-cuis-”:cook(烹饪)biscuit “-cum(u)-/-cil-”:heapup(堆积)accumulate;council;coil;cull* “-cur-/-car-/-cher-”:care;dear(关心;珍爱)accurate;accuracy;care;careful;caress;charity;cherish;cure;curious;secure
38、;security;charity*;precarious* “-cus-/-curs-”:curse(诅咒)accuse;curse;excuse “-damn-/-demn-/-temn-”:damn(谴责)condemn;contempt;damage;damn;danger “-day-/-dai-”:day(日;天)dial;daily;day;diary “-dec-/-deci-”:ten (十)dean;decade;december;decimal “-dece-/-deco-”:ornament(教堂装饰)decent;decorate “-demo-”:people;fo
39、lk(民;民众)democracy;democratic;epidemic;demography*“-dense-”:thick(厚;浓)condense;dense;density “-deterior-”:worse(更糟糕)deteriorate “-di-/-du-/-doub-/-dub-”:two(二,两,双;怀疑,可疑)dilemma;double;dubious;duplicate;dual*;doubt;doubtful;undoubtedly “-dic-”:fix(固定;决定)addict “-dic-/-diti-/-dex-/-doc-/-dox-”:speak;te
40、ach;show;belief(说;教,信仰)condition;contradict;contradiction;contradictory;dedicate;dictate;dictation;discipline;index;indicate;indication;predict;verdict;/doctor;doctrine;document;orthodox;paradox;indict*;jurisdiction*;docile*;dogma* “-digni-/-divi-/-divu-/-dei-”:god;worth;merit(神;价值,优点)divine;dignity
41、;indignity*;disdain* “-domai-/-domi-”:lord(贵族;封地)domain;dome;domestic;dominant;dominate;domineering*;dauntless* “-dorm-/-diz-/-doz-/-daz-”:sleep;quiet;lull;weak(睡眠;眩目;安静)dazzle;dizzy;doze;dormant;dormitory;daze* “-dot-/-dote-/-don-/-dat-/-dos-/-dit-”:give;grant(给予;授予)anecdote;donate;dote;data;date;d
42、ose;dosage;edit;editor;edition;editorial;endow;pardon;render;tradition;treason;update;up-to-date “-drain-/-dry-/-drou-”:dry(干燥)drain;draught;dry;drought;drug;draw;dredge* “-dram-/-dras-”:do;perform(做;履行)drama;dramatically;drastic “-dress-”:direct;straight;arrange(直接;安排)address;dress “-drift-/-drive-
43、”:float(漂移)drift “-duc-/-duct-/-doc-”:lead(领,导)conduce;conduct;deduce;dock;educate;education;induce;introduce;introduction;produce;product;production;productivity;reduce;reduction;reproduce;seduce* “-due-/-dev-/-deb-”:owe(欠)debt;due;duty;endeavor;undue;unduly*;dues* “-dur-/-duur-”:last;harden(延续;艰辛)
44、door;durable;duration;during;endurance;endure;indulge “-dare-/-durr-/-turr-”:venture;dare(冒险)dare “-ease-/-aise-”:comfort;torelieve(安逸;减轻)disease;ease;easy;uneasy “-eco-”:life;environment;money(生命;环境;金钱)ecology;economic;economical;economics;economy “-equa-”:toequal;level(平等;等同)adequate;equal;equalit
45、y;equation;equivalent “-ern-”:energetic;activity(能量;活动)earnest;energy “-err-”:wanderer;toerr(偏移;过错)erroneous;error “-esse-/-ens-/-esse-/-est-”:toexist;tobe(存在)absent;absence;entity;essence;interest;presence;present;presently;represent;representative “-eston-/-stun-”:strikewiththunder(打击;惊异)astonish;pierce “-et-/-eat-/-ed-”:eat(吃)eat;eatable;edible “-ethn-/-ethno-”:nation;race(民族;种族)ethnic “-exam-/-exem-”:weigh;takeout(掂量;取样)exam;examination;example;sample “-exo-/-ext-”:outside(在外)exotic;exterior;external;extra;extreme “-fabr-/-forg-”:w
限制150内