XXXX经济学家期刊文章精选20篇bdje.docx

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1、Evaluation Warning: The document was created with Spire.Doc for .NET.2011经经济学家期期刊文章精精选20篇篇(考研研英语专用用，含参考考译文)1、EEducaationnSnoooty or wwhat?Octt 14tth 20004 FFrom The Econnomisst prrint edittionInvverteed snnobbeery ppreveents goodd teaacherrs gooing wherre thheyrre neeededdA ccleveer maan waants to d

2、do a goodd thiing, but the wickked ggoverrnmennt sttops him. Thaat iss thee scaandallous-sounndingg stoory oof thhe diifficcultiies eencouunterred bby Trristrram JJoness-Parrry, headd of fee-payiing WWestmminstter Schoool, one of tthe bbest in tthe ccounttry. He rretirres nnext yearr andd wannts tto

3、 heelp tteachh matths iin a statte scchooll.Wass he welccomedd witth oppen aarms? No. He was toldd, hee commplaiins, thatt he woulld neeed rretraaininng foor thhe sttate systtem. It wwas aa simmilarr stoory ffor DDavidd Wollfe, a reetireed Ammericcan pphysiics pprofeessorr whoo teaachess in a Brriti

4、ssh sttate schoool. He ssaid thiss weeek thhat tthe aauthooritiies ttold him to ssit tthe GGCSEmmathss exaam noormallly ttakenn by 16-yyear-oldss if he wwanteed too conntinuue.Thee sysstem is nnot qquitee as insaane aas thhis mmightt sugggestt. Thhe ruules thatt reqquiree staate-sschoool teeacheers

5、tto bee forrmallly quualiffied do hhave exceeptioons. The Teaccher Traiiningg Ageency insiists thatt Mr Jonees-Paarry coulld gaain hhis ttickeet inn jusst a day, by haviing aan asssesssor ffrom the statte syystemm obsservee hiss worrk att Wesstminnsterr (a requuiremment scarrcelyy lesss luudicrrous

6、thann thee suppposeed deemandd forr rettrainning). Mrr Wollfess Ameericaan PhhD woould counnt ass an equiivaleent tto thhe GCCSE mmathss passs noormallly rrequiired. So he wwouldd scrrape by aas weell. The Geneeral Teacchingg Couuncill, annotheer quuangoo, haas noow appologgisedd to Mr JJoness-Parrr

7、y ffor ggivinng hiim thhe wrrong infoormattion at ffirstt, annd thhen lleaviing hhis ffolloow-upp lettter unannswerred ffor ssix wweekss.Thee reaal sttory is tthe ggulf betwween the two kindds off schhool. Heaads llike Mr JJoness-Parrry hhire teaccherss witth goood aacadeemic creddentiials but not n

8、eceessarrily withh staate qqualiificaationns. SStatee-schhool hiriing iis clloselly reegulaated; theeir tteachhers needd to be eexperrt foorm-ffilleers aand jjargoon-wiieldeers, and are muchh lesss liikelyy to havee goood deegreees: iindeeed onnly 338% oof sttate-schoool mmathss teaacherrs haave aa

9、deggree in tthe ssubjeect; in iindeppendeent sschoools, 63% do.So itss nott surrprissing thatt priivatee-schhool teaccherss thiink eeven the mostt nomminall barrrierrs too theeir tteachhing in sstatee schhoolss aree offfensiive aand ssillyy. Thhe otther sidee resspondds inn kinnd: tteachhing unioons

10、 tthis weekk saiid snnidelly thhat MMr Joones-Parrry miight be ggood at tteachhing advaancedd matths tto weell-bbehavved bbrighht kiids, but woulld noot neecesssarilly knnow hhow tto teeach simpple ssums to rrowdyy, diim onnes. Perhhaps. Butt manny sttate-schoool pparennts ddespeerateely sseekiing b

11、betteer maaths teacchingg forr theeir cchilddren mighht coonsidder tthat riskk ratther smalll.2、Paarentts annd chhildrrenFammily valuuesSepp 30tth 20004 FFrom The Econnomisst prrint edittionRicch kiids hhave litttle ttime for theiir ellderlly paarentts. TThe iingraatituude!WHYY wass Kinng Leear ttre

12、atted sso crruellly byy hiss dauughteers? Untiil reecenttly, mostt of the answwers havee comme frrom sschollars withh scaant kknowlledgee of econnomicc theeory. Forrtunaatelyy, Joohn EErmissch, an EEssexx ecoonomiist, is wworkiing tto reemedyy thiis deeficiiencyy. Hiis reesearrch pprovees whhat mman

13、y pareents havee lonng suuspecctedthatt inccreassed wwealtth gooes aalongg witth fiiliall inggratiitudee. TTopicc senntencceUsiing ddata fromm thee Briitishh Houusehoold PPanell Surrvey, Mr Ermiisch showws thhat aaffluuent pareents are sligghtlyy morre liikelyy to suppply ooffsppringg witth mooney a

14、nd helpp witth chhild-rearring thann pooor paarentts. BBut ssucceess sseemss to havee preeciseely tthe ooppossite effeect oon chhildrren. The meree posssesssion of aa uniiverssity degrree mmakess chiildreen 200% leess llikelly too phoone ttheirr mottherss reggularrly, and moree thaan 500% leess llik

15、elly too payy theem a visiit.Thiis iss puzzzlinng beecausse seelf-iinterresteed chhildrren mmightt be expeectedd to behaave iin prrecissely the oppoositee wayy. Moost wwealtthy ppeoplle arre deescennded fromm weaalthyy parrentss, whhich meanns thhey hhave a loot off pattrimoony tto loose bby cuuttin

16、ng baack oon thhe faawninng. “Nothhing willl comme off notthingg,” aas a pre-retiiremeent aand sstilll sanne Kiing LLear put it wwhen his younngestt dauughteer daared to wwithhhold her affeectioons.So why are richh kidds suuch bbratss? Thhere are two likeely eexplaanatiions. Thee firrst iis thhat, a

17、s ttheirr inccome risees, tthe mmargiinal costt of provvidinng seervicces ggoes up. It ssimplly issnt wortth thheir whille too hellp wiith tthe sshoppping, parrticuularlly siince afflluencce teends to iincreease disttancees beetweeen paarentts annd chhildrren. And, sinnce ppersoonal conttact corrrel

18、attes wwith teleephonne coontacct, tthey are lesss likkely to pphonee, tooo. OOut oof siight, outt of mindd.Anootherr ansswer comees frrom aan obbscurre brranchh of econnomiccs knnown as sstrattegicc beqquestt theeory. Thiis prrediccts tthat chilldrenn willl prrovidde onnly eenouggh seervicces tto e

19、nnsuree theey geet a reassonabble ssharee of the inheeritaance. Butt thaat pooint is rreachhed ssooneer byy thoose wwho hhave onlyy onee sibblingg rivval, or nnone at aall. Weallthieer faamiliies, whicch teend tto bee smaallerr, siimplyy faiil too enssure the optiimum amouunt oof coompettitioon.Givv

20、en tthesee iroon laaws, whatt aree parrentss suppposeed too do? Goood reesultts miight be aachieeved by hhavinng moore cchilddren, or exprressiing aa suddden inteerestt in the locaal caats homee. Buut Mrr Ermmischh is not optiimisttic. “Thee onlly thhing theyy cann do is ffolloow thheir chilldrenn a

21、roound,” hee sayys. AAnd ddontt makke Kiing LLears miistakke byy hanndingg oveer thhe caash ffirstt.3、TThe iinterrnetAliive aand kkickiing SSep 223rd 20044 Froom Thhe Ecconommist prinnt edditioonCommpetiitionn stiill eexistts onn thee webbJUSST whhen yyou tthougght yyou kknew the web, aloong ccome n

22、ew comppetittors to kkeep thinngs iinterrestiing. On SSepteemberr 15tth, aa neww seaarch engiine ccalleed Am wass unvveileed byy Amaazon, thee giaant iinterrnet retaailerr. Itt reppackaages Googgless seaarch resuults, butt witth ussefull tweeaks. Seaarchees noot onnly ccall up wwebsiites and imagges

23、 oon thhe saame ppage, butt othher rreferrencees, ssuch as AAmazoons bookk seaarch, thee Intterneet Moovie Dataabasee, annd enncycllopaeedia and dicttionaary rreferrencees. MMoreoover, it keepps trrack of uuserss seearchh hisstoriiesaan immporttant innoovatiion aas seearchh beccomess morre peersonna

24、lissed.Manny haad asssumeed thhe maarkett wass stiitcheed upp by Googgle aand YYahooo! (wwho aaccouunt ffor oover 90% of ssearcches), baarrinng thhe exxpectted eentraance of MMicroosoftt. Liikewiise, the markket ffor oonlinne muusic seemmed ssettlled: Applles iTunnes iis thhe leeaderr, itts maain rr

25、ivalls beeing ReallNetwworkss andd Miccrosooftss MSNN Mussic. Yet thiss, tooo, uunderrstattes tthe ppotenntiall forr batttle. Lasst weeek, Yahooo! bboughht Muusicmmatchh, ann onlline musiic reetailler aand ssoftwware firmm, foor $1160m. Mussic ddownlloadss aree noww worrth rroughhly $310mm annnualll

26、y buut arre foorecaast tto grrow tto $44.6 bbilliion bby 20008, accoordinng too Forrrestter RReseaarch, so therre iss rooom foor neew fiirms to ssprouut.Meaanwhiile, the mostt surrprissing new comppetittion is iin weeb brrowseers. Micrrosofft waas thhe unndispputedd chaamp( Infoormall：=A chammpionn)

27、, aafterr bunndlinng Innternnet EExploorer withh itss Winndowss opeeratiing ssysteem inn thee 19990s aand ddestrroyinng Neetscaape. Howeever, Miccrosooftss broowserr is so vvulneerablle too atttackss by onliine ccrookks annd vaariouus trroubllemakkers thatt thee Ameericaan annd Geermann govvernmment

28、ss havve reecommmendeed thhat uuserss connsideer allternnativves. Thiss hass beeen a boonn to two smalll brrowseer-maakerss, Oppera, a NNorweegiann sofftwarre coompanny, aand MMozillla, whicch deevelooped the Fireefox browwser baseed onn an openn-souurce verssion of NNetsccape. Firrefoxx boaastedd 1

29、m doownlooads withhin 1100 hhourss of its releease on SSepteemberr 14tth.Seccuritty haas beecomee thee maiin coompettitivve diifferrencee. Thhe sooftwaare oof booth OOperaa andd Mozzillaa is conssiderred ssaferr (paartlyy beccausee theey haave ffewerr useers aand sso arre a lesss atttracttive targge

30、t ffor hhackeers). Miccrosooftss shaare oof thhe brrowseer maarkett hass acttuallly shhrunkk oveer thhe paast tthreee monnths fromm aroound 96% to 994%. It iis a highhly ssymboolic phennomennon, albeeit aa moddest decrreasee. Evven GGooglle iss thooughtt to be ttoyinng wiith tthe iidea of llauncchin

31、gg itss ownn broowserr.Undderlyying thiss rippple of ccompeetitiion iis thhe abbilitty off larrge ccompaaniess thaat allreaddy beenefiit frrom eeconoomiess of scalle too exttend intoo neww areeas, sayss Hall Varrian, an econnomisst att thee Uniiverssity of CCalifforniia att Berrkeleey. TThat expllai

32、nss Amaazons A99 seaarch servvice and Yahooo!ss movve innto mmusicc. Ass forr broowserrs, “Micrrosofft haad a lockk on the markket aand jjust droppped the balll. Miicrossoft hasnnt pproviided any innoovatiion iin thhe brrowseer arrea aand tthey had poorr seccuritty,” he ssays. Thee messsagee: waatch

33、 yourr bacck.(11俗语：擦亮你的的眼睛;22Miccrosooft的一一款软件，用用来阻挡可可疑信息或或过大邮件件。这里一一语双关，反反讽十足。)4、BBrainn scaanninngNo hidiing pplaceeOctt 28tth 20004 | SANN DIEEGO FFrom The Econnomisst prrint edittionStuudiess usiing ffuncttionaal brrain-imagging takee on sophhistiicateed toopicssFEWW reccent innoovatiions havee

34、traansfoormedd a ffieldd of reseearchh as muchh as funcctionnal mmagneetic-resoonancce immaginng (ffMRI). Thhe teechniique has revoolutiionissed tthe sstudyy of the humaan brrain. By makiing vvisibble tthe iinvissiblee (thhe acctiviity oof diifferrent bitss of the liviing bbrainn on a seecondd-by-se

35、coond bbasiss), iit haas reevoluutionnisedd thee stuudy oof thhat oorgann. Buut whhat sstartted oout aas a mediical insttrumeent iis noow ussed rroutiinelyy to probbe coompleex quuestiions abouut beehaviiour and motiivatiion. Thatt wass thee lessson of ttwo sstudiies ppreseentedd to a meeetinng off

36、thee Soccietyy forr Neuuroscciencce, hheld in SSan DDiegoo earrlierr thiis weeek.In one of tthe sstudiies, Jonaathann Cohhen, of PPrinccetonn Univversiity, and his collleaguues ttriedd to expllain an aanomaaly tthat has beenn nagggingg ecoonomiists for decaades. If humaans wwere fullly raationnal (a

37、t lleastt, raationnal iin thhe waay thhat eeconoomistts deefinee thee worrd), theyy wouuld aattacch thhe saame mmonettary valuue too a wweeks deelay in rreceiivingg a ppaymeent, regaardleess oof whhen tthat weekk beggan. So, if ssomeoone iis offfereed $110 att thee begginniing oof anny giiven weekk,

38、 orr $111 at the end of iit, hhe shhouldd makke thhe saame cchoicce, wwhethher tthat weekk staarts now or aa yeaar frrom nnow. But thatt turrns oout nnot tto bee howw mosst peeoplee juddge iit. IIn moost ccasess, thhey wwill takee thee $100 todday bbut tthe $11 iin a yearr andd a wweek.Dr Coheen ree

39、asonned tthat thiss incconsiistenncy mmightt refflectt thee inffluennce oof diifferrent neurral ssysteems iin thhe brrain. To testt thiis, hhe reecruiited 14 sstudeents, thee traaditiionall worrkhorrses in ssuch studdies. Whiile llyingg in his braiin sccanneer, tthe sstudeents weree offferedd thee c

40、hooice of rreceiivingg an Amazzon.ccom ggift certtificcate wortth soomewhhere betwween $5 aand $40 iimmeddiateely, or ggettiing oone wworthh 1% to 550% mmore in aa couuple of wweekss tiime.Wheen a partticippant chosse thhe eaarlieer reewardd, thhere was an iincreease in tthe aactivvity of hhis llimb

41、iic syystemm. Thhis iis a regiion oof thhe brrain thatt is invoolvedd in emottion. In conttrastt, whhen tthe cchoicce waas too dellay ggratiificaationn in exchhangee forr a bbiggeer reewardd, brrain actiivityy wass conncenttrateed inn thee “thhinkiing” regiions, succh ass thee preefronntal corttex.

42、The incoonsisstenccy thhereffore seemms too be the resuult oof diifferrent sortts off callculaationn happpeniing iin thhe twwo caases.Of courrse, thatt doees noot annswerr thee ulttimatte quuestiion oof whhy evvoluttion has equiippedd thee braain tthis way. Dr Coheen sppecullatess thaat itt mayy hav

43、ve soomethhing to ddo wiith ssurviival whenn thee arrrivall of resoourcees iss scaarce and unprredicctablle, rratheer thhan tthe ssubjeect oof coontraacts and an eefficcientt bannkingg sysstem. Butt it doess shiine aa neww ligght oon isssuess succh ass druug adddicttion and proccrasttinattion, whiic

44、h aare bboth situuatioons wwheree thee temmptattion of iimmeddiatee rewward can leadd to choiices thatt migght uultimmatelly bee dettrimeentall.Whiile DDr Coohens grroup wresstless witth hoow peeoplee makke chhoicees, KKlauss Matthiakk, off thee Uniiverssity of TTbinngen, in Germmany, andd hiss coll

45、leaggues, aree usiing ffMRI to sstudyy thee efffectss whiich ccertaain ssortss of choiice hhave on bbrainn acttivitty. SSpeciificaally, thee teaam iss loookingg at whatt goees onn in the headds off deddicatted vvideoo-gammes pplayeers ddurinng viiolennt “ssociaal innteraactioons” withhin aa gamme.Dr

46、 Mathhiak enliistedd 13 gameers wwho pplayeed viideo gamees foor, oon avveragge, 220 hoours a weeek. Whille thhe gaamerss staalkedd andd shoot thhe ennemy fromm thee rellativve diiscommfortt of a sccanneers inteeriorr, thhe reesearrcherrs reecordded eeventts inn theeir bbrainns.As a pllayerr appproa

47、cched a viiolennt enncounnter, parrt off hiss braain ccalleed thhe annteriior ccinguulatee corrtex becaame aactivve. TThis areaa is assoociatted wwith aggrressiion iin leess ffictiionall sceenariios, and alsoo witth thhe suubseqquentt supppresssionn of moree possitivve emmotioons, suchh as empaathy. Dr Mathhiak noteed thhat tthe rrespoonsess in his gameers wwere thuss strrikinngly simiilar to tthe nneuraal coorrellatess of reall a