多器官功能障碍综合征年制讲稿.ppt
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1、多器官功能障碍综合征年制第一页,讲稿共七十八页哦 名称 作者 年份Sequential system failure Tilney 1973 Multiple progressive or sequential systems failure Baue 1975Multiple organ failure Eiseman 1977Multiple systems organ failure Fry 1980Acute organ-system failure Knaus 1985Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome ACCP 1991第二页,讲稿共七十八页哦第
2、一节、概第一节、概 论论(outline)定义定义(difinition):MODS是指急性疾病过程中同是指急性疾病过程中同 时或序贯继发两个或更多的时或序贯继发两个或更多的 重要器官的功能障碍。重要器官的功能障碍。acute disease process proceed two and more organ dysfunction and failure at the same time or sequence.第三页,讲稿共七十八页哦一、概述一、概述(General Considerations)MODS是目前外科最具挑战性、最是目前外科最具挑战性、最重要的并发症重要的并发症(compl
3、ication),是,是ICU(intensive care unit)常见的死亡原因。常见的死亡原因。第四页,讲稿共七十八页哦1 1、病因、病因、病因、病因(etiological factoretiological factor):):创伤创伤(woundwound)手术手术(operationoperation)感染感染(infectioninfection)()(main factormain factor)休克休克(shockshock)出血性坏死性胰腺炎出血性坏死性胰腺炎 (necrotizing pancreatitisnecrotizing pancreatitis)第五页,讲
4、稿共七十八页哦2、发病机制(、发病机制(pathogenesis)etiological factor body defense reaction stablecytokineinflammatory mediator pathological product vasoconstriction ischemia-reperfusion injury MODSsystemic inflammatory response syndrome 第六页,讲稿共七十八页哦六种学说 炎症反应炎症反应 微循环障碍微循环障碍 自由基自由基 肠道动力肠道动力 二次打击二次打击 代偿性抗炎反应代偿性抗炎反应 第七页
5、,讲稿共七十八页哦第八页,讲稿共七十八页哦二、临床表现二、临床表现(Clinical Findings)1 1、Characteristic:Characteristic:Diversification Diversification Domino effect Domino effect2 2、Typing:Typing:Quickly typing:Quickly typing:emergency case after 24 hour appear emergency case after 24 hour appear two or more organ-system dysfunctio
6、ntwo or more organ-system dysfunction Slowly typing Slowly typing :earlier one organ dysfunction,earlier one organ dysfunction,subsequently to take place more organ-system dysfunctionsubsequently to take place more organ-system dysfunction 第九页,讲稿共七十八页哦三、诊三、诊 断(断(Diagnosis)the following should be def
7、ined for diagnosis MODS high risk factor for MODS。systemic inflammatory response syndrome SIRS:fever,palpitation,speed pulse,tachypnea,leukocytosis。Certain organ dysfunction influence to other organearlier diagnosis and experiment treatmentCheck on:blood,urine,liver function,ECG,CVP Diagnostic crite
8、ria for MODS primary disease+SIRS+organ dysfunction(2)第十页,讲稿共七十八页哦Preliminary assessment of MODSOrgan disease clinical situation test or detection Heart AHF arrhythmia tachycardia electrocardiogram Lung ARDS short breath cyanosis blood gas analysis taking oxygen Kidney ARF oliguria anuria urinalysis
9、 creatinine Liver AHF jaundice bilirubin Brain ACNSF conscious disturbance CT MRI Coagulation DIC bleeding petechia platelet count fibrigen 第十一页,讲稿共七十八页哦Diagnostic Criteria for Significant Organ Dysfunction Organ System Criteria Pulmonary need for mechanic ventilation;PaO2/FiO2 ratio 200mmHg for 24h
10、Cardiovascular Need for inotropic drugs to maintain adequate tissue perfusion;CI3mg/dL on 2 consecutived or need for renal replacement therapy Liver Bilirubin3mg/dL on 2 consectived or PT15 controlCNS Glasgow Coma Scale score 10 without sedationCoagulation Platelet count50,000/mm3;Fibrinogen 100mg/d
11、L or need for factor replacement 第十二页,讲稿共七十八页哦 CI:cardiac index;CNS:central nervous system;PT:prothrombin time;FiO2:fraction of inspired oxygen;PaO2:partial pressure oxygen 第十三页,讲稿共七十八页哦四、预防(Prevention)high mortality for MODS,shoud be prevention。attention to the high risk factor prevention and cure
12、infection earlier period diagnosis treatment in time第十四页,讲稿共七十八页哦 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5死亡率衰竭器官数第十五页,讲稿共七十八页哦第十六页,讲稿共七十八页哦 Prevention Currently,other than supportive therapy for individual-organ failure,no effective therapy exists for established MODS.Therefore,the only treatment
13、 for MODS is prevention.the preven-tion of MODS is summarized in the old axiom“Avoid hypotension and hypo-xemia”,and“drain pus and debride dead tissue”.第十七页,讲稿共七十八页哦五、治疗(Treatment)therapeutic principle:1、treatment the primary disease2、to maintain breath and circulation3、to control infection 4、improv
14、e general body state,including nutrition 第十八页,讲稿共七十八页哦六、小结(briefly summarybriefly summary)MODS is the result of the inflammatory response at multiple level.Organ-based supportive therapy have a significant reduction in mortality from MODS.But the mortality is still significant.At present the best tr
15、eatment for MODS is prevention.第十九页,讲稿共七十八页哦第二节、急性肾功能衰竭第二节、急性肾功能衰竭 Acute Renal Failure ARF 第二十页,讲稿共七十八页哦 一、概 述(General Considerations)定义定义(definition):各种原因肾功能损害氮质代谢产物积聚水、电解质及酸碱失衡ARF 少尿oliguria:24h尿量400ml 无尿anuria:24h尿量800ml,肌酐(,肌酐(Cr)升高,)升高,水、电解质及酸碱紊乱少见。水、电解质及酸碱紊乱少见。第二十五页,讲稿共七十八页哦三、诊三、诊 断(断(Diagnosi
16、s)病史病史+尿量、尿液检查尿量、尿液检查+血液检查血液检查=诊断诊断诊断要点(essentials of diagnosis):少尿期:少尿、无尿、高血钾、酸中毒、氮质血症。多尿期:多尿、低血钾。鉴别诊断鉴别诊断differential diagnosis:脱水,休克:脱水,休克。1、补液试验和利尿剂试验 2、血液和尿液检查 3、B超、CT、MIR、造影等鉴别肾后性衰竭。第二十六页,讲稿共七十八页哦肾前性肾前性ARF与肾性与肾性ARF的鉴别的鉴别项目项目 肾前性肾前性ARF 肾性肾性ARF 尿比重尿比重 1.020 1.0101.040尿渗透压尿渗透压(mmol/L)500 30:1 20:
17、1FENa(%)1RFI 1血细胞比容血细胞比容 升高升高 下降下降滤过钠排泄指数(滤过钠排泄指数(FENa)肾衰指数(肾衰指数(RFI)第二十七页,讲稿共七十八页哦四、预防(Prevention)注意高危因素积极补充血容量严重挤压伤、误输异型血 5%碳酸氢钠250ml输入硷化尿液 甘露醇输入利尿防止Hb等堵塞肾小管出现少尿应行补液试验和利尿试验第二十八页,讲稿共七十八页哦腹膜透析术在先心术后急性肾衰中的应用新华医院上海儿童医学中心胸外科第二十九页,讲稿共七十八页哦术后急性肾衰术后急性肾衰 发生率发生率1.6-5%(ARF)死亡率死亡率50-67%ARF诊断标准诊断标准 分析探讨分析探讨 腹透
18、指征腹透指征 腹透方法腹透方法第三十页,讲稿共七十八页哦五、治疗(Treatment)监护:记出入量,防止高钾,维持营养,维持热量,控制感染。少尿期治疗:1、补液量=显性失水+非显性失水-内生水 原则:宁少勿多 2、预防治疗高血钾(少尿期最主要死亡原因)控制钾摄入,补钙,胰岛素,血液净化(K+6.5mmol/L)。第三十一页,讲稿共七十八页哦3、纠正酸中毒:补碳酸氢钠,血液净化。4、控制感染:避免使用肾毒性及含钾药物5、血液净化:血液透析,腹膜透析,单纯和序贯超滤,连续性动静脉血液滤过(CAVH)等。血液透析缺点:建立血管通路,需抗凝,心功能不全者不宜使用。第三十二页,讲稿共七十八页哦多尿期治
19、疗:原则:保持水、电解质平衡 加强营养,适当补充蛋白 预防感染,处理并发症第三十三页,讲稿共七十八页哦小结小结(briefly summary)(briefly summary)acute oliguric or anuric failure in the context of MODS is a highly lethal event with a mortality of 50%to 90%.In the absence of normal urine ou-tput,fluid overload develops rapidly,leading to acute increases in
20、 extravascular lung water that further impair pulmonary gas exchange.Worse-ning hypoxemia further compromises oxygen d-elivery,which exacerbates peripheral ischemia and organ ingury.Three primary forms of renal replacement therapy are available:intermittent hemodialysis,peritoneal dialysis,and conti
21、nuous hemofiltration.第三十四页,讲稿共七十八页哦第三节、急性呼吸窘迫综合征第三节、急性呼吸窘迫综合征Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ARDS第三十五页,讲稿共七十八页哦一、概述(一、概述(General Considerations)急性呼吸衰竭急性呼吸衰竭 (acute respiratory failure ARF):各种疾病各种疾病(disease)、损伤、损伤(trauma)累及累及呼吸系统呼吸系统(respiratory system)造成的造成的低氧低氧血症血症(hypoxemia)。第三十六页,讲稿共七十八页哦ARDS
22、:是因肺实质发生是因肺实质发生急性弥漫性损伤急性弥漫性损伤 (acute diffuse lesion)而导致的急性缺而导致的急性缺氧性呼吸衰竭,临床表现以氧性呼吸衰竭,临床表现以进行性呼进行性呼吸困难吸困难(progress dyspnea)和和顽固性低顽固性低氧血症氧血症(refractoriness hypo-xemia)为特为特征征.第三十七页,讲稿共七十八页哦 There are nine causes of severe pulmonary failure in the surgical patient:the acute respiratory distress syndrome
23、,inability to effectively expand the lungs because of mechanical abnormalities,atelectasis,aspiration,pulmonary contusion(肺挫伤肺挫伤),pneumonia,pulmonary embolus,cardiogenic pulmonary edema,and,rarely,neurogenic pulmonary edema.第三十八页,讲稿共七十八页哦 1994国际会议推荐使用的统一标准国际会议推荐使用的统一标准急性肺损伤急性肺损伤(ALI)与急性呼吸窘迫综合征与急性呼吸窘
24、迫综合征(ARDS)的关系的关系:两个阶段两个阶段:ALI为早期阶段为早期阶段,ARDS为严重阶段为严重阶段ALI和和ARDS的统一诊断标准的统一诊断标准:ALI的诊断标准的诊断标准1.急性起病急性起病 2.氧和指数氧和指数 PaO2/FiO2300mmHg 3.胸部胸部X线片线片:双肺弥散性浸润双肺弥散性浸润.4.肺毛楔压肺毛楔压(PCWP)18mmHg 5.存在诱发存在诱发ARDS的危险因素的危险因素ARDS的诊断标准的诊断标准:ALI+PaO2/FiO2200mmHg=ARDS第三十九页,讲稿共七十八页哦1、致病因素、致病因素(etiological factor)分直接损伤和间接损伤两
25、种类型分直接损伤和间接损伤两种类型 直接损伤直接损伤(coup injury)误吸综合征误吸综合征(aspiration syndromeaspiration syndrome)肺挫伤肺挫伤(pulmonary contusionpulmonary contusion),溺水溺水(drowning)呼吸道烧伤呼吸道烧伤(respiratory tract burn)肺炎肺炎(pneumoniapneumonia)第四十页,讲稿共七十八页哦间接损伤间接损伤(indirect injury):):感染感染(infectioninfection)脓毒症脓毒症(sepsissepsis)休克休克(sh
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