阅读理解之“主旨大意”题解题指导(14页).doc

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1、-第 1 页阅读理解之“主旨大意”题解题指导-第 2 页阅读理解之阅读理解之“主旨大意主旨大意”题解题指导题解题指导主旨大意题是中考阅读理解的主要题型之一，旨在考查考生对段落大意或者文章中心思想的把握和归纳能力。该题也是中考阅读中的重点和难点，这类题往往针对段落或短文的 subject(主题)、main idea(中心思想)、title(题目)或 purpose(目的)来命题。因为词汇、句式、文化背景等原因，有相当一部分同学对文章的理解会出现一定偏差，从而不能很好地解答这类题目。这类题的解题关键是采用快速阅读法浏览全文，寻找文章的关键词或中心句。关键词即在文中频繁出现的词；中心句通常出现在文章

2、的开头、结尾部分和各个段落的首尾。因为考生需要读完全文才能把握文章主旨，解答此类题时，不妨把它作为最后一道来做。主旨大意题常见的提问方式有下列几种：1.Whats the topic of the article?2.What is the passage mainly about?3.Whats the main idea of the passage?4.What can we learn from the passage?5.What is the best title/headline for this passage?6.The writers purpose in writing

3、this story is _.7.In the passage the author wants to tell _.那么如何解这类题呢？下面，结合今年中考试题以及多年的教学经验，提供一些基本的方法来帮助大家。一、设问方式有哪些？一、设问方式有哪些？大意类：1.What is the passage mainly about?2.The main idea of the passage is _.3.The first/second/last.paragraph is mainly about _.-第 3 页标题类：1.What is the best title for the pass

4、age?2.The best title for this passage might be _.3.The best headline for this passage could be _.目的型：1.The authors main purpose is to _.2.The passage is meant to _.3.The purpose of this article is to _.二、高分攻略看过来！二、高分攻略看过来！每篇文章都有它的写作结构，如果我们能抓住文章的结构，找到文章的主题句，就能轻而易举地把握文章的中心大意，所以找准主题句，对于获取文章大意尤其重要。1.寻找主

5、题句一般来说，文章的主题句有以下几种位置：(1)at the beginning(2)at the end(3)at the beginning and at the end(4)in the middle of thepassage(5)no clear topic sentence2.排除干扰项一般来说，干扰项有以下特点：(1)主观臆测，并非作者的观点(2)范围过大，过于笼统(3)范围过小，以偏概全(4)文中未提及，找不到出处-第 4 页三、考查类型及解题技巧有哪些？三、考查类型及解题技巧有哪些？1.段落大意类段落大意类【例 1：内蒙古呼和浩特】For just$38,you can he

6、lp one person see;for$380,10 people can see;$1,300helps train a doctor new skills;and for$13,000 you can provide a training programfor a group of doctors who can make thousands of blind people see again.Your lovecan help them open their eyes to the world.The last paragraph is mainly about _.A.how mu

7、ch a training program for a group of doctors costsB.why ORBIS needs your help to continue their workC.who can make thousands of blind people see againD.what you can do to help blind people open their eyes【解析】D。段落举出几个例子，说明不同的金钱额度可以为盲人做到的事情。A 和 C 选项分别是其中某一例子，不能概括全段。B 选项的意思是 ORBIS需要你的帮助，借此呼吁读者，故 B 选项不正

8、确。【解题方法】提取关键词。关键词是在文章或段落中反复出现，甚至其它说明内容都为之服务的词语。段落中重复出现的词语有you,can,help(以及provide，在此表达意义相近)。找到关键词，我们就会发现，该段落的每一句话都站在读者“你”的角度，以“你能做某事来帮助盲人”为句子中心，呼吁读者做出自己的贡献。然后再综合四个选项，只有 D 选项包含了全部三个关键词。【例 2：山东烟台卷】Thomas Edison lit up the world with his invention of the electric light.Withouthim,the world might still b

9、e in the dark.However,the electric light was not his onlyinvention.He also invented the motion picture camera and over 1,200 other things.About every two weeks he created something new.-第 5 页Thomas Edison was born in 1847.He attended school for only three months.Hismother taught him at home,but Thom

10、as was mostly self-educated.He startedexperimenting at a young age.When he was 12 years old,he got his first job.He became a newsboy on a train.He did experiments on the train in his spare time.Unluckily,his first work experiencedid not end well.They fired him when he accidentally set fire to the fl

11、oor of the train.Then Edison worked for five years as a telegraph operator,but he continued to spendmuch of his time in experimenting his first patent in 1868 for a vote recorder run byelectricity.Thomas Edison was totally deaf in one ear and hard of hearing in the other,but hethought of his deafnes

12、s as a blessing in many ways.It kept conversations short,so thathe could have more time for work.He always worked 16 out of every 24 hours.Sometimes his wife had to remind him to sleep and eat.Thomas Edison died at the age of 84.He left a great many inventions that greatlyimproved the quality of lif

13、e all over the world.What does the passage mainly talk about?A.The function of the electric light.B.Edison and his experiments.C.The importance of inventions.D.The whole life of Edison.【解析】D。此题考查文章的大意。综观文章结构，它不属于上面所说的任何一种。但细读文章能发现，每一段都有明确的时间：第 2 段 Thomas Edison wasborn in 1847；第 3 段 When he was 12 y

14、ears old,he got his first job；第 5 段 ThomasEdison died at the age of 84。由此可以看出本文讲的是爱迪生的人生经历，所以答案选 D。其他三个选项都是片面的，犯了以偏概全的错误。A 和 C 只在第一段中提到，而且没有指明是爱迪生的发明；B 选项，只提出爱迪生和他的实验，没有包括文章的主要内容爱迪生的人生经历。2.文章标题类文章标题类【例 3：山东德州】Green is an important color in nature.It is.It is.-第 6 页Sometimes,the word“green”means youn

15、g,fresh and growing.For example.In the 15th century.A century later.By the 18 th century.Someone who is good at growing plants is said to have a green thumb(大拇指).The expres-sion.A person with a green thumb.The Green Revolution(绿色革命)is Green is also the color used to describe the powerful feeling.Jea

16、lousy(嫉妒).The green eyed monster.It is.It In most places in the world,a green light is a signal(信号)to move ahead.Ineveryday speech,a green light means approval(赞成)to continue with a project.Which would be the best title of the passage?A.Green,the color of grass and treesB.The stories about the color

17、“green”C.Green,a sign of approvalD.Different meanings of“green”【解析】D。这篇文章讲述了绿色的许多意义。第一段开头引出绿色的重要性，第二段到第四段分别说明绿色在不同语境不同环境的使用。A 选项只说了绿色在自然界的意义；文章没有讲述绿色的故事，只提到了不同地方绿色代表的不同含义，B 选项错误；C 选项是最后一段的概括，以偏概全。【解题方法】跳读。跳读方法之一：看句子主语。在第一段中有三个主语，两个主语都是代词 It，很容易判断两个代词 It 指的是前文提到的 Green，是进一步解释说明 Green，属于细节内容。第三段第二句的主语

18、 The expres-sion，用了定冠词，实际上也是指前文提到的内容。跳读方法之二：忽略举例词。第二段中for example 是举例说明的标志词，也就是说，后面的内容举例，用来解释补充前面的观点。在把握主旨大意时，可以适当忽略。以此类推，我们通过跳读，分析出每个段落的主题句。例如这篇文章中，段落的主题句是首句。综合段落大意，每段讲了绿色的不同意义，从而总结出文章的最佳题目。【例 4：北京卷】Teens want structure in their lives,which means they want their liveswell-planned.To begin building

19、structure,teens need love and trust.They need to-第 7 页know their parents are there to give them needed love and support(支持).Teens wantto be sure that nothing can prevent parents from shouldering their responsibility forthem not their growing maturity(成熟),misbehavior,nor anger at something theyhave d

20、one.Teens want parents to keep control while allowing them to make somedecisions.There are some ways you can help your teens create reasonable structure andremain close.The most important things to remember are:talk with your teens,listen to theirworries and offer suggestions when needed.This will h

21、elp your teens to live awell-organized life.What is the best title of the passage?A.Training Teens to Become Responsible Adults.B.Helping Teens to Build Reasonable Structure.C.Improving the Relationship with Your Teens.D.Stepping into Your Teens Secret World.【解析】B。观察文章结构，根据第一段中的 Teens want structure

22、 in their lives,which means they want their lives well-planned 可知，文章话题是关于 well-plannedlife。根据第2段中的There are some ways you can help your teens create reasonablestructure and remain close 可知，下面讲的是一些方法；根据最后一段中的 This willhelp your teens to live a well-organized life 可知，这句话是对以上内容的总结，所以，不难看出，这两句话是文章的主题句，所

23、以答案选 B。选项 A 的错误在于主观臆测，并非作者所表达的观点；C 选项，范围过大，过于笼统；D 选项，走进青少年的秘密世界，文中未提及。3.中心思想类中心思想类【例 5：四川宜宾卷】or some people,music is no fun at all.About 4%of the population is whatscientists call“amusic”.People who are amusic are born without the ability to enjoymusical notes.Amusic people often cannot tell the dif

24、ferences between two songs.-第 8 页As a result,songs sound like noise to an amusic.Many amusics compare thesound of music to pieces of metal hitting each other.Life can be hard for amusics.By studying people like Margaret,scientists are finally learning how to identify(辨别)this unusual condition.Scient

25、ists say that the brains of amusics are different for those of people who canenjoy music.The difference is complex(复杂的),and it is not connected with poorhearing.Scientists compare amusics to people who just cant see certain colors.Many amusics are happy when their condition is finally diagnosed(诊断).

26、Thatmakes it easier for them to explain.What is the main idea of the passage?A.Amusics strange behaviors.B.Musical ability.C.Some peoples inability to enjoy music.D.Identification andtreatment of amusic.【解析】C。整篇文章的关键词是 amusic(无法欣赏音乐的人)。文章主要介绍了 amusic 病症及其原因的简单探究。【解题方法】抓住中心句。中心句是对文章内容的概括或总结，通常是段落首句或尾

27、句。另外，首尾句通常也有承上启下的作用。所以，重视首尾句更有助于我们把握文章内容。在上面的这个例子中，每段的首句就是段落的中心句。第一段首句引出话题：amusic；第二段讲了 amusic 的表现；第三段讲了 amusic 现象背后的科学依据；第四段说明了 amusic 的现状。【例 6：广西桂林卷】Multitasking is even changing the relationship between family members.Asyoung people give so much attention to their own worlds，they seem to have no

28、timeto spend with the other people around them.They can no longer greet familymembers when they enter the house，nor can they eat at the family table.In Paragraph 3,the author points out that _.A.family members do not greet each other-第 9 页B.family members do not eat at the family tableC.young people

29、 get on well with their familiesD.young people hardly communicate with their family members【解析】D。选项 A、B 只是局部信息，不够全面。C 选项是无关信息，文章并没有提到。仔细阅读第三段，选择 D。4.写作意图类写作意图类【例 7：天津卷】Vanuatu is an island nation in the South Pacific.It is one of the smallest countriesin the world.But for those who are interested in

30、 adventure and sport,there is a lot todo.Vanuatus islands offer visitors two of the most exciting and dangerous activitiesin the world:volcano(火山)surfing and land diving.Volcano SurfingOn Tanna Island,Mount Yasur rises 300 meters into the sky.Yasur is Recently,people have also started climbing Yasur

31、 to surf the volcano.In some ways,volcano surfing is like surfing in the sea,but in other ways its very different.Volcanosurfers try to Its fast,fun and dangerous the perfect extreme sport(极限运动).Land Diving A man ties tree vines(树藤)to his legs.He then jumps head-first from a hightower to touch the e

32、arth with the top of his head without breaking the vine.Everyspring,island natives(men only)still take part in this amazing activity.What is the purpose of the passage?A.To tell people not to do dangerous sports.B.To explain what volcano surfing and land diving are.C.To talk about the worlds best vo

33、lcano surfer and land diver.D.To compare activities in Vanuatu with sports in New Zealand.-第 10 页【解析】B。本篇文章介绍了南太平洋岛国瓦努阿图上的两项极限运动：火山滑板和陆地蹦极。第一段引入两项极限运动的话题；第二、三段分类介绍。【解题方法】把握标题。有些文章有文章标题或段落标题。通过标题，我们就能了解文章或段落的主要内容或中心思想。段落标题常出现在说明文或议论文中，并且有提纲挈领的作用。这类文章通常采取总分总的形式，结构清晰。第一段通常引出话题；中间段落逐条介绍；最后有时也有总结性的段落。【例

34、8：浙江杭州卷】When the Audet family turns on the lights at Blue Farm,they are using electricitythat comes from cows cow waste,to be specific.When farmers clean their barns,they put the wastes in a big heap,and spreadsome of them on their fields for fertilizer(肥料).But now places like Blue Farm havea new wa

35、y of using cow wastes.They use them to make electricity.Methane gas(甲烷、沼气)in the atmosphere is known as a“greenhouse”gasIts gas is kept and used to power electric generators(发电机).At Blue Farm,the generators make enough electricity to power 400 homes.TheAudet family sells the extra electricity they c

36、ant use themselves.What is the main purpose for writing the passage?A.to introduce a new way of making electricityB.to explain how a new energy works betterC.to show a new rebuilding plan for a big farmD.to explain the reasons for greenhouse effect【解析】A。快速浏览全文，不难找出文章的核心词 electricity,通读全文可以推断作者的写作目的是

37、介绍使用牛的粪便发电。再看选项 B，文章讲的是 a newway of using cow wastes 而不是 a new energy;C、D 与文章无关。四、小结一下吧！四、小结一下吧！-第 11 页上面我们介绍了解答主旨大意题的几种方法：提取关键词、跳读、抓住中心句以及把握标题。在解题时，为了获取有效信息，往往需要融合多种方法进行概括、判断和归纳。例如通过跳读找出关键词或中心句，从中心句概括出全文主旨。同时，我们也可以从选项入手，运用排除法排除干扰项，比如主观臆测、过于笼统或以偏概全的选项。在遇到标题类的题目时，我们可以假设自己是作者，检验写作思路是否与原文相符。如果不符，可能就需要重

38、新考虑答案。五、挑战相关练习五、挑战相关练习AI grew up in New Hampshire,a small town in South Canada,where in myfathers words for the seasons were“Spring,Summer,Fairtime and Winter!”At thattime,a week-long fair was held in the town every autumn.Thousands of people fromother towns came to sell and buy things.It was the bu

39、siest time of the year.When“Fairtime”came,my grandma became the most“useful”and busiestperson of the family.Grandma was a kind,well-educated old lady.She was good atcooking.All her relatives liked the food she cooked.During“Fairtime”,they wouldcome to live in her house and have meals there.Grandma w

40、as always happy to lookafter them.Year after year,many people moved to big cities.There was no loner“Fairtime”.Grandma became very old and was gradually going blind.My parents and I moved tolive with Grandma in her house.We did our best to make her day-to-day life ascomfortable as possible.I was at

41、high school then.What I often did at home was to help Grandma with the daily newspaperscrossword puzzle.However,she didnt look happy.She often sat in her room forhours,without saying a word.To attract people to move back,the Town Hall decided to reopen the Fair.Oneday,when I came back from school,I

42、saw Grandma wearing her glasses,washing thedishes in the kitchen.With a big smile on her face,she looked a lot much younger.She told me that her two nieces would come.“They said the food I cooked was verydelicious and they want to stay in my house again,”Grandma said happily.“They will-第 12 页stay he

43、re for one week and we can have a big party.That must be the busiest weekIve had in years!”I suddenly realized that Grandma didnt want to be looked after.She wanted to be“useful”,appreciated and helpful.Whats the best title for the passage?A.FairtimeB.My“Old”GrandmaC.A Small TownD.Grandmas FamilyBIt

44、s reported that a company called MicroCHIPS has developed a wirelesslycontrolled device(装置).The device is put under the skin and can supply a drugdirectly into the patients body.People give the name“microchips”to it.Microchips bring good news to patients with long-term(长期的)illnesses,forexample,Osteo

45、porosis(骨质疏松症).People with Osteoporosis have to get dailyinjections(注射)of medicine.One type of treatment requires injections for two years.Many patients stop taking the medicine because of the pain and stress of the infections.However,microchips can deal with it.Doctors will program the device befor

46、e puttingit under the skin,and the device has the ability to release(释放)a dose(剂量)at agiven time,every single day.One microchip can hold a full years worth of medicine.Microchips may one day free(使摆脱)people from having to remember totake their medicine,or get injections.The device may also be useful

47、 in treating otherlong-term diseases,including heart disease,cancer and even AIDS.What is the passage mainly about?A.It introduces the company MicroCHIPS.B.It introduces a new wirelessly controlled device called“microchips”.C.It introduces some common long-tern diseases.D.Its about how the device ca

48、lled“microchips”works.-第 13 页CAsk any student which subject he or she hates most.Nine out of ten students willanswer“math”.No matter which country you visit,no matter which grade you are in,you may not learn art,geography,chemistry or Chinese,but you always learn math.Why is this so?How come so many

49、 students hate math,and yet cannot avoid learningit in school?Jenny Sanders,a high school student in California,asks,“What good do we getfrom learning math?We can use computers to compute numbers,and we can usecomputers to store information.I think learning math at school is a waste of time.”However

50、,there is much more to math than just learning to add and subtract(减)numbers.In fact,math is not so much about calculation(计算)as it is about learningto think logically(逻辑地)and solving problems.Of course,Jenny was right that wecan use computers to do calculations,but how would we even know how to use